Chemistry/Electricity Based On Milady's Glossary

A solvent is a substance that has the ability to dissolve a solute, forming a solution. It is the component of a solution that is present in the largest amount. Solvents can be liquids, such as water or alcohol, or gases, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide. They have the ability to break down the solute particles and disperse them evenly throughout the solvent. This process is known as dissolution. The solvent plays a crucial role in determining the properties and behavior of the solution.

Alkanolamines are substances commonly used in hair products to neutralize acids or raise the pH. They have the ability to balance the acidity of the product, making it more suitable for use on the hair. Alkanolamines act as buffers, preventing the hair from becoming too acidic, which can cause damage. By adjusting the pH, alkanolamines help to maintain the hair's natural balance and improve its overall health and appearance.

An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge. It can be either positively charged (cation) or negatively charged (anion), depending on whether it has lost or gained electrons. Ions are formed through various chemical processes, such as the transfer of electrons between atoms or the dissociation of molecules in solution. They play a crucial role in many biological and chemical processes, including nerve impulses, electrolyte balance, and chemical reactions.

The correct answer is redox because it is the contraction for reduction-oxidation. In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized. This type of chemical reaction involves a transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in a change in oxidation states. It is an important process in various chemical reactions and plays a significant role in many biological processes as well.

The given description of "Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction" matches the characteristics of alternating current (AC). In AC, the flow of electric charge periodically changes direction, typically at a frequency of 50 or 60 cycles per second. This is in contrast to direct current (DC), where the flow of electric charge is constant in one direction. Galvanic current refers to a direct current produced by a galvanic cell, and a watt is a unit of power.

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible substances that are combined with the help of an emulsifier. The emulsifier helps to stabilize the mixture by preventing the separation of the immiscible substances. This allows the substances to remain mixed together in a stable state.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. They cannot be broken down further without losing their characteristic properties. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine, ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, and molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. Therefore, the correct answer is atom.

A suspension is a type of mixture where undissolved particles are dispersed in a liquid. These particles are usually larger and can be seen with the naked eye. Unlike solutions, suspensions are unstable and the particles will eventually settle down at the bottom of the container if left undisturbed. This is why suspensions need to be shaken before use to ensure a uniform distribution of the particles.

Exothermic refers to chemical reactions that release heat energy. This means that during the reaction, energy is being released into the surroundings in the form of heat. In contrast, endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from the surroundings. Ionization refers to the process of forming ions, and chemical change is a broad term that encompasses any transformation of one substance into another. Therefore, the correct answer is exothermic because it specifically describes chemical reactions that produce heat.

The watt is a unit of power, which measures the rate at which electric energy is being used or transferred. It represents the amount of energy consumed or produced in one second. Therefore, the measurement of how much electric energy is being used in one second is represented by the watt.

Tesla high-frequency current is the correct answer because it refers to a thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration. This type of current, also known as the violet ray, was developed by Nikola Tesla and is characterized by its high frequency and low amplitude. It is commonly used in medical and therapeutic applications for its heating and stimulating effects on the body.

Ionization refers to the process of separating an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions. This occurs when an atom or molecule gains or loses electrons, resulting in the formation of charged particles. Ionization is a fundamental concept in chemistry and is often observed in various chemical reactions and physical processes. It is important for understanding the behavior of ions in solution and the conductivity of electrolytes.

A solution refers to a stable mixture of two or more mixable substances. In a solution, the solute (substance being dissolved) is evenly distributed and dispersed throughout the solvent (substance doing the dissolving). This results in a homogenous mixture where the solute particles are not visible to the naked eye. Solutions can be formed with various substances, such as solid solutes dissolved in liquid solvents or gases dissolved in liquid solvents.

A volt is a unit of measurement used to quantify the pressure or force that drives the flow of electrons through a conductor. It represents the potential difference between two points in a circuit and is a measure of the electrical potential energy per unit charge. In other words, it measures the amount of work done to move a unit of charge between two points in a circuit.

Compounds are formed when two or more atoms of different elements are chemically bonded together. This chemical bonding creates a new substance with different properties than the individual elements. Compounds have a fixed ratio of atoms and can only be separated through chemical reactions. Molecules, emulsions, and solutions can also consist of two or more atoms or elements, but they do not necessarily involve a chemical bond between the atoms. Therefore, compounds are the correct answer in this context.

The correct answer is cathode. In an electrochemical cell or battery, the cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs, meaning it gains electrons. It is the site of the positive charge and is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The cathode is responsible for attracting and accepting the positively charged ions or cations from the electrolyte solution.

The correct answer is solute. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved. It is typically present in a smaller amount compared to the solvent. The solute particles are dispersed throughout the solvent, resulting in a homogeneous mixture.

The correct answer is anode. In an electrochemical cell, the anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs, meaning it loses electrons. It is positively charged and attracts negatively charged ions or anions. The cathode, on the other hand, is the electrode where reduction occurs, meaning it gains electrons. Therefore, the anode is the appropriate term to describe the positive electrode in this context.

The correct answer is galvanic current. Galvanic current is a type of direct current that has a positive and negative pole and produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body. It is commonly used in electrotherapy and can be used for various purposes such as muscle stimulation, pain relief, and skin rejuvenation. Alternating current (AC) refers to the flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction, while direct current (DC) refers to the flow of electric charge in one direction only. Electric current is a general term that encompasses both AC and DC.

Iontophoresis is the process of introducing water-soluble products into the skin using electric current. It involves the use of positive and negative poles of a galvanic machine to deliver the products into the skin. This technique is commonly used in skincare treatments to enhance the penetration of active ingredients and improve the efficacy of the treatment.

An anion is an ion with a negative electrical charge. It is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons. The negative charge is due to the excess of electrons compared to the number of protons in the atom. Anions are attracted to the positive terminal of a battery or an electric field. In contrast, a cation is an ion with a positive charge, formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without losing its identity. Each element is made up of only one type of atom, which is the basic building block of matter. Elements are represented by unique symbols on the periodic table, such as H for hydrogen or O for oxygen. Unlike molecules, which are made up of multiple atoms bonded together, elements exist independently and retain their distinct properties. Similarly, ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, but they are not the simplest form of matter.

A cation is an ion with a positive electrical charge. An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative charge. In the case of a cation, it has lost one or more electrons, leaving it with more protons than electrons and therefore a positive charge. Therefore, a cation is the correct answer in this case.

The term "modalities" refers to the different methods or techniques used in electrical facial and scalp treatments. This could include various types of currents, such as direct current, as well as other factors like milliamperes and ohms that determine the intensity and resistance of the electrical flow. Therefore, "modalities" is the correct answer as it encompasses the different currents and techniques used in these treatments.

A molecule is a chemical combination of two or more atoms. It is formed when atoms bond together through chemical reactions. Molecules can be made up of atoms of the same element or different elements. They are the smallest units of a compound that retain the chemical properties of that compound. Molecules can exist as individual units or as part of a larger structure. In this context, the term "molecule" is the correct answer as it best describes the chemical combination of atoms.

An amp is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of electric current flowing through a conductor. It represents the quantity of electrons passing through the conductor per unit of time. The amp is named after the French physicist André-Marie Ampère, who made significant contributions to the field of electromagnetism.

Anaphoresis is the process of forcing liquids into the tissues from the negative toward the positive pole.

Cataphoresis is the process of forcing acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole. This process is commonly used in various medical and cosmetic treatments. It is achieved by applying a positive electrode with the acidic substance to the desired area, and the galvanic current helps to push the substance deeper into the tissues. Cataphoresis is effective in delivering medications or treatments to specific areas, providing targeted and localized benefits.