Language Of Data Baseline Assessment

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  • 1/101 Questions

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Proportion
    • Average percent
    • Mean percent
    • Probability of the percent
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About This Quiz

The 'Language of Data Baseline Assessment' quiz tests foundational knowledge in statistical symbols, assessing familiarity with probability, t-tests, confidence intervals, correlation, and mean. It's designed to enhance statistical literacy and is suitable for students and professionals in related fields.

Language Of Data Baseline Assessment - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Which symbol represents a t-test?

    • T

    • M

    • P

    • N

    Correct Answer
    A. T
    Explanation
    The symbol "t" represents a t-test. A t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups. It is commonly used when the sample size is small and the population standard deviation is unknown. The t-test compares the t-value, calculated from the sample data, to a critical value to determine if the difference between the means is statistically significant. Therefore, the symbol "t" is associated with the t-test.

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  • 3. 

    Which symbol represents number of members?

    • N

    • R

    • No.

    • OR

    Correct Answer
    A. N
    Explanation
    The symbol "n" represents the number of members.

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  • 4. 

    Which symbol represents null hypothesis?

    Correct Answer
    A.
    Explanation
    The symbol that represents the null hypothesis is "H0". The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often denoted by "H0" in statistical analysis and hypothesis testing.

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  • 5. 

    Which symbol represents chi square?

    • Chi-X

    • 2X

    Correct Answer
    A.
    Explanation
    The symbol that represents chi square is 2X. Chi square is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between observed and expected frequencies in categorical data. The symbol 2X is commonly used to represent chi square in mathematical equations and statistical analyses.

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  • 6. 

    Which term is represented by the "SD" symbol?

    • Standard Deviation

    • Summed Difference

    • Standard DIfference

    • Summed Deviation

    Correct Answer
    A. Standard Deviation
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "SD" symbol is Standard Deviation. This statistical measure is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data values. It provides information about how spread out the data is from the mean. Standard Deviation is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

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  • 7. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Chi square

    • Odds ratio

    • Squared difference

    • Alternative hypothesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Chi square
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "" symbol is Chi square.

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  • 8. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Null Hypothesis

    • Empty set

    • Null Difference

    • Alternative hypothesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Null Hypothesis
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "" symbol is the Null Hypothesis. In statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often denoted by the symbol "" and is the hypothesis that researchers aim to reject in order to support an alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis serves as a baseline or default assumption until evidence is found to suggest otherwise.

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  • 9. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Alternative hypothesis

    • Null hypothesis

    • Half sample

    • Correlation alternative

    Correct Answer
    A. Alternative hypothesis
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "" symbol is the alternative hypothesis. In hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is the statement that contradicts or opposes the null hypothesis. It represents the researcher's belief or claim about the population parameter being tested. The null hypothesis, on the other hand, assumes no significant difference or relationship between variables. The "" symbol is commonly used to denote the alternative hypothesis in statistical notation.

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  • 10. 

    Which term is represented by the "OR" symbol?

    • Odds Ratio

    • Given That

    • Option Reverse

    • Ordinal Range

    Correct Answer
    A. Odds Ratio
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "OR" symbol is Odds Ratio.

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  • 11. 

    Which term is represented by the "n" symbol?

    • Number of members

    • Needs analysis

    • Net summary

    • Null

    Correct Answer
    A. Number of members
    Explanation
    The "n" symbol represents the term "number of members."

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  • 12. 

    Which term is represented by the "CI" symbol?

    • Confidence Interval

    • Coincidence given that

    • Coincidence (not probability)

    • Correlation interval

    Correct Answer
    A. Confidence Interval
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "CI" symbol is Confidence Interval. A confidence interval is a range of values that is used to estimate an unknown population parameter with a certain level of confidence. It provides a measure of the uncertainty or variability associated with the estimate.

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  • 13. 

    Which term is represented by the "p" symbol?

    • Probabilty

    • Percent

    • Percentage

    • Person(s)

    Correct Answer
    A. Probabilty
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "p" symbol is probability. Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring. It is often represented by the letter "p" in mathematical equations and formulas.

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  • 14. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Mean

    • Chi Square

    • Median

    • Without significance

    Correct Answer
    A. Mean
    Explanation
    The symbol "" is commonly used to represent the mean in statistics. The mean is the average value of a set of numbers, calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the total number of values. In this case, the correct answer is "Mean" because the symbol "" is typically used to denote the mean in statistical notation.

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  • 15. 

    Which term is represented by the "z" symbol?

    • Z-score

    • Alpha

    • Sample end

    • Alpha minus probability

    Correct Answer
    A. Z-score
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "z" symbol is the z-score. The z-score is a statistical measurement that describes the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean of a group of scores. It tells us how many standard deviations a particular data point is from the mean. The z-score is often used in hypothesis testing, as well as in determining the probability of a particular value occurring within a distribution.

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  • 16. 

    Which term is represented by the "M" symbol?

    • Median

    • Mean

    • Mode

    • Margin (error margin)

    Correct Answer
    A. Median
    Explanation
    The "M" symbol represents the term "Median." Median is a statistical measure that represents the middle value in a set of data when it is arranged in ascending or descending order. It is commonly used to describe the central tendency of a data set and is less affected by extreme values compared to the mean.

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  • 17. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Beta

    • Begin analysis

    • Chi-square

    • Standard Deviation of Probabiity

    Correct Answer
    A. Beta
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "" symbol is Beta.

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  • 18. 

    Which term is represented by the "r" symbol?

    • Correlation

    • Repeated test

    • Registered number of members

    • Ratio of the odds

    Correct Answer
    A. Correlation
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "r" symbol is correlation. Correlation measures the relationship between two variables and is often represented by the letter "r" in statistics. It indicates the strength and direction of the relationship, with values ranging from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive relationship, a negative value indicates a negative relationship, and a value close to zero indicates no relationship.

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  • 19. 

    Which term is represented by the "" symbol?

    • Proportion

    • Average percent

    • Mean percent

    • Probability of the percent

    Correct Answer
    A. Proportion
    Explanation
    The term represented by the "" symbol is proportion.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for "p-value"?

    • Describes the probability that an observed effect occurred by chance alone

    • Obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations

    • Indicates how close the entire set of data is to the average value

    • The percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question

    Correct Answer
    A. Describes the probability that an observed effect occurred by chance alone
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Describes the probability that an observed effect occurred by chance alone." This definition accurately describes the concept of p-value, which is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing. The p-value represents the probability of obtaining a result as extreme or more extreme than the observed result, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. A low p-value indicates that the observed effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "null hypothesis"?

    • A hypothesis that the effect of the intervention to the desired outcome is zero(no effect)

    • An indication of how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean

    • The statement of what a statistical hypothesis test is set up to establish

    • The percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question

    Correct Answer
    A. A hypothesis that the effect of the intervention to the desired outcome is zero(no effect)
    Explanation
    The term "null hypothesis" refers to a hypothesis that states there is no effect or relationship between variables. In other words, it assumes that the intervention being tested has no impact on the desired outcome. This hypothesis is often used as a starting point for statistical hypothesis testing, where the goal is to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the evidence and data collected.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "alpha"?

    • The level of significance; describes how extreme observed results must be in order to reject the null hypothesis (that the observed effect occurred by chance alone)

    • A value obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations

    • The statement of what a statistical hypothesis test is set up to establish

    • The range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true

    Correct Answer
    A. The level of significance; describes how extreme observed results must be in order to reject the null hypothesis (that the observed effect occurred by chance alone)
    Explanation
    The term "alpha" refers to the level of significance in hypothesis testing. It represents the threshold for determining whether the observed results are extreme enough to reject the null hypothesis. In other words, it determines the probability of making a Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true). A lower alpha value indicates a stricter criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis, while a higher alpha value allows for a greater chance of rejecting the null hypothesis.

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  • 23. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "beta"?

    • The "weight" or contribution that a single variable makes to the overall model

    • Indicates how close the entire set of data is to the average value

    • The degree of relationship between two variables

    • The percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question

    Correct Answer
    A. The "weight" or contribution that a single variable makes to the overall model
    Explanation
    The term "beta" refers to the weight or contribution that a single variable makes to the overall model. This means that beta represents the impact or influence of a specific variable on the model's outcome. It helps in understanding the relative importance of different variables in the model and their effect on the overall result.

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  • 24. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "correlation"?

    • The degree of relationship between two variables

    • Number of members of a sample

    • The percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question

    • A test of independence of groups

    Correct Answer
    A. The degree of relationship between two variables
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the degree of relationship between two variables. Correlation measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It indicates how closely the variables are related to each other.

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "confidence interval"? 

    • The range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true.

    • The range of possible values for which the mean number of values in a proportional sample.

    • The period of time during which the statistician is confident that the p-value holds true.

    • The period of time after publication of a manuscript during which the results are considered statistically significant.

    Correct Answer
    A. The range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true.
    Explanation
    A confidence interval is a range of values within which the true population parameter is estimated to lie with a certain level of confidence. It provides a measure of the uncertainty associated with a statistical estimate. In this case, the correct definition states that a confidence interval is the range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true, meaning that the true population parameter is likely to fall within this range.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "odds ratio"? 

    • The odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure

    • An indication of how close the entire set of data is to the average value.

    • The percentage of time (expressed as a ratio) during which the p-value is unusual.

    • The odds that a difference in two equally proportional ratios is statistically significant.

    Correct Answer
    A. The odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure
    Explanation
    The term "odds ratio" refers to the comparison between the odds of an outcome occurring given a specific exposure and the odds of the outcome happening in the absence of that exposure. It is a measure used in statistics to assess the association between an exposure and an outcome. By comparing the odds, we can determine the likelihood of the outcome happening with and without the exposure, allowing us to understand the impact of the exposure on the outcome.

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  • 27. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "n"?

    • The number of members in a sample.

    • The number of samples.

    • The number of mean values required for statistical significance.

    • The value nearest the mean.

    Correct Answer
    A. The number of members in a sample.
    Explanation
    The correct definition for the term "n" is the number of members in a sample. In statistics, "n" represents the sample size, which refers to the number of individuals or observations included in a particular study or analysis. This value is important as it helps determine the representativeness and reliability of the data collected from the sample. A larger sample size generally leads to more accurate and precise results.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "mean"?

    • The value obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations.

    • The value used to determine whether two mean values are significantly different.

    • The value closest to the middle in a range of probabilities.

    • The value obtained by dividing the median by the number of samples.

    Correct Answer
    A. The value obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations.
    Explanation
    The correct definition for the term "mean" is the value obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations. This is the most commonly used measure of central tendency and provides the average value of a set of data. It is calculated by adding up all the values and then dividing by the total number of values.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "median-value"?

    • The middle value in a dataset.

    • The middle range difference between to mean values.

    • The average number of observations in a sample.

    • An indication (statistical expression) for how close a value is to the average of all values.

    Correct Answer
    A. The middle value in a dataset.
    Explanation
    The term "median-value" refers to the middle value in a dataset. This means that if the dataset is arranged in ascending or descending order, the median-value would be the value that falls exactly in the middle. It is different from the mean, which is the average of all values in the dataset. The median is a useful measure of central tendency, especially in cases where there are outliers or extreme values that can skew the mean.

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  • 30. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "z-score"?

    • An indication of how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean.

    • The degree of relationship between two variables.

    • The mean value of the product for x divided by y.

    • An indication of how close the mean is to the median.

    Correct Answer
    A. An indication of how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean.
    Explanation
    A z-score is a statistical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values. It indicates how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean. A positive z-score means the observation is above the mean, while a negative z-score means it is below the mean. The magnitude of the z-score indicates the distance from the mean in terms of standard deviations. Therefore, the correct definition for the term "z-score" is that it is an indication of how many standard deviations an observation is from the mean.

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  • 31. 

    Which of the following is a correct definition for the term "given that"?

    • A transition term in a sentence when talking about a statistical finding.

    • An indication of need for additional numbers of samples to increase statistical significance.

    • A statistical term for expressing the relationship between two or more variables.

    • A statistical term when describing the power to detect a difference between the null and the mean.

    Correct Answer
    A. A transition term in a sentence when talking about a statistical finding.
    Explanation
    The term "given that" is commonly used as a transition term in a sentence when discussing a statistical finding. It is used to introduce a condition or assumption that is taken into account when making a statement or drawing a conclusion based on the statistical data. This term helps to provide context and clarify the specific circumstances under which the finding is being discussed.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following indicates how close the entire set of data is tot he average value?

    • SD

    • OR

    • R

    • P

    Correct Answer
    A. SD
    Explanation
    SD, or standard deviation, indicates how close the entire set of data is to the average value. It measures the dispersion or spread of the data points around the mean. A smaller standard deviation indicates that the data points are closer to the mean, while a larger standard deviation indicates that the data points are more spread out from the mean. Therefore, SD is a measure of how close the data is to the average value.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following describes the degree of relationship between two variables?

    • R

    • OR

    • |

    • U

    Correct Answer
    A. R
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "r". In statistics, the symbol "r" represents the Pearson correlation coefficient, which measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, with a positive value indicating a positive correlation, a negative value indicating a negative correlation, and a value of 0 indicating no correlation. Therefore, "r" accurately describes the degree of relationship between two variables.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following describes a hypothesis in which the effect of the intervention to the desired outcome is zero (no effect)

    • P

    • Inverse Hypothesis Test

    Correct Answer
    A.
    Explanation
    An inverse hypothesis test is a statistical hypothesis where the effect of an intervention on the desired outcome is assumed to be zero, indicating no effect. This type of hypothesis is used to test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship or difference between the intervention and the outcome variable. It is commonly used in research studies to determine if an intervention has any significant impact on the desired outcome or if any observed differences are due to chance.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following is a statistical symbol representing the number of members in a sample?

    • N

    • No.

    • #

    • (x - y)

    Correct Answer
    A. N
    Explanation
    The statistical symbol "n" represents the number of members in a sample.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following symbols is used to describe the percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question?

    Correct Answer
    A.
    Explanation
    The symbol used to describe the percentage of the population that has the characteristics in question is "%". This symbol is commonly used to represent a proportion or rate out of 100. It is often used in statistics and data analysis to indicate the relative frequency or prevalence of a specific characteristic within a population.

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  • 37. 

    The middle value of a set of data containing an odd number of values is represented by which of the following symbols?

    • M

    • Med.

    • Mid.

    • Mu

    Correct Answer
    A. M
    Explanation
    The letter "M" is commonly used to represent the middle value of a set of data containing an odd number of values. This is a standard notation in statistics and is widely recognized and understood. "Med." and "mid." are not commonly used symbols for this purpose, and "mu" represents the population mean, not the middle value.

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  • 38. 

    The level of significance; describes how extreme observed results must be in order to reject the null hypothesis (that the observed effect occurred by chance alone). Which symbol is used to represent the level of significance?

    Correct Answer
    A.
    Explanation
    The symbol used to represent the level of significance is "p". This symbol is commonly used in statistical analysis to denote the probability value associated with a hypothesis test. It represents the likelihood of obtaining the observed results, or more extreme results, if the null hypothesis is true. A smaller p-value indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, suggesting that the observed effect is unlikely to occur by chance alone.

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  • 39. 

    Which of the following is obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations?

    • Mean

    • Median

    • Mode

    • Measure

    Correct Answer
    A. Mean
    Explanation
    The mean is obtained by dividing the sum of observed values by the number of observations. This is a commonly used measure of central tendency that represents the average value of a set of data. It is calculated by adding up all the values and then dividing by the total number of values. The mean is sensitive to extreme values and can be influenced by outliers in the data.

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  • 40. 

    Which of the following describes the range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true?

    • Confidence Interval

    • Statistical Probability

    • Statistical Significance

    • Confidence Effect

    Correct Answer
    A. Confidence Interval
    Explanation
    A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the true value of a population parameter. It is used to estimate the precision or uncertainty of a sample statistic. In the context of the question, the confidence interval describes the range of possible values for which the results of the real effect are still true. It provides a measure of how confident we can be that the true effect lies within a certain range. Therefore, the correct answer is Confidence Interval.

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  • 41. 

    Which test is used to determine whether two mean values are significantly different?

    • T-test

    • Chi-square test

    • Correlation test

    • Beta test

    Correct Answer
    A. T-test
    Explanation
    The t-test is used to determine whether two mean values are significantly different. It calculates the t-value by comparing the means of two groups and the variability within each group. The t-value is then compared to a critical value to determine if the difference between the means is statistically significant. If the t-value exceeds the critical value, it indicates that the means are significantly different. This test is commonly used in hypothesis testing when comparing means of two groups, such as in medical research or comparing the effectiveness of different treatments.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following describes the "weight" or contribution that a single variable makes to the overall model?

    • Beta

    • Alpha

    • Zeta

    • Psi

    Correct Answer
    A. Beta
    Explanation
    The correct answer is beta. In statistics, beta refers to the weight or contribution that a single variable makes to the overall model. It is used in regression analysis to determine the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. A higher beta value indicates a stronger impact of the variable on the model, while a lower beta value suggests a weaker influence.

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  • 43. 

    Which of the following is used to describe the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure?

    • Odds ratio

    • Probability of the relative odds

    • Number needed to treat

    • Null hypothesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Odds ratio
    Explanation
    The odds ratio is used to describe the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. It is a measure of the strength of association between the exposure and the outcome. It is calculated by dividing the odds of the outcome in the exposed group by the odds of the outcome in the unexposed group. A value greater than 1 indicates a positive association, while a value less than 1 indicates a negative association.

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  • 44. 

    The symbol         can be used to _______________

    • Determine whether a result is a real effect or a random outcome.

    • Indicate how spread out the data are from the point estimate.

    • Indicate the level of significance required to reject the null hypothesis.

    • Indicate the average value in an observed set of values.

    Correct Answer
    A. Indicate the level of significance required to reject the null hypothesis.
    Explanation
    The symbol         can be used to indicate the level of significance required to reject the null hypothesis. This symbol is commonly used in statistical hypothesis testing to represent the p-value, which is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme as the observed result, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the p-value is less than the chosen level of significance (often denoted as α), it provides evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the symbol can be used to determine the level of significance required to reject the null hypothesis.

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  • 45. 

    The symbol    SD     can be used to _______________

    • Determine whether a result is a real effect or a random outcome.

    • Indicate how spread out the data are from the point estimate.

    • Indicate the level of significance required to reject the null hypothesis.

    • Indicate the average value in an observed set of values.

    Correct Answer
    A. Indicate how spread out the data are from the point estimate.
    Explanation
    The symbol SD can be used to indicate how spread out the data are from the point estimate. The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of data points. It provides information about how much the individual data points deviate from the mean or average value. A higher SD indicates a greater spread or variability in the data, while a lower SD indicates a smaller spread or variability. Therefore, the correct answer is that the symbol SD can be used to indicate how spread out the data are from the point estimate.

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  • 46. 

    The symbol    r     can be used to _______________

    • Describe the association between two variables.

    • Describe the number of subjects in a correlation.

    • Indicate the average value in a set of values.

    • Indicate the average range of values in an observed set of values.

    Correct Answer
    A. Describe the association between two variables.
    Explanation
    The symbol "r" is commonly used to represent the Pearson correlation coefficient, which measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It indicates the degree of association between the variables, ranging from -1 to +1. A positive value of "r" indicates a positive association, while a negative value indicates a negative association. The closer the value of "r" is to -1 or +1, the stronger the association between the variables. Therefore, the correct answer is to describe the association between two variables.

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  • 47. 

    The symbol         can be used to _______________

    • Describe the proportion or percentage of a population that has a particular characteristic.

    • Describe the probability that a sample is a statistically significant representative of a larger population.

    • Indicate the percentage of statistically significant results.

    • Indicate the average proportion of values in an observed set of chi-square values.

    Correct Answer
    A. Describe the proportion or percentage of a population that has a particular characteristic.
    Explanation
    The symbol "%" is commonly used to represent proportions or percentages. It is often used to describe the proportion or percentage of a population that has a particular characteristic. For example, if we say that 80% of the population has brown eyes, we are using the "%" symbol to indicate the proportion or percentage of the population with that characteristic.

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  • 48. 

    The symbol    n    can be used as a symbol to represent  _______________

    • The number of subjects in a sample.

    • The mean value in a range of probable values.

    • The number of subjects in a population.

    • The number of subjects required to prove a hypothesis is null and void.

    Correct Answer
    A. The number of subjects in a sample.
    Explanation
    The symbol n can be used to represent the number of subjects in a sample. This is because when conducting research or experiments, a sample is often taken from a larger population. The size of this sample, represented by n, is important in statistical analysis as it affects the accuracy and generalizability of the results. Therefore, n is commonly used as a symbol to denote the number of subjects in a sample.

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  • 49. 

    The symbol    CI    can be used to _______________

    • Identify the interval within which you can be confident that the results are true.

    • Define the confidence index in which the statistical test was performed.

    • Determine the indexed value for the C-statistic in a Kaplan-Meier Curve.

    • Describe the interval during which the data were collected (usually expressed as years or date range).

    Correct Answer
    A. Identify the interval within which you can be confident that the results are true.
    Explanation
    The symbol CI can be used to identify the interval within which you can be confident that the results are true. Confidence intervals are a range of values that provide an estimate of the unknown population parameter. They indicate the level of uncertainty or margin of error around the point estimate. By using CI, researchers can determine the range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to fall with a certain level of confidence.

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