Non-verbal Communications Final Exam

The "surrogate mother" experiment conducted by Harlow in 1958 involved monkeys. This experiment aimed to study the effects of maternal deprivation and the importance of social and emotional attachment in primates. Harlow used surrogate mothers made of wire and cloth to investigate the monkeys' attachment behavior and their preference for comfort and security. The study had significant implications for understanding the importance of early social interactions and maternal care in primate development.

Birdwhistell's six principles of kinesic communication suggest that nonverbal communication, including body language and facial expressions, can vary between different cultural groups. It is possible that kinesic communication may vary between black Americans and white Americans due to cultural differences, socialization, and historical experiences. Therefore, the statement that kinesic communication varies between black Americans and white Americans is true according to Birdwhistell's principles.

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Geiselman, Haight, and Kimata (1984) found that women do not necessarily appear more attractive when they are with attractive peers. This suggests that attractiveness is not solely dependent on the presence of other attractive individuals. Therefore, the statement "women do not necessarily appear more attractive when they are with attractive peers" is true.

The statement suggests that introverts are better liars than extroverts, but the correct answer is false. This means that the statement is incorrect and introverts are not actually better liars than extroverts. The explanation for this could be that extroverts are generally more outgoing and expressive, which may make it easier for them to deceive others. On the other hand, introverts may be more reserved and less likely to engage in deceptive behavior. However, it is important to note that this is a generalization and individual differences can vary.

"Tenure" refers to the length of time that a person has held a territory. It is a measure of the duration or period for which someone has occupied or possessed a particular territory. It does not necessarily indicate permanence or convey the intention of holding the territory strongly, nor does it directly imply a person's right to hold the territory.

Contamination refers to the introduction of harmful or unwanted substances into a certain area or environment. In the context of the question, when others enter your territory, their presence may lead to the introduction of contaminants that can disrupt the natural balance or quality of the territory. This can be seen as a violation or invasion of the territory, as it can have negative effects on the ecosystem or the well-being of the inhabitants. Therefore, contamination is the most appropriate term to describe the negative impact caused by others entering your territory.

A water bottle on your desk in class can be considered as a "marker" because it serves as a visible indicator or sign of your presence in the classroom. It is an object that can be easily identified and associated with you being present in that particular location.

The correct answer is "A male alters his appearance." Manscaping refers to the practice of grooming or trimming body hair, specifically in men. This can include shaving or trimming facial hair, chest hair, or pubic hair to achieve a desired aesthetic or hygiene level. It is a way for men to alter their appearance and maintain grooming standards.

The endomorph was seen as dependent, calm, and relaxed because these traits are often associated with individuals who have a higher body fat percentage and a rounder, softer physique. Endomorphs are typically more laid-back and easygoing, preferring a comfortable and stable environment. They are often seen as more reliant on others and less prone to stress or anxiety.

In John Gottman's "relationship account," it takes five positive behaviors to compensate for one negative. This suggests that negative actions or behaviors have a stronger impact on relationships compared to positive ones. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between positive and negative interactions in order to sustain a healthy and fulfilling relationship.

Differentiating comes first on the coming apart side in the relational stages covered. This stage refers to the process of individuals asserting their individuality and expressing their differences within the relationship. It involves the development of personal identities and the recognition of separate interests and goals. This stage is often characterized by increased independence and a desire for autonomy.

Exhibiting anxiety movements, like drumming fingers, is usually a sign of frustration at having one's turf violated. The word "later" in the answer indicates that the anxiety movements occur after the turf violation has taken place. This suggests that the individual initially may not show any signs of frustration, but as time passes, they start exhibiting anxiety movements as a reaction to the violation.

Gaze cueing refers to the phenomenon where we follow someone else's line of sight with our eyes. In the given example, when someone says "Look! Up in the sky!" and we instinctively look in the same direction, it demonstrates gaze cueing. This behavior is a natural response to social cues and helps us quickly gather information about our surroundings.

Height is often associated with power and prestige in society. The answer choice of 5 ft 4 for women and 5 ft 9 for men suggests that these heights are considered average for each gender. This implies that taller heights may be seen as more powerful or prestigious, while shorter heights may be seen as less so.

Fridland believes that facial expressions are more a part of a social exchange/interaction rather than being universal and arising out of inner emotion.

The given statement suggests that touch, even a slight touch, has been observed to reduce postural sway among the elderly. Postural sway refers to the involuntary movement or instability in maintaining an upright position. Touch may provide a sense of stability and support, helping to reduce postural sway and improve balance in the elderly.

The recent U of T study focused on the ability to spot a rich face. The study likely investigated whether people can accurately determine someone's wealth based on their facial appearance. This could involve analyzing facial features, expressions, or other visual cues that may be associated with wealth. The study may have used various methods, such as participant ratings or facial recognition technology, to assess people's ability to identify a rich face. The findings of the study may have implications for understanding social judgments and stereotypes related to wealth and appearance.

The explanation for the answer being False is that the statement mentions that attractive children aged 12 to 30 months were slightly easier to work with, but there is no evidence or information provided about the study by Fogot (1991) or any specific criteria used to determine attractiveness. Therefore, without any supporting details or context, it is not possible to conclude that attractive children in that age range were easier to work with based solely on this statement.

The statement that pupils expand when one is thinking up a lie is false. Pupil dilation is not directly linked to lying or truth-telling. Pupils can dilate due to various factors such as changes in lighting, emotions, or arousal levels. While some studies suggest that pupil dilation may occur when a person is engaged in cognitive effort, it is not a reliable indicator of lying. Other behavioral cues, such as body language and verbal cues, are more commonly used to detect deception.

The correct answer is "Try to date people who are similar to ourselves." The matching hypothesis suggests that individuals are more likely to form romantic relationships with people who are similar to them in terms of attractiveness, social status, and other characteristics. This is based on the idea that people seek partners who are similar to themselves to maximize the chances of compatibility and long-term relationship success.

The statement contradicts the concept of proxemics, which is the study of personal space and how people interact with it. Proxemics suggests that people generally maintain different distances from others based on their relationship, cultural norms, and personal preferences, rather than based on gender. Therefore, the given statement is false.

In the bonding stage of a relationship, "public displays of the relationship" are commonly seen. This stage occurs after the intensifying stage, where the couple has already established a deeper connection and are now ready to make their relationship more public and official. Public displays of affection, such as holding hands or introducing each other to friends and family, are often seen during this stage as a way to solidify the relationship and show commitment to each other.

Iconic codes refer to signals that visually resemble or imitate their referents. These signals use visual elements, such as shapes, colors, or images, to represent or convey meaning without the need for words. This form of communication relies on the similarity between the signal and its referent to convey a message or idea. It is a non-verbal way of communication that relies on visual cues to convey meaning.

The waltz metaphor is used to describe the stage of "differentiating" in relational stages. In a waltz, partners move independently yet in synchrony, just like individuals in the differentiating stage who start to assert their individuality while still maintaining a connection with their partner. Therefore, the statement is true.

The correct answer is that touch brings us to life. This is inferred from the image of God touching Adam's finger in Michaelangelo's "Creation of Adam." The act of touch in this context symbolizes the giving of life and vitality.

According to dialectics theory, relationships are kept together by opposing tensions. This means that the presence of opposing forces or conflicts in a relationship actually helps to maintain and strengthen it. These tensions create a dynamic and evolving nature in relationships, where individuals have different needs, desires, and perspectives. By acknowledging and addressing these opposing tensions, individuals can work together to find balance and harmony, leading to a healthier and more fulfilling relationship.

According to Mulac (1976), one of the basic dimensions used to evaluate others' dialects is dynamism. This suggests that people assess dialects based on their perceived energy, liveliness, and expressiveness. It is likely that individuals with more dynamic dialects are seen as engaging and charismatic, while those with less dynamic dialects may be perceived as dull or uninteresting.

The term "conversation preserve" refers to the extent or amount of information that individuals are comfortable sharing during a conversation. It suggests that people have different boundaries or limits on what they are willing to disclose or discuss in a conversation, and this can vary depending on the context or relationship with the other person.

Proxemics is the study of how humans use and perceive space. It focuses on how individuals interact and communicate through the use of space. Culture plays a significant role in proxemics as it influences the norms and expectations regarding personal space, territoriality, and spatial arrangements. Different cultures have different rules and norms regarding personal space and the use of public and private spaces. Therefore, culture is an essential aspect of proxemics as it helps explain the variations in spatial behavior and communication patterns observed across different societies.

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The correct answer is "Perspective". In the class on proxemics, the key architectural concept of shelter is discussed in relation to perspective. This suggests that the class explores how the design and arrangement of physical spaces can impact the way individuals perceive and interact with their surroundings. By considering the perspective of the people using the space, architects can create environments that are more functional and comfortable.

Chronemics refers to the study of how time is used in non-verbal communication. It focuses on the way people perceive, structure, and use time in various cultural and social contexts. This includes analyzing the use of time in gestures, body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues. Chronemics helps us understand how time influences communication patterns, relationships, and social interactions.

Using a periscope is not a practical or realistic way to observe one's children. This answer is likely incorrect or a joke option. It is more reasonable to observe children face-to-face, with appropriate touch, especially when they are young. As they age and adolescence sets in, the need for constant observation may decrease.

The statement suggests that highly attractive job applicants may be evaluated negatively by opposite-sex evaluators who feel threatened by them. However, the correct answer is False. This implies that there is no evidence to support the claim that opposite-sex evaluators evaluate highly attractive job applicants negatively out of feeling threatened.

The statement "Sociopetality is back to back" is not a valid or meaningful statement. Sociopetality refers to the tendency of individuals to come together and form social groups. "Back to back" does not have any relevance or connection to sociopetality. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Montagu's 1971 study discovered that children who were not breastfed had a significantly higher rate of respiratory problems compared to those who were breastfed. This suggests that breastfeeding plays a crucial role in protecting children from respiratory issues, potentially due to the antibodies and nutrients present in breast milk.

The statement suggests that men and women have different approaches in building relationships. It states that men tend to find a common enemy as a way to bond, while women offer time and invest in building connections. However, without further context or evidence from the text, it is difficult to determine the accuracy of this statement. Therefore, the answer is false.

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The non-verbal that was not noted in class was smell. Smell is not mentioned or discussed in the movie clip showing a parent and a teacher. The focus of the discussion was on the use of symbolism, the use of time, and taking up space using noise. The absence of any mention or observation of smell suggests that it was not a significant or notable non-verbal aspect in the movie clip.

The statement is false because task-oriented touch and control touch are not essentially the same thing. Task-oriented touch refers to touch interactions that are focused on completing a specific task or goal, such as tapping on icons or buttons to perform actions. Control touch, on the other hand, refers to touch interactions that involve controlling or manipulating objects on a screen, such as dragging or swiping. While both types of touch involve physical interactions with a touch screen, they have different purposes and contexts.

A vocal characterizer is a term used to describe someone or something that uses their voice to convey or express certain characteristics or qualities. Crying is a form of vocal expression that is often associated with sadness, pain, or distress. Therefore, it can be considered a vocal characterizer as it helps to convey the emotional state of an individual.

Children 14 months to 2 years are said to receive more touch than younger children (babies) because at this stage, they are more mobile and curious about exploring their environment. They are able to move around, interact with objects and people, and engage in more physical activities. This increased mobility and curiosity often result in more opportunities for touch, such as being held, hugged, or playing interactive games with caregivers. Additionally, older children may seek out more touch as a way to seek comfort, reassurance, and connection with their caregivers.

According to a 1978 study, women noticed physique first. This means that when women were surveyed or observed in the study, they were found to pay attention or be more attracted to a person's overall physical appearance or body shape. This suggests that physical attractiveness or physique plays an important role in initial impressions made by women.

The example given in class of "understatement" and its effectiveness was not only James Bond, but also Donald Trump. This suggests that Donald Trump is known for his use of understatement and that it is effective in his communication style.

The text states that men sway their bodies when they walk just as much as women do. This implies that both men and women have a similar amount of body movement while walking, suggesting that there is no significant difference between the two genders in terms of body swaying during walking. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

The "just world" hypothesis suggests that people have a tendency to believe that the world is fair and that individuals get what they deserve. In the context of the question, this means that individuals may perceive less attractive defendants as being more deserving of punishment, leading to lower sentences. This hypothesis implies that people may have a bias towards attractive individuals and may attribute negative characteristics or behaviors to those who are less attractive.

In the study of 15000 couples, the phrase "Men get the upper hand" referred to the act of holding hands. This suggests that men tend to take the lead or be in control in the relationship by initiating or guiding the act of holding hands.

Motivated inaccuracy refers to intentionally ignoring or misinterpreting non-verbal cues from someone close to us in order to avoid the emotional burdens that may come with understanding their true feelings or needs. This can be a defense mechanism to protect oneself from potential emotional discomfort or conflicts.

Intrinsic facial codes refer to facial expressions that are biologically inherited. This means that certain facial expressions are universal and can be observed across different cultures and societies. These expressions display what another person is feeling, allowing us to understand their emotions and intentions. Unlike facial expressions that are based on cultural assumptions, intrinsic facial codes are innate and not influenced by cultural factors.

In Goffman's eight territories of the self, the four territory is "Turn". This refers to the individual's ability to control the direction and flow of interaction in a social setting. It involves the ability to initiate and terminate conversations, as well as to shift the focus of attention. This territory allows individuals to assert their agency and exercise control over their social interactions.

The statement suggests that the frequency of touch between men and women varies across different countries, and this difference is more pronounced compared to within a single country. This implies that cultural and societal factors play a significant role in shaping the frequency of touch between genders.

Territoriality refers to the behavior of individuals or groups in claiming and defending a specific area or territory as their own. It is a concept commonly observed in animals, but also applies to humans. The body buffer zone, in this context, can be understood as the personal space or distance that individuals maintain around themselves to establish a sense of territoriality. This buffer zone helps individuals feel comfortable and in control of their immediate surroundings, ensuring that their personal boundaries are respected.

The study cited in class about eye gaze when passing people on crowded sidewalks suggests that we use eye contact with the person approaching us to see if someone is walking behind us. This means that by making eye contact with the person coming towards us, we are able to gauge whether there is someone walking behind us and adjust our movements accordingly to avoid collisions or disruptions in the flow of pedestrian traffic.

When considering a complex issue, we tend to lean forward in a conversation. This statement is false. Leaning forward in a conversation is commonly associated with interest and engagement, but it does not necessarily indicate cognitive energy or the complexity of the issue being discussed. People may lean forward for various reasons, including cultural norms, social cues, or personal habits. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that leaning forward in a conversation is directly related to cognitive energy or the complexity of the topic.

In their 1998 study, McDaniel and Anderson discovered that strangers in airports touch just as much as family members. This suggests that the level of physical contact between strangers and family members in airports is similar, indicating that strangers may feel comfortable enough to engage in physical contact with others in this setting.

Morris' 1977 categories of non-aggressive touching included both the "head-to-head" and the "mock-attack". This means that in his categorization, Morris considered both head-to-head touching and mock-attacks as forms of non-aggressive behavior.

In therapeutic touch, the practitioner does not actually touch the body. Instead, they use their hands to hover or move slightly above the body, without making physical contact. This technique is believed to promote healing and relaxation by balancing the body's energy. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Interactional synchrony refers to the coordination and mirroring of movements between individuals during social interactions. It involves one person imitating or matching the movements of another person. This behavior is commonly observed in parent-child interactions, where the child mimics the actions and gestures of their parents. It helps to establish a sense of connection and communication between individuals. Matching one's movements to those of another is the most accurate description of interactional synchrony among the given options.

Goffman's eight territories of the self refer to different aspects of an individual's identity and presentation. The fifth territory is not explicitly mentioned in the question, but the answer "Sheath" does not seem to fit within the context of Goffman's theory. It is possible that the question is incomplete or incorrectly phrased, as there is no clear connection between the given answer and Goffman's territories of the self.

The surrogate mother experiment conducted by Harlow in 1958 revealed that touch is more important than food. The experiment involved rhesus monkeys who were given the choice between two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother providing milk, the monkeys spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother. This demonstrated that the need for physical contact and touch is more significant than the need for nourishment, highlighting the importance of touch in social and emotional development.

The term "Unwilling expressor" is not one of Ekman's display styles. Ekman identified five display styles, which are Withholder, Revealer, Frozen affect, Substitute expressor, and Unwilling expressor. However, since the question asks for the style that is NOT one of Ekman's, the correct answer is "Unwilling expressor".

LeCorbusier is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. His innovative designs and philosophies greatly influenced the development of modernist architecture in the 20th century. He believed in functionalism, simplicity, and the use of modern materials and technologies in architecture. LeCorbusier's iconic buildings, such as the Villa Savoye and the Unité d'Habitation, exemplify his modernist principles and continue to inspire architects worldwide. Therefore, the correct answer is "Modernist Architect."

This statement is false. Our sense of smell is actually much more powerful and long-lasting than our sense of sight. Research has shown that we can remember smells with a higher accuracy and for a longer period of time compared to visual memories. Smells have a strong connection to our emotions and can trigger vivid memories from the past. This is why certain scents can instantly transport us back to a specific time or place.

The text does not suggest that firm generalizations can be made regarding racial differences and personal space expectations. It is important to recognize that personal space expectations can vary greatly among individuals, regardless of their race. Making firm generalizations about personal space expectations based on race would be inaccurate and unfair. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The statement suggests that less attractive children were diagnosed with behavioral problems just as much as attractive children. However, the correct answer is False, indicating that there is a difference in the diagnosis of behavioral problems between less attractive and attractive children. The explanation for this answer could be that studies have shown that physical attractiveness can influence how children are perceived and treated by others, including teachers and peers. This differential treatment might lead to biased diagnoses of behavioral problems, with less attractive children potentially being diagnosed more frequently.

The last territory of Goffman's eight territories of the self is "Conversation preserve". This refers to the idea that individuals have the ability to control and manage their own conversations, deciding what information to reveal or conceal about themselves. It highlights the importance of maintaining privacy and managing one's self-presentation in social interactions.

The explanation for the answer "False" is that in the proxemics study conducted on the beach, the group did not expand its territory when more people gathered. This implies that the group did not try to claim more space or increase their territorial boundaries as more people joined them on the beach.

Frequent smiling and eyes wide open were seen as one of Mehrabian's "liking behaviors".

According to Morris' 12 steps of animal courtship, mouth to mouth comes before hand to head.

"Anchor Points" refer to parts of our body that fidget when one is lying. This means that when a person is lying, certain parts of their body may involuntarily move or fidget, indicating their deception. These movements can be subtle, such as tapping fingers or shifting weight, and can be used as cues to detect if someone is lying.

The given answer suggests that the waste-to-chest ratio is a stronger predictor of men's attractiveness compared to other predictors. This means that when determining attractiveness in men, the waste-to-chest ratio holds more importance and influence than other factors. It implies that this particular ratio has a significant impact on how attractive men are perceived, potentially indicating that a well-proportioned waist-to-chest ratio is considered more attractive.

Immediacy refers to one being open and approachable. This means that the person is readily available for communication, willing to listen, and engage with others. It implies a welcoming and friendly demeanor, creating a comfortable environment for interaction. Immediacy helps to build rapport and establish a positive connection with others, fostering effective communication and relationship-building.

The first territory of Goffman's eight territories of the self is "Personal." This refers to the individual's own private thoughts, feelings, and experiences. It is the innermost realm of the self, where one's true self resides. This territory is not visible to others and is often kept hidden or protected. It is a space where individuals can reflect, introspect, and develop their sense of identity and self-awareness.

The biting of one's lip is often seen as a nonverbal cue indicating discomfort or unease. In this context, it can be inferred that biting one's lip signifies an unwillingness to engage in conversation or chat with others. This action may suggest that the person wants to avoid social interaction or is not open to starting a conversation.

The fight or flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived threat or danger. When a person lies, they may experience anxiety or fear, which triggers this response. This can result in various physical reactions, such as increased heart rate, sweating, or itching. The nose is a common area where people may experience itching when they lie, as blood vessels in the nose can dilate due to increased blood flow. Therefore, the correct answer is nose.

The seventh territory of Goffman's eight territories of the self is "Information preserve." This refers to the way individuals control and manage the information about themselves that they reveal to others. It involves the selective disclosure of personal information and the management of one's public image. In this territory, individuals decide what information to share and what to keep private, strategically presenting themselves to others in order to maintain a desired impression. This territory highlights the importance of privacy and the conscious effort individuals make in shaping their self-presentation.

The correct answer is "Gaze aversion." Gaze aversion refers to the act of avoiding direct eye contact with another person. In the context of the clip of Prime Minister Trudeau on NBC's Meet the Press, his eye movements suggested that he was intentionally avoiding eye contact with someone or something. This could be interpreted as a form of nonverbal communication, indicating discomfort, deception, or a desire to disengage from the conversation.

The third territory of Goffman's eight territories of the self is "Space." This refers to the physical environment in which an individual exists and interacts with others. It includes both public and private spaces, such as homes, workplaces, and public places. Goffman argues that individuals actively manage and control their space to present a desired image of themselves to others. This concept highlights the role of physical surroundings in shaping social interactions and the construction of identity.

The sixth territory of Goffman's eight territories of the self is possessional territory. This refers to the physical objects or possessions that individuals consider as part of their personal space and identity. Possessional territory includes items such as clothing, jewelry, gadgets, and other personal belongings that individuals use to express themselves and establish a sense of ownership and control over their environment.