იმუნოლოგია (II) სავარჯიშო - 4

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During the time of Guillain-Barré syndrome, the basal membrane of the nerve fibers is attacked by autoimmune antibodies. This leads to inflammation and damage to the nerves, causing muscle weakness and paralysis. Therefore, it can be inferred that the basal membrane of the nerve fibers is also affected during the syndrome.

The correct answer is "შეშუპებით" (by aspiration). This suggests that the deficiency of C1-inhibitor will manifest clinically through aspiration.

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The symptoms described in the question, such as the mucocutaneous stomatitis, hypocalcemia, dysmorphism, and T-cell deficiency in the peripheral blood, are characteristic of DiGeorge syndrome. This genetic disorder is caused by a deletion in the X chromosome and can lead to various developmental abnormalities and immune deficiencies. Therefore, the most likely diagnosis for the child in this case would be DiGeorge syndrome.

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The correct answer is "Immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia." This suggests that the individual with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has a weakened immune system (immunodeficiency) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). These symptoms are commonly associated with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects males and can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and abnormal bleeding.

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During glomerulonephritis, the immune complexes formed in the kidneys lead to inflammation and damage. The complement system, which is part of the immune response, is activated in response to these immune complexes. Complement proteins can attract and activate neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. Therefore, both complement and neutrophils play a role in the development of glomerulonephritis.

The correct answer is that all the answers are correct. This means that all of the given options are true and can be considered as pathological changes that occur during autoimmune diseases.

The answer suggests that the cause of Hyper-IgM syndrome is a mutation in the CD40 ligand on T-cells. This mutation leads to a defect in the CD4 receptor on B-cells, which in turn causes the development of Hyper-IgM syndrome. Additionally, the mutation also leads to an increase in IgM production in the bone marrow.

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The correct answer is "მძმე, კომბინირებული იმუნოდეფიციტი" which translates to "severe combined immunodeficiency". This is a condition where the immune system is severely compromised, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and diseases. It is characterized by the absence of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the process of immunization involves the introduction of antigens, which are molecules that can stimulate an immune response, into the body. These antigens are typically attached to carrier molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides, to enhance their stability and effectiveness. When the antigens are covalently linked to the carrier molecules, they form hapten-carrier complexes. These complexes are recognized by the immune system as foreign and trigger the production of antibodies, leading to an immune response. Therefore, the statement that immunization involves the covalent attachment of haptens to cells is accurate.

In the given scenario, the correct answer is that the recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted bone marrow cells after a donor's bone marrow transplant. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted cells as foreign and launches an immune response against them. This immune response can result in rejection of the transplanted bone marrow cells.

The main mechanism of resistance in tuberculosis is through the phenomenon of latent infection. In this state, the bacteria are able to survive within the host without causing active disease. This latent infection can persist for years and reactivate later, leading to the development of active tuberculosis. Therefore, the statement "შენელებული ზემგრძნობელობის რეაქციით" (translated as "through the phenomenon of latent infection") is the correct answer.

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Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the immune response against parasites and allergic reactions. They are not typically found in bone marrow, which is where blood cells are produced, and therefore do not have a significant role in bone remodeling or destruction. The other options, macrophages, neutrophils, and osteoclasts, are all involved in bone remodeling and destruction in different ways.