A Trivia Quiz On Principles Of Economics

Government spending and taxes are examples of both injection and withdrawal/leakage into the national economy. When the government spends money on goods and services, it injects money into the economy, stimulating economic activity. On the other hand, when taxes are collected, it acts as a withdrawal or leakage from the economy as it takes money out of circulation. Therefore, government spending and taxes have a dual role in influencing the overall economic activity and equilibrium in the national economy.

Market failure as a reason for public finance can be attributed to taxation of the source of government revenue. This is because when markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, governments may need to intervene and collect taxes in order to generate revenue to provide public goods and services. Taxation is a means to redistribute wealth and fund government activities that aim to correct market failures and ensure economic stability and welfare.

Empirical definitions of money are associated with Milton Friedman. Friedman was an American economist who believed that the quantity of money in an economy had a direct impact on its overall performance. He emphasized the importance of empirical analysis and data in understanding the relationship between money supply and economic variables. Friedman's work on monetary theory and policy greatly influenced the field of economics and his empirical approach to defining money continues to be widely studied and discussed.

The equation MV=PT represents the quantity theory of money, which states that the total money supply (M) multiplied by the velocity of money (V) is equal to the price level (P) multiplied by the level of transactions (T). This equation suggests that an increase in the money supply or the velocity of money will result in an increase in either prices or the level of transactions. Similarly, a decrease in the money supply or velocity will lead to a decrease in either prices or the level of transactions.

The given information states that Albert had the option to use =N= 1,500 to purchase a BHM 101 course material but instead chose to buy a pair of shoes. The concept of opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision. In this case, the opportunity cost for Albert is the BHM 101 course material, as he chose to buy the shoes instead. Therefore, the correct answer is that Albert's opportunity cost is the BHM 101 course material.

If a rise in the price of Q has no effect on the quantity of Q demanded, it indicates that the demand for commodity Q is completely price inelastic. This means that consumers are not sensitive to changes in the price of Q and will continue to demand the same quantity regardless of price fluctuations. In other words, the demand for Q remains constant even if its price increases.

When the price of the third good Z rises due to an increase in production costs, it becomes more expensive for consumers to purchase Z. As a result, consumers will look for substitutes for Z, which is good X. This will cause the demand for X to rise. On the other hand, since Z and Y are complementary goods, a rise in the price of Z will also make Y relatively more expensive. This will lead to a decrease in the demand for Y. Therefore, the correct answer is X to rise and Y to fall.

The break-even output for a firm is the point at which the firm's total revenue equals its total costs, resulting in zero profit or loss. At this point, the firm is neither making nor losing money. In order to determine the break-even output, the firm needs to equate its marginal cost (the cost of producing one additional unit) with its marginal revenue (the revenue generated from selling one additional unit). This ensures that the firm is maximizing its profits by producing the optimal quantity of output. Therefore, the correct answer is "Marginal cost = marginal revenue."

In perfect competition, firms are price takers, meaning they have no control over the market price. They must accept the prevailing market price. In the long run, if some firms charge less than the minimum average cost, they would be operating at a loss. However, in perfect competition, firms have the freedom to enter or exit the market. If firms are consistently operating at a loss, they will eventually exit the market, leading to a decrease in supply and an increase in price. Therefore, in the long run, some firms may charge less than the minimum average cost as they try to stay competitive, but they cannot sustain this in the long term.

When marginal costs are below average cost at a given output, it indicates that the average costs will fall if the output increases. This is because when the marginal cost is lower than the average cost, it implies that the additional unit of output is being produced at a lower cost than the average cost of all units produced so far. As a result, when more units are produced, the average cost will decrease as the lower marginal costs bring down the overall average cost.

In Keynesian macroeconomics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) refers to the proportion of additional income that individuals spend on consumption. The average propensity to consume (APC) represents the proportion of total income that individuals spend on consumption. If the MPC is less than the APC, it means that individuals are spending a smaller proportion of their additional income on consumption compared to their overall income. This suggests that as income increases, individuals are saving a larger proportion of their income rather than spending it, indicating a lower level of consumption.

Privatization refers to the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises to private individuals or companies. This can lead to increased efficiency in the industrial sector of Nigeria by introducing competition, encouraging innovation, and improving productivity. Privatization allows for better management and decision-making, as private entities are motivated by profit and are typically more efficient in resource allocation. Additionally, privatization can attract foreign investment, technology transfer, and expertise, which can further enhance efficiency in the industrial sector.

Government revenue from the groundnut industry is generated through royalties. Royalties are payments made by individuals or companies for the use of a particular resource, in this case, the groundnut industry. These payments are typically made based on a percentage of the revenue generated from the use of the resource. Therefore, royalties would be a source of income for the government from the groundnut industry.

The reason why the government levies taxes is because it serves multiple purposes. Firstly, taxes are used to redistribute income, ensuring that wealth is distributed more evenly among the population. Secondly, taxes are used to check inflation by reducing the amount of money in circulation and controlling the overall demand in the economy. Lastly, taxes are also used to encourage even development by funding infrastructure projects and providing public services in less developed areas. Therefore, all of the given reasons are valid explanations for why the government levies taxes.

Localization of industries can be defined as the process of concentrating industry producing similar goods in a certain or in a particular areas

Localization of an industry may mean indigenization in terms of product and market differentiation

examples of localized industries include the automobile industry

The most important cause of the localization of industry is the ... Availability of means of transport and communication

Factors influencing the Location of Industry

The main factors that influence the location of industry are:

1. Raw materials: Industries that use large quantities of bulky materials tend to be located near to the source of these materials (see notes on the iron and steel industry, above). The influence of location in raw materials has declined in recent times due to the improvements in transport and efficiencies in their use.

2. Energy: Coalfields were the original energy source that attracted industry. In many cases this has been replaced by hydro-electric power (H.E.P.) and oil, sources that can be distributed more easily. However, some energy-intensive industries such as smelting need to be near cheap and abundant power supplies, e.g., some of the industries using H.E.P. in Norway.

3. Labour force: Early industrial development led to a drift from the land to the cities and this helped build up a large and eventually skilled labour force in the cities of, for example, England. In many cases nowadays, mechanisation has reduced the requirements of a larger skilled workforce. Labour costs are also of great importance and many companies have begun to move production to the cheaper labour markets or Eastern Europe.

4. Transport: All industries require a good transport system to permit the importing of raw materials and the exporting of finished products. Modern developments in transport have made it more efficient and more cost effective. Industrial location has thus dispersed from its traditional locations. This has been important in peripheral areas, e.g., Southern Italy (see notes on Problem Regions in the Regional Geography section.)

5. Access to markets: The EU contains a large market that has high purchasing power. The well-established urban structure enables manufacturers to reach their markets easily. The Ranstad, Paris, London (see Core and Periphery in the Regional Geography section hyperlink are important examples of these large concentrated, wealthy markets.

6. Political influence: The laissez-faire (non-interference) attitude of governments in the past has been replaced by an approach whereby government grants, retraining schemes, etc., are a major influence on the location of industry.

Economics itself is the study of man making decision in a world where scarcity of resources relative
to human wants makes choice a necessity. Economistshave broadly divided the economy into two related
sectors. i.e.
(a) Private Sector and
(b) Public Sector
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                                                                      Direct Taxes

1 .  Income Tax: This is the type of tax paid according to one’s income. Companies like human beings are legal beings. Corporations, therefore, pay taxes on their income. Personal taxes are paid on total wages, salaries, profits, interest and rent which a person receives with due allowances for family size, home ownership, insurance contribution and other factors. Company or Corporate Income Tax is paid only on corporate profit. 

2 .  Poll tax is imposed at a flat rate per head of population:  It is a regressive tax because no matter the size of a person’s income, everyone has to pay the same amount. Nigeria has a poll tax for people with low incomes. 

3 .  Capital Tax:  These  are  taxes  imposed  on  property  and  other  capital  assets.  For  instance,  when  a person dies his assets are subject to capital tax, in this case the term death duty or estate duty is used. 

4 .  Capital Gains Tax: This is paid on property, when you buy a property and over time it rises in value, the amount by which it rises over what you paid is  capital gain. The tax paid on this gain is called capital gains tax. 

5.  Petroleum Profit Tax:  In Nigeria, a tax is charged, assessed and payable  upon the profits of each accounting period of any company engaged in petroleum operations during any such accounting period, usually one year.

                                                             Indirect Taxes

These are taxes levied upon persons or groups whom they are not intended to bear the burden or incidence, 

but who will shift them to other people. They are normally levied on commodities or services hence their services does not fall directly on the final payers. Ability to pay here is assessed indirectly. 

Examples of Indirect are: 

Custom Duties – Import and Export duties 

          a) Import duties are levied on goods coming into the country from abroad.
          b) Export Duties: These are taxes levied on goods which are exported or sold to                     other countries by the home country. 

          c) .Excise Duties: These are levied on certain goods produced or manufactured                       locally. 

Value – added – Tax (VAT) – This belongs to the family of sales taxes. The valued – added tax is not a tax on the total value of the goods being sold but only on the value added (the difference between the value of factor services and materials that the firm purchases as inputs and the value of its output) the value that a firm adds by the virtue of its own activities to it by the last seller. Thus, the seller is liable to pay a tax on its gross value but net value, that is the gross value  minus the value of the services and materials purchased from other firms, etc. 

Sales Tax – These are taxes on selected sales transactions but applied at only one stage of business activity. 

Stamp Duties:  These  are taxes  on  documentary  evidence  of  particular  transactions  such  as  transfer  or property loans, bonds, mortgages, debentures, bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques bills of lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, proxies and receipts. It is evidence and not the transactions itself that are taxed. 

Inheritance Tax – This is tax payable by the recipient or beneficiary of a deceased property.