Anatomy And Physiology For Exercise

Normal blood pressure is typically defined as 120/80 mmHg. The first number, 120, represents the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood. The second number, 80, represents the diastolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. This blood pressure reading is considered normal because it falls within the range that is generally accepted as healthy for adults. Blood pressure that is too high or too low can indicate underlying health issues.

The heart is located behind the sternum and slightly to the left of center in the body. It is a vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body, providing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. Its position behind the sternum helps protect it from external injuries.

The skull is part of the axial skeleton because it is located along the central axis of the body, specifically the head. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, which provide support and protection for the vital organs in the central part of the body. The femur, radius, and patella are not part of the axial skeleton as they are located in the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton.

A long bone is said to be longer than they are wide because the term "long bone" refers to a specific type of bone found in the body. Long bones, such as the femur or humerus, are characterized by their elongated shape, with a greater length than width. This shape allows for strength, support, and mobility in the skeletal system.

The term "aerobic" refers to a process that utilizes oxygen to produce energy. This is in contrast to anaerobic processes, which do not require oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is "producing energy with the use of oxygen."

A neutral spine alignment is considered the ideal position because it helps to distribute the forces evenly throughout the body, reducing the stress on passive structures like the vertebrae and ligaments. This alignment helps to maintain the natural curves of the spine, which promotes proper posture and alignment. By decreasing stress on these passive structures, the risk of injury and strain is minimized, allowing for better overall body mechanics and function.

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the human body. These joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which is filled with synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction. Synovial joints allow for a wide range of movement and are found in the majority of our skeletal system, including the knees, elbows, and shoulders. They are essential for activities such as walking, running, and grasping objects, making them the most prevalent type of joint in our body.

Extension is the correct answer because the knee joint allows for the movement of extension, which involves straightening or increasing the angle between the bones of the joint. Lateral flexion, abduction, and adduction are not possible at the knee joint as they involve movements that occur in different joints, such as the spine or the hip.

The main respiratory muscles are the diaphragm and the intercostals. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs, and it contracts and relaxes to control breathing. The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and they help expand and contract the chest cavity during breathing. Together, the diaphragm and intercostals play a crucial role in the process of respiration by facilitating the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Minerals can be found stored in the bones. Bones serve as a reservoir for various minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and others. These minerals are important for maintaining bone strength and density, as well as for other bodily functions. The body can release or absorb these minerals from the bones as needed to maintain mineral balance in the blood and tissues. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, vitamins are stored in various tissues and organs, and oxygen is transported by red blood cells, so they are not typically stored in the bones.

The pharynx is a structure through which air passes when inhaling. It is a muscular tube located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx. It serves as a pathway for air to travel from the nasal cavity or mouth into the trachea, which leads to the lungs. The pharynx also plays a role in swallowing as it connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus.

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs located at the end of the respiratory bronchioles. These alveoli have thin walls and a large surface area, allowing for efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bloodstream. The bronchioli, bronchi, and trachea are part of the airway system and help to transport air to and from the alveoli, but gas exchange primarily occurs at the alveoli.

The digestive tract is made up of smooth muscles, which are involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs and structures such as the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and respiratory passages. These muscles are not under conscious control and function automatically to carry out various bodily processes, including digestion. In contrast, the biceps, quadriceps, and erector spinae are all skeletal muscles, which are voluntary muscles that are controlled consciously.

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. These two components are responsible for coordinating and controlling the body's activities. The brain is the command center of the nervous system, processing information, making decisions, and sending signals to different parts of the body. The spinal cord acts as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting signals to and from the brain. Together, the brain and the spinal cord play a crucial role in regulating bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition.

The correct answer is the appendicular skeleton. This component of the skeletal system is comprised of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and shoulder girdles. The appendicular skeleton is responsible for supporting and facilitating movement in the body. It includes bones such as the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, and many others. The skull, axial skeleton, and spine are all part of the axial skeleton, which supports and protects the body's vital organs.

The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles. The heart has four chambers, with the two upper chambers known as atria and the two lower chambers known as ventricles. The ventricles are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart and into the arteries, while the atria receive blood returning to the heart from the veins.

The answer is lungs because alveoli are tiny air sacs located within the lungs. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

The peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting information between the central nervous system (which includes the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. It consists of all the branches of nerves that lie outside the spinal cord. Therefore, the correct answer is "spinal cord" because it is part of the central nervous system and not part of the peripheral nervous system.

The lungs are responsible for taking oxygen into the body. Oxygen is inhaled through the nose or mouth and travels down the windpipe into the lungs. Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled. The lungs contain tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases takes place. This process ensures that oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and transported to all cells in the body, providing them with the necessary oxygen for various bodily functions.

Slow twitch muscle fibers are employed in low intensity activity. These muscle fibers are characterized by their ability to sustain contractions for longer periods of time without fatiguing. They are rich in mitochondria, which allows them to generate energy through aerobic metabolism. These fibers have a slower contraction speed but are highly resistant to fatigue. Therefore, they are well-suited for activities that require endurance and sustained effort, such as long-distance running or cycling.

The heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body through a network of blood vessels. This ensures that all the tissues receive a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients necessary for their proper functioning. The heart's continuous pumping action helps maintain the circulation of blood throughout the body, making it the organ that pumps oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Hinge joints allow flexion and extension movements. Flexion is the bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, while extension is the straightening movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Hinge joints, such as the elbow and knee joints, have a convex surface fitting into a concave surface, allowing movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. This restriction in movement allows for flexion and extension, but not other types of movements like adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation, eversion, or inversion.

Osteoblasts are specialized cells that play a crucial role in bone formation. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the organic components of the bone matrix, such as collagen. Osteoblasts also regulate the mineralization process by depositing calcium and other minerals onto the bone matrix, which gives the bone its strength and rigidity. Therefore, their primary function is to help form new bone tissue.

A pivot joint allows for rotation. This type of joint allows bones to rotate around a central axis, such as the rotation of the head from side to side or the rotation of the forearm to turn the palm up or down. Flexion refers to bending a joint, abduction refers to moving away from the midline of the body, and adduction refers to moving towards the midline of the body. These movements are not possible at a pivot joint.

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bones are small, rounded bones that are embedded within tendons, providing protection and improving the mechanical advantage of the muscle. The patella is located within the quadriceps tendon, serving as a fulcrum to increase the leverage of the muscle during knee extension. It is unique because it is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body.

Diffusion is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of gas particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process occurs due to the random motion of particles and does not require any external force. Osmosis, on the other hand, is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, while vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, and sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength.

A synergist muscle is a muscle that assists the main muscle in bringing about the action. It works together with the main muscle to enhance the movement and provide stability. While the main muscle is responsible for generating the majority of the force, the synergist muscle helps to support and coordinate the movement, ensuring smooth and efficient muscle action.

Veins carry blood towards the heart. Unlike arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have valves that prevent the backward flow of blood and assist in returning blood to the heart. Veins are thin-walled and have a larger diameter compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate a larger volume of blood.

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by the deterioration of bone tissue, which results in a decrease in bone density. This means that the bones become weaker and more prone to fractures. The other options provided in the question are not accurate definitions of osteoporosis. The loss of muscle tissue through aging refers to sarcopenia, not osteoporosis. The increase in muscle size and mass is known as muscle hypertrophy, which is unrelated to osteoporosis. Lastly, the formation of bone tissue through osteoblasts and osteoclasts is a normal process in bone remodeling, but it does not specifically define osteoporosis.

When glycogen is burned anaerobically, it undergoes a process called glycolysis. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules, which are then converted into lactic acid. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen, leading to the production of lactic acid as a byproduct. Therefore, the correct answer is lactic acid.

During an eccentric contraction, the muscle is still contracting but lengthening at the same time. This occurs when the force being applied to the muscle is greater than the force the muscle is producing. As a result, the muscle fibers are stretched, causing the muscle to lengthen. This type of contraction is commonly seen when lowering a weight during weightlifting or when slowing down a movement. Therefore, the correct answer is "muscle lengthening."

Lordosis is the abnormal curvature of the lumbar portion of the spine. The lumbar region refers to the lower part of the spine, specifically the area between the ribcage and the pelvis. Lordosis is characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, causing the spine to appear more arched than usual. This condition can lead to lower back pain and discomfort, and it is often associated with conditions such as obesity, pregnancy, or muscle imbalances.

Synovial joints are classified as freely moveable because they allow for a wide range of movement. These joints are surrounded by a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction. Examples of freely moveable joints include the shoulder, hip, knee, and elbow joints. These joints allow for movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

The sternum is an example of a flat bone. Flat bones are thin, flat, and curved bones that provide protection and serve as attachment sites for muscles. The sternum is a flat bone located in the middle of the chest and forms the front part of the rib cage. It protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs and also serves as an attachment point for various muscles involved in respiration and movement of the arms and shoulders.

The ATP-PC system is the primary energy system used for short, intense bursts of activity, such as the 100m sprint. This system provides immediate energy by breaking down stored ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and phosphocreatine. Marathon running, on the other hand, is a long-distance endurance activity that primarily relies on the aerobic system for energy production. Aerobics and walking are also aerobic activities that utilize the aerobic system. Therefore, the 100m sprint is the only activity listed that would utilize the ATP-PC system.

The erector spinae muscles are responsible for extending the spine. They run along the length of the spine and help to maintain upright posture and control movements such as bending backwards. When the spine is extended, the erector spinae muscles contract to support and stabilize the spine, allowing it to maintain its position. Therefore, the erector spinae muscles act as the agonist during the extension of the spine.

Arteries carry blood under high pressure because they are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart pumps blood into the arteries with a strong force, causing the blood to flow at a high pressure. This pressure is necessary to ensure that the blood reaches all the tissues and organs throughout the body. Veins, on the other hand, carry blood back to the heart and have valves to prevent backflow, which is not mentioned in the question.

During exercise, the synovial fluid production in the skeletal system increases. Synovial fluid is a lubricating fluid that helps reduce friction between joints, allowing for smooth movement. The increase in synovial fluid production helps to enhance joint mobility and flexibility during exercise. This effect is beneficial as it reduces the risk of joint injuries and improves overall joint health.

The aerobic system is predominantly used in activities lasting 3+ minutes. The aerobic system relies on oxygen to produce energy and is most efficient for longer duration activities. During these activities, the body can supply enough oxygen to the muscles to sustain the energy production needed. This system is commonly used in endurance sports such as long-distance running, cycling, and swimming.

Actin and myosin are utilized in the sliding filament theory. This theory explains how muscle contraction occurs. Actin and myosin are two types of proteins found in muscle fibers. During muscle contraction, myosin filaments slide along actin filaments, causing the muscle to shorten and generate force. This process allows for movement and is essential for various bodily functions such as locomotion and maintaining posture.

A motor unit refers to a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, causing them to contract. Each motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle fibers, which allows for coordinated and precise muscle movements. Therefore, the correct answer is a motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates.

When using the aerobic system, the body utilizes both glycogen and fat as fuel sources. The aerobic system is responsible for producing energy during longer duration activities, such as jogging or cycling. Glycogen, which is stored in the muscles and liver, is broken down to provide quick energy. Fat, on the other hand, is a more long-lasting source of energy and is broken down into fatty acids to fuel the body during prolonged exercise. Therefore, both glycogen and fat are used to sustain energy levels during aerobic activities.

Analysis refers to the process of interpreting and making sense of sensory information. The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, is responsible for this analysis. It receives and processes sensory input from the peripheral nervous system, which includes sensory neurons. Once the analysis is complete, the central nervous system sends signals to the appropriate muscles or organs through motor neurons, enabling a response or action. Therefore, the central nervous system is the correct answer as it is the main site where analysis occurs.

The marathon does not predominantly use the lactate system. The lactate system is primarily used for high-intensity, short-duration activities, such as sprinting or weightlifting. The marathon, on the other hand, is a long-distance endurance event that requires a steady pace and sustained energy production from aerobic metabolism. While lactate is still produced during the marathon, it is not the primary energy source and the body relies more on aerobic metabolism to meet the energy demands of the prolonged effort.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart. After the blood is pumped out of the heart, it enters the aorta and is then distributed to the rest of the body through smaller arteries and capillaries. This oxygenated blood provides oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and organs, allowing them to function properly. Therefore, the correct answer is "oxygenated blood away from the heart."

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood because during respiration, oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and enters the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs. The alveoli have a thin membrane that allows oxygen to pass through into the surrounding capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported throughout the body. This process is known as oxygen diffusion and is essential for delivering oxygen to tissues and organs for cellular respiration.

Aerobic exercise typically leads to a decrease in resting heart rate, as the heart becomes more efficient at pumping blood. This is due to the cardiovascular system adapting to the increased demands of exercise by becoming stronger and more efficient. However, increased resting heart rate is not a long-term response of the cardiovascular system to aerobic exercise. Instead, it is more commonly associated with factors such as stress, illness, or certain medications. Therefore, increased resting heart rate is not a typical long-term adaptation of the cardiovascular system to aerobic exercise.

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Their main function is to facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Capillaries have thin walls that allow for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissues, while carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from the tissues into the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is "allow gas exchange."

The pelvic floor muscles are responsible for providing support for the bladder and intestines, maintaining continence, and facilitating the birthing process. However, hip abduction is not a function of the pelvic floor muscles. Hip abduction refers to the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body, which is primarily controlled by the muscles in the hip and thigh, not the pelvic floor muscles.

The skeleton is responsible for various functions in the body, such as supporting soft tissues, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. However, it does not have a role in the storage of vitamins. Vitamins are typically stored in the liver and adipose tissue, and are not directly related to the skeletal system. Therefore, storage of vitamins is not a function of the skeleton.