Neoplasia

A fibroma is a benign tumor that originates from fibroblastic cells. Fibroblastic cells are responsible for producing the connective tissue in the body. Therefore, a fibroma is a tumor that arises from these cells and is typically non-cancerous.

Adenoma is a benign epithelial neoplasm that can form glandular patterns or be derived from glandular tissue, but it does not necessarily produce glandular patterns. This means that while an adenoma may have glandular characteristics, it can also have other patterns or structures. The other options listed, such as chondroma, osteoma, fibroma, papilloma, and hamartoma, do not fit the description of a neoplasm derived from glandular tissue.

Seminomas are a type of testicular cancer that are known to be highly sensitive to radiation therapy. This means that radiotherapy is an effective treatment option for seminomas and can often completely eliminate the cancer cells. Therefore, the statement that seminomas can usually be eradicated by radiotherapy is true.

Eg. fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma.

Ovarian cystic teratoma is also called a dermoid cyst. They arise from totipotent cells.

It is also common tho identify the cell pattern and organ of origin eg, renal cell adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma.

Embryonal carcinomas of the testis are not radiosensitive.

Tumours with HIGH growth fractions are generally more susceptible to chemotherapy because most anti-cancer agents act on cells in the cell cycle. After debulking surgery, remaining cells may enter the cell cycle producing a higher growth fraction and making subsequent chemotherpy more effective.

30% of people with solid organ tumors have metastases present at the time of diagnosis. This means that nearly one-third of individuals with solid organ tumors already have the cancer spread to other parts of their body when it is first detected. This high percentage highlights the aggressive nature of these tumors and the importance of early detection and treatment to improve outcomes.

All the others are malignant, despite ending with -oma instead of carcinoma or sarcoma. They are now entrenched in our medical vocabulary.

Leukaemic Tumour initiating cells require the expression of the BMI1 gene in order to retain their self-renewing capacity. This gene plays a crucial role in regulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Without the expression of BMI1, these cells would lose their ability to continuously divide and regenerate, which is essential for the progression and maintenance of leukemia.

Usually, by the time a tumour is clinically detectable, most cells have left the replicating pool. The higher the growth fraction, the more cell production will exceed cell loss and the faster the tumour will grow.

Both are locally invasive though.