Budowa Atomu, A UKład Okresowy Pierwiastków Chemicznych

1. Pierwiastek ten ma 1 elektron walencyjny na drugiej powłoce. Pierwiastkiem tym jest:

The element with 1 valence electron on the second shell is Lithium.

Explanation

The element with 1 valence electron on the second shell is Lithium.

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2. Zjawisko samorzutnego mieszania się substancji w wyniku chaotycznego ruchu ich drobin nazywamy:

The correct answer is "dyfuzją, dyfuzja". This is because the phenomenon of spontaneous mixing of substances due to the chaotic movement of their particles is called diffusion. In Polish, "dyfuzją" and "dyfuzja" both refer to the same concept of diffusion.

Explanation

The correct answer is "dyfuzją, dyfuzja". This is because the phenomenon of spontaneous mixing of substances due to the chaotic movement of their particles is called diffusion. In Polish, "dyfuzją" and "dyfuzja" both refer to the same concept of diffusion.

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3. Pierwiastek z grupy borowców, który posiada 5 powłok elektronowych.

The question is asking for the element from the boron group that has 5 electron shells. The element that fits this description is indium (symbol: In).

Explanation

The question is asking for the element from the boron group that has 5 electron shells. The element that fits this description is indium (symbol: In).

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4. Zaznacz poprawne zdanie dotyczące neutronu:

Ma ujemny ładunek eletryczny

Krąży wokół jądra atomowego

Ma masę 1/1837 u

Ma masę 1 u

The correct statement regarding neutrons is "ma masę 1 u" which means "it has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (u)". Neutrons do not have an electric charge, so the statement "ma ujemny ładunek eletryczny" (it has a negative electric charge) is incorrect. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom and do not orbit around it, so the statement "krąży wokół jądra atomowego" (it orbits around the atomic nucleus) is also incorrect. The statement "ma masę 1/1837 u" is incorrect as well, as it refers to the mass of an electron, not a neutron.

Explanation

The correct statement regarding neutrons is "ma masę 1 u" which means "it has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (u)". Neutrons do not have an electric charge, so the statement "ma ujemny ładunek eletryczny" (it has a negative electric charge) is incorrect. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom and do not orbit around it, so the statement "krąży wokół jądra atomowego" (it orbits around the atomic nucleus) is also incorrect. The statement "ma masę 1/1837 u" is incorrect as well, as it refers to the mass of an electron, not a neutron.

5. Pewien pierwiastek posiada tyle protonów, ile znajduję się na powłoce walencyjnej radonu. Pierwiastkiem tym jest:

The question states that a certain element has the same number of protons as the number of electrons in the valence shell of radon. The element that fits this description is oxygen (tlen in Polish), as it has 8 protons and radon also has 8 electrons in its valence shell.

Explanation

The question states that a certain element has the same number of protons as the number of electrons in the valence shell of radon. The element that fits this description is oxygen (tlen in Polish), as it has 8 protons and radon also has 8 electrons in its valence shell.

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6. Podczas przemiany alfa:

Zostaje wyemitowane jądro helu-4

Zostaje wyemitowany elektron

Liczba atomowa zmniejsza się o 4

Liczba masowa zmniejsza się o 2

During an alpha decay, a nucleus emits a helium-4 nucleus. This is because alpha decay involves the emission of an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, making it identical to a helium-4 nucleus. The other options, such as the emission of an electron or a decrease in atomic and mass numbers, do not accurately describe the process of alpha decay.

Explanation

During an alpha decay, a nucleus emits a helium-4 nucleus. This is because alpha decay involves the emission of an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, making it identical to a helium-4 nucleus. The other options, such as the emission of an electron or a decrease in atomic and mass numbers, do not accurately describe the process of alpha decay.

7. Pierwiastkiem o najmniejszej aktywności jest:

Pierwiastek posiadający osiem elektronów

Pierwiastek posiadający tylko jeden elektron na powłoce walencyjnej

Pierwiastek, który posiada dublet lub oktet elektronowy

Pierwiastek, który posiada tyle samo protonów, co neutronów

The correct answer is "pierwiastek, który posiada dublet lub oktet elektronowy." This is because elements tend to be most stable when their outer electron shell is either full with 8 electrons (octet) or has 2 electrons (duet). Elements with a full outer shell or a duet are less likely to react with other elements, making them less chemically active. Therefore, the element with a dublet or octet electron configuration would have the lowest activity.

Explanation

The correct answer is "pierwiastek, który posiada dublet lub oktet elektronowy." This is because elements tend to be most stable when their outer electron shell is either full with 8 electrons (octet) or has 2 electrons (duet). Elements with a full outer shell or a duet are less likely to react with other elements, making them less chemically active. Therefore, the element with a dublet or octet electron configuration would have the lowest activity.

8. Zaznacz poprawne zdania dotyczące protonu:

Ma ładunek cząstki +1

Znajduję się na powłokach

Nie znajduje się w jądrze atomu

Jest nukleonem

The proton has a positive charge of +1 and is considered a nucleon, which means it is located in the nucleus of an atom.

Explanation

The proton has a positive charge of +1 and is considered a nucleon, which means it is located in the nucleus of an atom.

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9. Masa atomowa wodoru wynosi 1,01 u. Możemy z tego wywnioskować, że:

Większość wodoru występującego naturalnie ma 1 neutron w jądrze

Większość wodoru w występującego naturalnie nie ma neutronu

Występuje tylko jeden izotop wodoru

żadne z powyższych

The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.01 u, which is very close to the mass of a proton (1 u). Since neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 u, it can be inferred that the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron in its nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is "większość wodoru w występującego naturalnie nie ma neutronu" (the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron).

Explanation

The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.01 u, which is very close to the mass of a proton (1 u). Since neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 u, it can be inferred that the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron in its nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is "większość wodoru w występującego naturalnie nie ma neutronu" (the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron).

10. Podczas przemiany beta - :

Liczba masowa wzrasta

Liczba atomowa wzrasta

Neutron rozpada się na proton i elektron, który zostaje wyemitowany podczas przemiany

Liczba masowa maleje

During beta decay, the number of atomic particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus remains the same, so the atomic mass does not change. However, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an electron, which is emitted during the decay. This results in an increase in the atomic number of the nucleus.

Explanation

During beta decay, the number of atomic particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus remains the same, so the atomic mass does not change. However, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an electron, which is emitted during the decay. This results in an increase in the atomic number of the nucleus.

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