Cell Processes & Energy

The statement is true. Cancer starts when mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division. Normally, cells in the body divide and grow in a regulated manner, but mutations can cause this process to malfunction. These mutations can be caused by various factors such as genetic predisposition, exposure to carcinogens, or errors during DNA replication. When the cell cycle is disrupted, cells can divide rapidly and uncontrollably, forming tumors and potentially spreading to other parts of the body.

A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that develop when cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably. This growth can occur in any part of the body and can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, and they can be diagnosed through imaging tests or biopsies. Treatment options for tumors include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer.

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, leading to damage in the surrounding parts of the body. This abnormal cell growth can form tumors or invade nearby tissues and organs. Cancer can occur in any part of the body and can spread to other areas through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is a complex disease that can have various causes, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and certain lifestyle factors. Treatment options for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Chemotherapy refers to the use of drugs to treat a disease. It is a treatment method commonly used in cancer patients, where powerful drugs are administered to kill cancer cells or slow down their growth. Chemotherapy can be used as the primary treatment or in combination with other treatments like surgery or radiation therapy. The drugs used in chemotherapy can be given orally or through injections and are designed to target and destroy rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. This treatment approach aims to shrink tumors, prevent cancer from spreading, and alleviate symptoms associated with the disease.

The cell cycle refers to the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo. This process involves various stages, including interphase (where the cell grows and prepares for division) and mitosis (where the cell's nucleus divides). During the cell cycle, the cell also makes an exact copy of the DNA in its nucleus through a process called DNA replication. Therefore, the given answer accurately describes the cell cycle and its key components.

An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food. Autotrophs are able to produce organic compounds from inorganic substances through processes such as photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are self-sustaining and do not rely on consuming other organisms for nutrients. This ability to produce their own food allows autotrophs to be the primary producers in most ecosystems, providing energy for all other organisms.

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food and relies on consuming other organisms or organic matter for nutrition. Heterotrophs obtain energy by breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler forms that can be used for their metabolic processes. They are dependent on external sources of organic matter for their survival and growth. This is in contrast to autotrophs, which are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Most living things get their energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis. This process involves plants, algae, and some bacteria using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This glucose is then used as a source of energy by these organisms, and other organisms that consume them, indirectly obtaining energy from the sun as well.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. During fermentation, cells convert sugars into energy without the use of oxygen. Therefore, fermentation does not provide air for cells without using oxygen. The given answer, "False," is correct.

Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two daughter cells. This process follows the division of the cell's nucleus, known as mitosis. During cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms in animal cells, and a cell plate forms in plant cells, leading to the separation of the cytoplasm and the formation of two new cells. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material and organelles, allowing for growth and development.

Sunlight is not directly provided to animals by eating plants and other animals. However, plants obtain sunlight through photosynthesis and convert it into energy. Animals then consume these plants or other animals that have consumed plants, indirectly obtaining the energy from sunlight. Therefore, the statement is true.

Mutation is the correct answer because it refers to the damage that causes a change in the DNA. A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence, which can occur due to various factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or errors during DNA replication. These changes in the DNA sequence can lead to genetic variations and can have various effects on an organism, including the development of genetic disorders or the introduction of new traits.

During the cell cycle, several stages occur. Replication is the process where the DNA is duplicated to form two identical copies. Mitosis is the division of the cell's nucleus into two identical nuclei. Interphase is the stage where the cell grows and prepares for division. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and the formation of two separate daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answers are replication, mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis.