The three main types of topology are bus, ring, and star. In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable, forming a linear network. In a ring topology, devices are connected in a circular manner, where each device is connected to two other devices. In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, creating a centralized network. These three types of topology are commonly used in computer networks to establish the physical layout and connectivity between devices.