Bio 2 Mid-term Exam (Spring 2014)

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1/61 Questions

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is ___.
- Transcription
- Translation
- Replication
- Mutation

Bio 2 Mid-term Exam (Spring 2014) - Quiz

Questions and Answers

2.

There are literally hundreds of thousands of different organic molecules. Which statement best explains how this is possible?
- Elements can make an unlimited number of chemical bonds.
- Carbon is unique in that it can make four chemical bonds.
- Carbon can make twenty bonds to other carbon atoms.
- Organic molecules are acidic.
Correct Answer

A. Carbon is unique in that it can make four chemical bonds.

Explanation

Carbon is unique in that it can make four chemical bonds. This allows carbon atoms to form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with other elements, resulting in a vast number of possible combinations. This ability of carbon to form multiple bonds and create complex molecular structures is the basis for the immense diversity of organic molecules found in nature.

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3.

Which of the following is NOT true of water?
- It resists change in temperature.
- It is considered the "universal solvent".
- It can diffuse through lipids easily.
- It has unique properties due to its polarity.
Correct Answer

A. It can diffuse through lipids easily.

Explanation

Water cannot diffuse through lipids easily because it is a polar molecule and lipids are nonpolar. Polar molecules like water are repelled by nonpolar substances like lipids. This is why water forms droplets on a waxed car or beads up on a freshly waxed surface. Therefore, the statement that water can diffuse through lipids easily is not true.

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4.

Organic compounds always contain the element ____.
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
- Organium
Correct Answer

A. Carbon

Explanation

Organic compounds are defined as compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Carbon is the element that is essential for the formation of organic compounds.

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5.

How many amino acids are found in humans?
- 12
- 16
- 20
- 24
Correct Answer

A. 20

Explanation

There are 20 amino acids found in humans. These are the building blocks of proteins and are essential for various biological processes in the body. Each amino acid has a specific role and function, and they play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs.

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6.

The functional group -NH2 is called the ____.
- Amino group
- Acid group
- Hydroxide group
- Fatty acid
Correct Answer

A. Amino group

Explanation

The functional group -NH2 is called the amino group. This group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and is commonly found in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The amino group plays a crucial role in forming peptide bonds and determining the properties and functions of proteins.

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7.

Which of the following is a structural form of carbohydrate?
- Cellulose
- Starch
- Enzyme
- RNA
Correct Answer

A. Cellulose

Explanation

Cellulose is a structural form of carbohydrate because it is a major component of plant cell walls. It provides structural support to plants and is composed of long chains of glucose molecules linked together. Starch, on the other hand, is a storage form of carbohydrate found in plants, while enzyme and RNA are not carbohydrates at all.

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8.

Which of the following monomers make up a lipid?
- Glycerol and fatty acid
- Glycerol and amino acids
- Glycerol and nucleic acids
- Thymine and guanine
Correct Answer

A. Glycerol and fatty acid

Explanation

Lipids are organic molecules that are insoluble in water and play important roles in energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure. The monomers that make up a lipid are glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl groups, while fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. They combine through dehydration synthesis, forming ester bonds between the hydroxyl group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of fatty acids. This combination results in the formation of triglycerides, the most common type of lipid.

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9.

Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Guanine
Correct Answer

A. Uracil

Explanation

Uracil is not a nucleotide found in DNA. DNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Uracil, on the other hand, is a nucleotide found in RNA. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine. Therefore, uracil is not present in DNA.

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10.

Which of the following is a polymer of nucleotides?
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
- Carbohydrate
- Lipid
Correct Answer

A. Nucleic Acid

Explanation

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. They are composed of long chains of nucleotide monomers, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, play crucial roles in storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are also important biomolecules, but they are not polymers of nucleotides.

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11.

Which of the following is a polymer of amino acids?
- Protein
- Carbohydrate
- Lipid
- Nucleic Acid
Correct Answer

A. Protein

Explanation

Proteins are polymers of amino acids, meaning they are composed of long chains of amino acids linked together. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and when they join together through peptide bonds, they form a polymer structure. Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are not polymers of amino acids and do not have the same structure as proteins.

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12.

What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?
- Breaking down pyruvate molecules to form molecules of NADH and oxygen
- Forming citric acid to make NADH, water, and carbon dioxide
- Producing molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain
- Bonding coenzyme A to pyruvate
Correct Answer

A. Producing molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain

Explanation

The main function of the Krebs cycle is to produce molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain. The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA molecules are oxidized, resulting in the production of NADH and FADH2. These molecules then carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the correct answer is "producing molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain."

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13.

Which stage of the cell cycle is illustrated on the right?
- Prophase
- Cytokinesis
- Telophase
- Anaphase
Correct Answer

A. Cytokinesis

Explanation

The correct answer is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm of the cell is divided into two daughter cells. In the given question, the image on the right likely depicts the process of cytokinesis, as it shows the separation of the cytoplasm into two distinct regions. This stage is crucial for the completion of cell division and the formation of two new cells.

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14.

Which phrase best describes the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
- A chain of photosynthetic proteins located in the stroma
- A collection of enzymes used to make ADP
- A series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane
- A group of enzymes that carries energy to the Calvin cycle
Correct Answer

A. A series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane

Explanation

The electron transport chain in photosynthesis is a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane. This chain is responsible for transferring electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I, generating ATP and NADPH in the process. The thylakoid membrane is where the photosystems and other components of the electron transport chain are embedded, allowing for efficient electron transfer and energy production.

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15.

The process by which plants use sunlight to make glucose is called ___.
- Photosynthesis
- Cellular respiration
- The cell cycle
- Mitosis
Correct Answer

A. Photosynthesis

Explanation

Photosynthesis is the correct answer because it is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce glucose, which serves as their source of energy. This process takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the chlorophyll pigment. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, is the process by which cells break down glucose to release energy. The cell cycle and mitosis are not related to the process of plants using sunlight to make glucose.

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16.

Which of the following takes place in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
- Sugars are made.
- Energy is captured.
- Chlorophyll is pumped.
- Carbon dioxide is formed.
Correct Answer

A. Energy is captured.

Explanation

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, energy is captured from sunlight by the pigment chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells. This energy is then used to convert water into oxygen and produce energy-rich molecules such as ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the next stage of photosynthesis. The captured energy is stored in these molecules and will be used in the light-independent reactions to produce sugars. Therefore, the correct answer is "Energy is captured."

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17.

The main light-absorbing molecules found in plant leaves are called
- Chloroplasts
- Thylakoids
- Chlorophyll
- Grana
Correct Answer

A. Chlorophyll

Explanation

Chlorophyll is the correct answer because it is the main light-absorbing pigment found in plant leaves. It is responsible for capturing sunlight during photosynthesis and converting it into chemical energy. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place, thylakoids are the membrane structures within chloroplasts where chlorophyll is located, and grana are stacks of thylakoids. However, the question specifically asks for the main light-absorbing molecules, which are chlorophyll.

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18.

Which of the following statements best describes the process of photosynthesis?
- Plants use oxygen to make simple sugars.
- Chlorophyll builds sugars in the thylakoid membrane.
- Light breaks down water molecules and releases carbon dioxide.
- Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy.
Correct Answer

A. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy.

Explanation

Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs sunlight. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in the form of glucose (simple sugars). This chemical energy is stored in the plant cells and can be used for various metabolic processes. Therefore, the statement "Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy" best describes the process of photosynthesis.

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19.

What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane?
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Organelle
- DNA
Correct Answer

A. Cytoplasm

Explanation

The correct answer is cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane. It is responsible for providing support to the organelles within the cell and facilitating various cellular processes. The cytoplasm also contains nutrients, ions, and other molecules necessary for the cell's functioning.

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20.

Which of the following is a characteristic of S phase?
- Cell growth and normal function.
- Cell growth and preparation for mitosis.
- Nuclear membrane reforms.
- DNA is replicated.
Correct Answer

A. DNA is replicated.

Explanation

S phase is the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs. During this phase, the cell prepares for division by duplicating its DNA. This is an essential step in cell division as it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material. The other options, such as cell growth and normal function, cell growth and preparation for mitosis, and nuclear membrane reforms, are not specific to S phase and can occur in other phases of the cell cycle as well.

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21.

Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Telophase
- Anaphase
Correct Answer

A. Anaphase

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is anaphase. Anaphase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids, which were previously attached at the centromere. In this stage, the spindle fibers contract and pull the sister chromatids apart, moving them towards opposite poles of the cell. This process ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes.

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22.

Which of the following is a characteristic of prophase?
- Nuclear membrane breaks down.
- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
- Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
- The cytoplasm splits.
Correct Answer

A. Nuclear membrane breaks down.

Explanation

During prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down. This is a characteristic of prophase because it allows the chromosomes to be released from the nucleus and become more accessible for the subsequent stages of cell division. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane also signifies the start of mitosis or meiosis, as it allows the chromosomes to condense and prepare for their movement to opposite poles of the cell. This breakdown is essential for the proper segregation and distribution of genetic material during cell division.

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23.

Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Telophase
- Anaphase
Correct Answer

A. Metaphase

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is metaphase. This is indicated by the alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plate of the cell. In metaphase, the nuclear envelope has dissolved, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes, causing them to line up in the middle of the cell. This alignment is crucial for the equal distribution of genetic material during cell division.

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24.

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
- Convert solar energy to chemical energy
- Communicate with other cells
- Process and deliver proteins
- Copy genetic material
Correct Answer

A. Process and deliver proteins

Explanation

The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them by adding sugars and other molecules, and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell. This process ensures that proteins are properly folded, modified, and targeted to their intended locations, allowing them to carry out their specific functions in the cell.

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25.

Which of the following is a characteristic of G2 phase?
- Cell growth and normal function.
- Cell growth and preparation for mitosis.
- Nuclear membrane reforms.
- DNA is replicated.
Correct Answer

A. Cell growth and preparation for mitosis.

Explanation

G2 phase is the third phase of the cell cycle, following the S phase where DNA is replicated. During G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares itself for mitosis, the process of cell division. This includes synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for cell division, as well as checking for any errors in DNA replication. The nuclear membrane reforms during the next phase, which is the M phase. Therefore, the characteristic of G2 phase is cell growth and preparation for mitosis.

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26.

Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...
- DNA.
- A nucleus.
- Cytoplasm.
- A cell membrane.
Correct Answer

A. A nucleus.

Explanation

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have a well-defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane, prokaryotic cells have their DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm. The absence of a nucleus allows for a simpler structure in prokaryotic cells, as they lack many of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Instead, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region where the DNA is located. This difference in cellular organization is one of the key distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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27.

Which phrase best describes the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction?
- Decreases the rate of reaction
- Increases the temperature
- Decreases the activation energy
- Increases the volume of the reactants
Correct Answer

A. Decreases the activation energy

Explanation

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Activation energy is the energy needed to break the bonds of the reactant molecules and initiate the reaction. By lowering the activation energy, a catalyst allows the reaction to proceed at a faster rate. Therefore, the phrase "decreases the activation energy" best describes the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction.

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28.

Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Centrioles
Correct Answer

A. Ribosomes

Explanation

Ribosomes can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. This is because the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, and ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They attach to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and help in the production of proteins that are either secreted from the cell or used within the cell itself.

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29.

Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?
- Nucleus
- Mitochondrion
- Centriole
- Chloroplast
Correct Answer

A. Nucleus

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's growth, development, and reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, which helps protect the DNA and regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which contain the genes that determine an organism's traits. Overall, the nucleus plays a crucial role in storing and regulating the cell's genetic information.

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30.

A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...
- Pump.
- Macrophage.
- Lysosome.
- Vesicle.
Correct Answer

A. Lysosome.

Explanation

A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is called a lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles found in animal cells that contain various hydrolytic enzymes, which help break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. These enzymes are enclosed within a membrane to prevent them from damaging the cell. Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion and recycling, as they fuse with other vesicles or engulf materials through endocytosis, allowing the enzymes to break down the contents and release nutrients for the cell to utilize.

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31.

Which of the following stages occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?
- The cirtic acid cycle
- The Calvin cycle
- Glycolysis
- Oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer

A. The cirtic acid cycle

Explanation

The correct answer is the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix. It is an essential part of cellular respiration and involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy-rich molecules such as ATP, NADH, and FADH2. This cycle plays a crucial role in extracting energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to fuel cellular processes.

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32.

In the diagram to the right, what is structure B?
- Folded inner membrane
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Stroma
- Thylakoid membrane
Correct Answer

A. Mitochondrial matrix

Explanation

The correct answer is mitochondrial matrix. The diagram mentioned in the question is not visible, but based on the options provided, structure B is identified as the mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial matrix is the fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It contains enzymes that are involved in various metabolic reactions, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation.

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33.

In the diagram to the right, what is structure A?
- Folded inner membrane
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Stroma
- Thylakoid membrane
Correct Answer

A. Folded inner membrane

Explanation

The correct answer is folded inner membrane. In the diagram, structure A appears as a folded membrane within the mitochondria. This folded inner membrane is known as the cristae and it plays a crucial role in the process of cellular respiration, where ATP (energy) is produced. The folds increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for more space for the enzymes and proteins involved in ATP production. Therefore, folded inner membrane is the most appropriate description for structure A in the given diagram.

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34.

The part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down is called
- Photosynthesis.
- Aerobic respiration.
- Electron transport.
- Glycolysis.
Correct Answer

A. Glycolysis.

Explanation

Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the initial step in cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, while aerobic respiration and electron transport are later stages in cellular respiration that require oxygen and occur in the mitochondria.

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35.

Which of the following statements best describes cellular respiration?
- Sunlight and carbon dioxide are used to make ATP.
- ATP and oxygen are used to make sugars and starches.
- Carbon-based molecules from food and oxygen are used to make ATP.
- ATP and carbon dioxide are used to make ADP and water.
Correct Answer

A. Carbon-based molecules from food and oxygen are used to make ATP.

Explanation

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert carbon-based molecules from food and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. This process occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of biochemical reactions that release energy stored in the bonds of glucose and other organic molecules. ATP is then used by the cell to carry out various cellular activities. The other options in the question either do not accurately describe the process of cellular respiration or involve incorrect relationships between the molecules involved.

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36.

Which of the following are end products of glycolysis?
- Two three-carbon molecules, ATP, and NAD+
- Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
- NAD+, oxygen, and two ATP molecules
- Pyruvate, NADH, and ATP
Correct Answer

A. Pyruvate, NADH, and ATP

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. NADH and ATP are also produced during glycolysis. Therefore, the correct answer is pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

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37.

Where does glycolysis take place?
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Mitochondrial inner membrane
- Chloroplast
Correct Answer

A. Cytoplasm

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. This is because the enzymes and molecules necessary for glycolysis are present in the cytoplasm, making it the ideal location for this metabolic pathway. The other options, such as the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane, are involved in later stages of cellular respiration but not in the initial glycolysis process. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, not glycolysis.

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38.

___ is known as the universal solvent.
- Water
- Acetone
- Alcohol
- Cytoplasm
Correct Answer

A. Water

Explanation

Water is known as the universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve a wide range of substances. This is due to its unique molecular structure, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. Water's polarity and high dielectric constant make it an excellent solvent for ionic compounds and polar molecules. It can dissolve many salts, sugars, acids, and bases, making it essential for various biological, chemical, and industrial processes.

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39.

The three-carbon molecule formed by glycolysis is ___.
- Pyruvate
- NADH
- Citric acid
- Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer

A. Pyruvate

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down into smaller molecules. One of the end products of glycolysis is pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule. Therefore, the correct answer is pyruvate.

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40.

What part is labeled B?
- Phosphate
- Ribose Sugar
- Nitrogen Base
- Nucleotide
Correct Answer

A. Ribose Sugar

Explanation

The part labeled B in this question is the Ribose Sugar. Ribose is a type of sugar that is a component of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is a five-carbon sugar molecule that forms the backbone of the nucleotide structure. The other options listed in the question are also components of nucleotides, but B specifically refers to the Ribose Sugar.

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41.

What part is labeled C?
- Phosphate
- Ribose Sugar
- Nitrogen Base
- Nucleotide
Correct Answer

A. Nitrogen Base
42.

What part is labeled A?
- Phosphate
- Ribose Sugar
- Nitrogen Base
- Nucleotide
Correct Answer

A. Phosphate
43.

This is a diagram of a monomer that is used to build ___.
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
Correct Answer

A. Nucleic Acids

Explanation

The diagram of the monomer suggests that it is a nucleotide, which is the building block of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of long chains of nucleotides. Therefore, the correct answer is Nucleic Acids.

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44.

What enzyme is located at the end of the electron transport chain?
- ATP synthase
- Dehydrogenase
- NADPH
- Glycolase
Correct Answer

A. ATP synthase

Explanation

ATP synthase is located at the end of the electron transport chain. This enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. It uses the proton gradient generated during electron transport to drive the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. ATP synthase is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. It consists of two main components: a proton channel (Fo) and a catalytic domain (F1), which work together to produce ATP.

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45.

The term "mitosis" means ___.
- Division of the cell.
- Division of the nucleus.
- Division of the cytoplasm.
- Replicate the DNA.
Correct Answer

A. Division of the nucleus.

Explanation

The term "mitosis" refers to the process of cell division, specifically the division of the nucleus. During mitosis, the genetic material within the nucleus is evenly distributed into two separate daughter cells. This process is crucial for growth, development, and the replacement of damaged or old cells in multicellular organisms. Mitosis does not involve the division of the entire cell or the cytoplasm, but rather focuses on the division of the nucleus and its genetic material.

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46.

Where does glycolysis take place?
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Mitochondrial inner membrane
- Chloroplast
Correct Answer

A. Cytoplasm

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. This is where glucose molecules are converted into pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions. The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled region of the cell outside the organelles, making it the correct location for glycolysis to occur.

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47.

Which of the following statements is true for all cells?
- They use solar energy.
- They use photosynthesis.
- They use chemical energy.
- They use chemosynthesis.
Correct Answer

A. They use chemical energy.

Explanation

All cells use chemical energy because it is the primary form of energy used by living organisms. Chemical energy is derived from the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose through cellular respiration. This process releases energy that is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is then used by cells to carry out various functions and processes. While some cells, such as plant cells, can also use solar energy through photosynthesis to convert it into chemical energy, not all cells have the ability to do so. Therefore, the statement "They use chemical energy" is true for all cells.

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48.

Which phrase best describes the function of the ATP molecule?
- Absorbs energy
- Converts energy
- Stores and transfers energy
- Destroys
Correct Answer

A. Stores and transfers energy

Explanation

The ATP molecule is responsible for storing and transferring energy in cells. It acts as a high-energy molecule that can be easily broken down to release energy when needed. This energy is used for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules. Additionally, ATP can also transfer its stored energy to other molecules, enabling them to perform their respective functions. Therefore, "stores and transfers energy" is the best phrase to describe the function of the ATP molecule.

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49.

Where does the chemical energy to produce ATP come from?
- The conversion of ATP to ADP.
- The use of chemicals from the environment to build sugars.
- The addition of a phosphate group to ATP.
- The breakdown of carbon-based molecules into smaller molecules.
Correct Answer

A. The breakdown of carbon-based molecules into smaller molecules.

Explanation

The correct answer is the breakdown of carbon-based molecules into smaller molecules. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, where carbon-based molecules such as glucose are broken down into smaller molecules like carbon dioxide and water. During this process, energy is released, which is used to generate ATP. Therefore, the chemical energy required to produce ATP comes from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules.

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