Intro To Networking Midterm Exam Prep

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3), and IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol version 4) are all protocols associated with email. SMTP is responsible for sending emails from the client to the server, POP3 is used for retrieving emails from the server to the client, and IMAP4 is used for accessing and managing emails on a remote mail server. SNMP, HTTPS, and NTP are not directly related to email protocols.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is a protocol used for receiving email messages from a mail server. By default, POP3 services use port 110. This port is specifically designated for POP3 communication, allowing clients to connect to the mail server and retrieve their emails. Port 25 is used for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which is responsible for sending emails. Port 143 is used for IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), another protocol for receiving emails. Port 443 is used for HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), which is a secure version of HTTP used for encrypted communication.

To allow the new employees access to the wireless network, additional WAPs (Wireless Access Points) should be installed. This is because the existing WAPs may not have enough coverage or capacity to accommodate the increased number of users. By installing additional WAPs, the network will be able to handle the increased demand and provide reliable and efficient wireless connectivity to all 50 new employees.

For modern long distance, high-bandwidth installations, single-mode fiber cabling would be the most suitable choice. Single-mode fiber has a smaller core, allowing for a single beam of light to travel through it, resulting in less signal loss and higher bandwidth capabilities. This makes it ideal for long-distance transmissions and high-speed data transfer. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cabling is commonly used for shorter distances and lower bandwidth requirements. Dark fiber refers to unused or unlit optical fiber, which requires additional equipment to be installed. Backbone coaxial is an older technology that is less commonly used for modern high-bandwidth installations.

In the OSI model, the unit of data produced at the lower layers is called a frame. A frame contains the physical addressing information required for local communications on a network. Frames are responsible for encapsulating data packets and adding necessary control information such as synchronization bits, error detection, and flow control.

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A bridge is a device that separates a LAN segment into two collision domains without affecting the broadcast domain. It does this by examining the MAC addresses of the frames passing through it and forwarding them only to the appropriate segment. By doing so, it reduces collisions and improves network performance within each segment. Unlike a router, a bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and does not create separate broadcast domains. A firewall is a security device that filters network traffic, and a repeater simply amplifies and extends the signal.

A mesh network topology is a type of network configuration where each computer or device is connected to every other device in the network. This ensures fault tolerance as if one connection fails, there are multiple alternate paths for data transmission. This redundancy provides high reliability and fault tolerance, making mesh topology suitable for critical systems where uninterrupted connectivity is crucial.

A key rule concerning subnet masks is that the binary 0's must all be together at the end of the address. This means that the subnet mask should consist of a continuous sequence of 1's followed by a continuous sequence of 0's. This rule is important because it helps to identify the network portion and the host portion of an IP address. The 1's represent the network portion, while the 0's represent the host portion. By following this rule, devices can determine which network an IP address belongs to and properly route the network traffic.

A subnet mask is required to make sense of an IP address or to make it useful. A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions, allowing devices to determine if they are on the same network or if they need to communicate through a router. It helps in identifying the network address and the host address within a given IP address. Without a subnet mask, it would be difficult to determine the network boundaries and properly route the traffic.

The console port is used to create an initial configuration on a Cisco router or switch. It provides a direct connection to the device for configuration purposes and is typically accessed using a console cable. This port allows administrators to configure the device before it is connected to a network, making it an essential tool for initial setup and troubleshooting.

When the DHCP server is unavailable for a network, PCs will attempt to configure their NICs using APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing). APIPA allows PCs to automatically assign themselves a private IP address within a specific range (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) when a DHCP server is not available. This allows the PCs to continue communicating on the network using a self-assigned IP address until the DHCP server becomes available again.

The PDU created at the Internet layer of the TCP/IP 4 layer model is called a packet. This is because at the Internet layer, data is divided into smaller units called packets before being transmitted over the network. These packets contain the necessary information such as source and destination IP addresses, as well as the actual data being transmitted. Therefore, a packet is the correct term for the PDU created at the Internet layer.

The correct answer is "arp -a". The "arp -a" command displays the cache of IP to MAC address name resolutions. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to map an IP address to a MAC address on a local network. By using the "arp -a" command, you can view the current mapping of IP addresses to MAC addresses in your cache.

The given IP address 126.128.255.99 falls within the range of Class A addresses. In Class A, the first octet is used to identify the network, while the remaining three octets are used for host addresses. The range for Class A addresses is from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0. Therefore, based on the given IP address, it can be concluded that it belongs to Class A.

The given IP address 169.254.73.244 falls within the range of APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) addresses. APIPA is a feature in Windows operating systems that allows devices to automatically assign themselves an IP address when they are unable to obtain one from a DHCP server. These addresses are typically used for local network communication and cannot be routed on the internet. Therefore, the correct answer is APIPA.

The standard topology used on UTP switch based networks is a star. In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central switch or hub. This allows for easy management and troubleshooting as each device has its own dedicated connection to the central switch. It also provides better performance and reliability since a failure in one device does not affect the rest of the network.

HTTPS uses secure sockets layer over TCP on port 443 to ensure that nobody on the Internet can see any private transaction information. The secure sockets layer provides encryption and authentication to establish a secure connection between the client and the server. Port 443 is the default port for HTTPS communication, and it is specifically reserved for secure HTTP traffic. Using this port ensures that the communication between the client and server is encrypted and protected from unauthorized access or interception.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is the correct answer. ICMP is used by both the Ping and Tracert utilities to perform their jobs. Ping uses ICMP Echo Request messages to check if a remote host is reachable, while Tracert uses ICMP Time Exceeded messages to trace the route packets take to reach a destination. ICMP is a network protocol that allows devices to send error messages and operational information about the network. It is commonly used for diagnostic and troubleshooting purposes in network communication.

CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. It is the media access method used by Ethernet networks. In CSMA/CD, devices on the network listen to the medium before transmitting data. If the medium is idle, the device can transmit. However, if two devices transmit at the same time and a collision occurs, both devices detect the collision and stop transmitting. They then wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting, reducing the chances of another collision. This method allows for efficient sharing of the network medium among multiple devices.

To make a cross-over UTP cable, you would perform T568a on one end and T568b on the other end. This is because a cross-over cable is used to connect two devices of the same type (e.g., two computers) directly without the need for a hub or switch. In this configuration, the transmit and receive pairs are reversed, allowing the devices to communicate effectively. T568a and T568b are two different pinouts commonly used in Ethernet cables, and using them on opposite ends ensures the proper crossover configuration.

A converged network refers to a modern network that combines different types of communications, such as data, video, and voice, into a single infrastructure. This means that instead of having separate networks for each type of communication, all of them are carried over the same cables and connecting devices. This allows for more efficient and cost-effective communication as it eliminates the need for multiple networks and infrastructure.

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is the most likely application to require Quality of Service (QoS) to ensure proper functionality. QoS is necessary for VoIP because it prioritizes and manages network traffic to provide a consistent and reliable voice communication experience. VoIP relies on real-time audio transmission, and any delay, jitter, or packet loss can significantly degrade call quality. QoS helps to prioritize VoIP traffic over other less time-sensitive data, ensuring that voice packets are delivered with minimal delay and maximum quality.

RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) is a remote access method that allows an administrator to take control of a user's machine and block the user from seeing the active session. RDP provides a graphical interface for the administrator to access and control the user's desktop remotely. This can be useful for troubleshooting or performing tasks on the user's machine without interrupting their work or allowing them to see what is happening on their screen.

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is commonly used for VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology. SIP is an application-layer protocol that establishes, modifies, and terminates multimedia sessions such as voice and video calls over IP networks. It is designed to enable communication between devices and applications in a flexible and scalable manner. Telnet is a remote login protocol, SMTP is an email protocol, and SNMP is a network management protocol, none of which are directly related to VoIP technology.

The TCP/IP protocol stack defines the most protocols at the Application layer. This layer is responsible for providing network services to applications and includes protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS. These protocols enable communication between different applications running on different devices over a network. The Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Interface layer also define protocols, but the Application layer has the highest number of protocols defined within the TCP/IP protocol stack.

To verify that the DNS server is functioning normally, you would ping the DNS server's IP address, which is 150.150.150.10. Pinging www.google.ca would not directly test the functionality of the DNS server as it would rely on the DNS server to resolve the domain name to an IP address before pinging it.

The open area in walls and ceilings in a building often used to circulate air is known as the plenum environment. Cable running in those spaces should be rated for use in this environment.

Based on the given results of the route print command, it can be inferred that the client system has a misconfigured IP address. This is because the statement "It cannot communicate with anyone beyond its local network" suggests that the system is unable to establish connections outside of its local network, indicating a problem with its IP address configuration.

The correct answer is storage, printer, and internet connection. These network resources can be shared or accessed by multiple users. Storage refers to shared drives or cloud storage where files and data can be stored and accessed by different users. Printers can be connected to a network and shared among multiple devices, allowing users to print from different locations. An internet connection is a key network resource that enables users to access online resources, communicate, and share information over the internet.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is supported on most every network device, allowing network administrators to monitor and manage their network environment from a central location. SNMP provides a standardized way for devices to communicate and exchange information about their status, performance, and configuration. It allows administrators to set traps and receive notifications of specific activities or events, enabling them to take proactive actions. SNMP also supports the execution of automated scripts, which can further enhance network management efficiency. Therefore, SNMP is the correct answer for this question.

L2TP is considered the weakest of the VPN protocol options today and is being mostly replaced by SSTP and IKEv2 on Microsoft systems.

The point that separates the customers' equipment from the ISP's equipment is known as the demarcation point. This is where the responsibility for the network connection shifts from the ISP to the customer. It is typically a physical location or device where the network interface is installed, allowing for the connection to be established and maintained.

Multi-mode fiber optic cabling is commonly used for LANs. It is often seen in an orange jacket, making it easily recognizable. This type of cabling is designed to carry multiple light rays simultaneously, allowing for higher bandwidth and shorter transmission distances. It is cost-effective and suitable for shorter distance applications within buildings or campuses.

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is the most commonly used type of copper cabling on networks today. It is cost-effective, easy to install, and provides sufficient performance for most network applications. UTP cables consist of pairs of twisted copper wires, which help to reduce electromagnetic interference. They are widely used for Ethernet connections and are compatible with various networking devices. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) is another type of copper cabling that offers better protection against interference but is less commonly used. Coaxial cables and fiber optic cables are not copper cabling types, making UTP the correct answer.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol. Before sending any data, TCP establishes a session with the remote host. This session is a virtual connection that allows both ends to communicate and exchange data. The session establishment involves a series of steps known as the handshake, where the two hosts exchange control messages to synchronize and establish the connection. Therefore, the correct answer is "session."

Protocols like IP, ICMP, and ARP work at the internet layer of the TCP/IP 4 layer networking model. This layer is responsible for routing packets across different networks and ensuring that they reach their intended destination. The protocols at this layer provide addressing, fragmentation, and reassembly of packets, as well as error detection and handling. They operate independently of the specific network technology being used and focus on the logical transmission of data between networks.

A client system can obtain an IP address and associated information from a DHCP server. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses to client devices on a network. The DHCP server is responsible for managing and distributing IP addresses to client systems. Additionally, a network administrator can also provide an IP address and associated information manually to a client system if necessary.

The technician discovered open pairs connectivity issues. Open pairs refer to a situation where one or more wires in a cable are cut or disconnected, resulting in a loss of connectivity. In this case, one of the wires in the CAT5 cable is cut in half, causing a break in the connection and leading to connectivity issues.

A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on a network. It consists of 6 bytes or 48 bits. Each byte is represented by 2 hexadecimal digits, resulting in a total of 12 characters when written in the standard format. Therefore, the correct answer is 6.

The 568a and 568b standards used to define UTP cable pinouts were set by the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association). The TIA is a trade association that develops standards for the information and communications technology industry. These standards ensure that UTP cables are wired consistently, allowing for proper communication and connectivity in networking systems.

SSH (Secure Shell) is a network protocol that provides secure communication between two systems. It uses TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) as its transport layer protocol. The correct answer is 22 because SSH operates over port 22. This port is specifically designated for SSH traffic, allowing for secure remote access and secure file transfers between systems.

Multimode fiber is the correct answer because it is designed to be used on short distances and is immune to any type of interference. Unlike singlemode fiber, which is better suited for longer distances, multimode fiber allows multiple light rays to travel simultaneously through the core, resulting in higher data transmission rates. Additionally, multimode fiber is less susceptible to interference compared to shielded twisted pair and unshielded twisted pair cables, which are commonly used for Ethernet connections.

The three options that would be used with fiber optic cabling are ST, SC, and LC. These are all types of connectors that are specifically designed for use with fiber optic cables. ST connectors are commonly used in data communications and are easy to install and remove. SC connectors are widely used in telecommunications and are known for their low insertion loss and high return loss. LC connectors are smaller in size and are commonly used in high-density applications. These connectors ensure a secure and reliable connection for transmitting data through fiber optic cables.

The correct answer is "Ipconfig." The Ipconfig command is used to display the IP configuration settings of a network interface on a Windows computer. By running the Ipconfig command, the administrator can view the DNS (Domain Name System) and WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) servers that are currently configured for the workstation. This information can help identify any connectivity issues related to the domain.

The key flow control mechanism used by TCP is called sliding windows. This mechanism allows the receiver to keep received segments in order and only send acknowledgments after a certain amount of data has been received. With sliding windows, the receiver can control the flow of data by adjusting the size of the window, which determines how many segments can be sent before an acknowledgment is required. This helps to optimize the transmission of data and prevent congestion on the network.

The F-Type connector would be found on the end of a coaxial cable run. The F-Type connector is commonly used for cable television, satellite television, and broadband internet connections. It has a threaded connector that provides a secure and stable connection, making it suitable for long cable runs. The F-Type connector is designed to minimize signal loss and interference, ensuring high-quality audio and video transmission.

Both TCP and UDP provide service addressing for the upper layer protocols. This means that they allow the upper layer protocols to identify the specific service or application that they want to communicate with on a remote host. This is important for establishing a connection and ensuring that the data is sent to the correct destination.

Microsoft clients employ the SMB (Server Message Block) protocol for file transfers. SMB is a network file sharing protocol that allows clients to access files, printers, and other resources on a network. It is commonly used in Windows operating systems to facilitate file sharing and remote access.

Dark fiber refers to currently unused fiber cable runs. These are fiber optic cables that have been laid but are not yet being utilized for data transmission. These unused cables can be found in various locations, such as underground or along telecommunication routes. Dark fiber is often leased or sold to companies or organizations that require high-speed data transmission, allowing them to have exclusive access to the fiber optic network. By utilizing dark fiber, these companies can have greater control over their network infrastructure and bandwidth capacity.

The diagram likely shows multiple interconnected network devices, such as switches or routers. Each network device creates a separate collision domain, which is a network segment where packets can collide if multiple devices transmit at the same time. In the diagram, there are five separate network devices, so there are five collision domains. On the other hand, the diagram likely shows two separate networks or VLANs, each with its own broadcast domain. Therefore, there are two broadcast domains and five collision domains in the diagram.

The factors that differentiate different cables when purchasing a box of UTP cable are the category (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6), wire gauge, and MHz rating. The category determines the performance and speed capabilities of the cable, with Cat 6 being the highest. The wire gauge refers to the thickness of the wire, with lower gauge numbers indicating thicker wires and better transmission quality. The MHz rating indicates the frequency range that the cable can support, with higher MHz ratings allowing for higher data transfer rates. These three factors are important considerations when selecting UTP cables for specific networking needs.

TCP guarantees delivery by number and sequencing the segments, providing flow control, establishing a session, and requiring acknowledgements. By numbering and sequencing the segments, TCP ensures that they are sent and received in the correct order. Flow control allows TCP to regulate the rate at which data is sent, preventing overload and ensuring efficient delivery. Establishing a session involves setting up a connection between the sender and receiver, allowing for reliable communication. Finally, requiring acknowledgements ensures that the receiver acknowledges the receipt of data, allowing for error detection and retransmission if necessary.

The problem most likely resides at Layer 1, the physical layer. This is because the administrator is unable to ping the default gateway, indicating a connectivity issue at the lowest level of the network stack. Layer 1 deals with the physical transmission of data, such as cables, connectors, and network interface cards. If the default gateway cannot be pinged, it suggests a problem with the physical connection between the administrator's device and the gateway.

Telnet is a protocol that operates at the application layer. It allows a user to remotely access and control a device or computer over a network. This protocol provides a virtual terminal session, allowing users to interact with the remote device as if they were physically present. Telnet is commonly used for remote administration, troubleshooting, and configuring network devices. Unlike TCP and UDP, which operate at the transport layer, Telnet is specifically designed for application layer communication. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is also an application layer protocol, but the correct answer is Telnet.

The correct answer is "all of the above". The explanation is that the MAC address, also known as the Media Access Control address, is made up of 48 bits and is represented in hexadecimal format. It is hard coded into the firmware of the Network Interface Card (NIC) or interface it is associated with. The MAC address is used to uniquely identify a device on a network. Additionally, the MAC address is a fundamental component of Ethernet, which is a widely used networking technology. Therefore, all the options provided (MAC, BIA, and Ethernet) are correct as they are all related to the MAC address.