Multiple Gestations (Part 1) For Ob/GYN Quiz On 4/1/11
Questions and Answers
- 1.
___________ refers to how many ova are fertilized and implant.
Explanation
Zygotism refers to the process of fertilization and implantation of ova. It is the stage where the sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote, which then implants itself in the uterus. This term specifically relates to the successful union of the sperm and egg, leading to the development of a new individual.Rate this question:
- 2.
___________ refers to the number of chorions or placentas.
Explanation
Chorionicity refers to the number of chorions or placentas.Rate this question:
- 3.
____________ refers to the number of amniotic sacs.
Explanation
Amnionicity refers to the number of amniotic sacs. This term is used to describe the condition in which a pregnant individual is carrying multiple fetuses, each enclosed in its own amniotic sac. The number of amniotic sacs can vary depending on the type of multiple pregnancy, such as twins, triplets, or quadruplets. Understanding the amnionicity is important in prenatal care and delivery planning, as it can impact the management of the pregnancy and the potential risks involved.Rate this question:
- 4.
Twins that arise from two separate ova, fertilized by separate sperm cells are called ____________ twins or ____________ twins.
Explanation
Twins that arise from two separate ova, fertilized by separate sperm cells are called dizygotic twins or fraternal twins. Dizygotic twins refers to twins that develop from two separate eggs, while fraternal twins refers to twins that develop from two separate sperm cells. Therefore, both options are correct and interchangeable.Rate this question:
- 5.
Dizygotic twins always have two ____________ and two ____________.
Explanation
Dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, develop from separate fertilized eggs. Each twin has its own amniotic sac, called an amnion, which surrounds and protects the developing fetus. Additionally, each twin has its own placenta, which is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. Therefore, dizygotic twins always have two amnions and two placentas.Rate this question:
- 6.
Dizygotic twin pregnancies have the ___________ (most or least?) complications and account for approx. _____(#) percent of all twins.
Explanation
Dizygotic twin pregnancies have the least complications and account for approximately 70% of all twins.Rate this question:
- 7.
Some predisposing factors associated with dizygotic twinning include:
- A.
Race
- B.
Assisted reproduction (infertility agents)
- C.
Paternal family history
- D.
Recent cessation of long term oral birth control
- E.
Maternal age (35-40)
- F.
Maternal family history
- G.
Multiparity
- H.
Maternal history of twinning
- I.
Paternal history of twinning
Correct Answer(s)
A. Race
B. Assisted reproduction (infertility agents)
D. Recent cessation of long term oral birth control
E. Maternal age (35-40)
F. Maternal family history
G. Multiparity
H. Maternal history of twinningExplanation
The correct answer includes several factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of dizygotic twinning. These factors include race, assisted reproduction (infertility agents), recent cessation of long term oral birth control, maternal age (35-40), maternal family history, multiparity (having multiple pregnancies), and maternal history of twinning. These factors have been found to have a correlation with the occurrence of dizygotic twinning.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The easiest time to differentiate monozygotic from dizygotic twins is ___________ ____________.
Correct Answer(s)
early pregnancy
first trimesterExplanation
During early pregnancy, it is easier to differentiate between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins because the zygotes have not yet implanted in the uterus. In the first trimester, the zygotes have already implanted, making it more difficult to determine if they are monozygotic or dizygotic twins based on physical characteristics alone.Rate this question:
- 9.
Fraternal twins are identical twins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Non-identicalRate this question:
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- 10.
Fraternal twins can be same sex or opposite sex.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Fraternal twins can be same sex or opposite sex because they are the result of two separate fertilized eggs. Each egg is fertilized by a different sperm, which means that the twins can develop with different genetic combinations. Therefore, it is possible for fraternal twins to be either the same sex or opposite sex.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Multiple gestations are associated with elevated ____________ levels.
Correct Answer
MSAFP - 12.
Twins that arise from a single ovum, fertilized by a single sperm are called ____________ twins or ____________ twins.
Correct Answer
monozygotic, identical
identical, monozygoticExplanation
Monozygotic twins and identical twins are two terms that refer to the same phenomenon. These twins result from a single ovum being fertilized by a single sperm, leading to the development of two genetically identical individuals. Therefore, both "monozygotic, identical" and "identical, monozygotic" are correct ways to describe these twins.Rate this question:
- 13.
Monozygotic twins can be same sex or opposite sex.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Only same sex.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The "most" common type of monozygotic twins that account for 70% of the monozygotic twins is:
- A.
Dichorionic / diamniotic
- B.
Monochorionic / diamniotic
- C.
Monochorionic / monoamniotic
Correct Answer
B. Monochorionic / diamnioticExplanation
Monochorionic/diamniotic twins are the most common type of monozygotic twins, accounting for 70% of all monozygotic twins. In this type, the twins share a placenta (monochorionic) but have separate amniotic sacs (diamniotic). This occurs when the fertilized egg splits within the first four days after conception. The shared placenta provides the necessary nutrients and oxygen to both twins, while the separate amniotic sacs allow them to have their own space and movement.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The "most dangerous" type combination associated with twinning is:
- A.
Monochorionic / monoamniotic
- B.
Dichorionic / diamniotic
- C.
Monochorionic / diamniotic
Correct Answer
A. Monochorionic / monoamnioticExplanation
**Due to shared placenta or cord entanglement.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Monozygotic twins account for _____(#) percent of all twins.
Correct Answer
30Explanation
Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos. These twins share the same genetic material and are always of the same sex. The given answer of 30 percent indicates that monozygotic twins account for 30 percent of all twins. This means that out of every 100 sets of twins, approximately 30 of them are monozygotic twins.Rate this question:
- 17.
Monozygotic twins are not hereditary. Assisted reproduction is the only predisposing factor.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos. This process is a random event and not influenced by hereditary factors. Therefore, monozygotic twins are not hereditary. However, assisted reproduction techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) can increase the chances of having monozygotic twins. This is because during IVF, multiple embryos may be transferred to the uterus, increasing the likelihood of one or more of them splitting into identical twins.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The __________ of __________ from the point of conception is what determines amnionicity and chorionicity.
Correct Answer
time, divisionExplanation
The timing of division from the point of conception is what determines amnionicity and chorionicity. This means that the specific time at which the embryo divides after conception will determine whether there are separate amniotic sacs and chorions (amnionicity and chorionicity) or if they remain undivided.Rate this question:
- 19.
Dichorionic / Diamniotic: Zygote divides in the first ____(#) to ____(#) days.
Correct Answer
3, 4Explanation
The zygote divides in the first 3 to 4 days.Rate this question:
- 20.
Monochorionic / Diamniotic: Zygote divides between day ____(#) to ____(#) post conception.
Correct Answer
4, 8Explanation
The zygote divides between day 4 to day 8 post conception in monochorionic/diamniotic pregnancies. This means that the fertilized egg splits into two separate embryos during this time period. Monochorionic/diamniotic pregnancies occur when there is a single placenta but two separate amniotic sacs.Rate this question:
- 21.
Monochorionic / Monoamniotic: Zygote divides after day ____(#) resulting in 2 embryos, a single amnion, and a single chorion.
Correct Answer
8Explanation
After the zygote divides on day 8, it results in the formation of two embryos, which share a single amnion and a single chorion. This means that the embryos are monochorionic (they share the same outer membrane) and monoamniotic (they share the same inner membrane).Rate this question:
- 22.
One placenta has increased risk for ____________ complications due to shared circulation.
Correct Answer
vascularExplanation
When there is only one placenta in a pregnancy, there is an increased risk for vascular complications. This is because the circulation of the placenta is shared between multiple fetuses, which can lead to issues with blood flow and nutrient exchange. These vascular complications can have negative effects on the health and development of the fetuses.Rate this question:
- 23.
The associated risks for multiple gestations include:
- A.
Placental abruption
- B.
IUGR
- C.
Vasa previa
- D.
Premature labor
- E.
PROM
- F.
Pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsia
Correct Answer(s)
B. IUGR
C. Vasa previa
D. Premature labor
E. PROM
F. Pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsiaExplanation
Multiple gestations, or pregnancies with more than one fetus, carry certain risks compared to singleton pregnancies. One of these risks is intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which refers to the poor growth of one or more fetuses. Another risk is vasa previa, a condition where the fetal blood vessels cross the entrance to the birth canal, making them vulnerable to rupture and severe bleeding. Premature labor, which is the onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation, is also a risk in multiple gestations. Additionally, multiple gestations are associated with an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preeclampsia, which are conditions that affect blood pressure and can be harmful to both the mother and the fetus.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Sonographic protocol for examination of multiple gestations include:
- A.
Serial ultrasound exams every 3 to 4 weeks to verify growth
- B.
Document fetal heart rate
- C.
Identify number of fetuses present
- D.
Label presenting fetus
- E.
Identify presence of membrane
- F.
Determine number and location of placenta(s)
- G.
Identify fetal lie in pregnancy
- H.
Determine separation
- I.
Determine gender: if different it's dizygotic
- J.
Biometry of both fetuses, fetal survey of both fetuses
Correct Answer(s)
A. Serial ultrasound exams every 3 to 4 weeks to verify growth
B. Document fetal heart rate
C. Identify number of fetuses present
D. Label presenting fetus
E. Identify presence of membrane
F. Determine number and location of placenta(s)
G. Identify fetal lie in pregnancy
H. Determine separation
I. Determine gender: if different it's dizygotic
J. Biometry of both fetuses, fetal survey of both fetusesExplanation
The correct answer includes a comprehensive list of sonographic protocols for examining multiple gestations. These protocols involve conducting serial ultrasound exams every 3 to 4 weeks to monitor the growth of the fetuses, documenting the fetal heart rate, identifying the number of fetuses present, labeling the presenting fetus, identifying the presence of membranes, determining the number and location of placentas, identifying the fetal lie in pregnancy, determining separation, determining the gender (if different, indicating dizygotic twins), and performing biometry and fetal surveys for both fetuses. This thorough examination allows for the accurate assessment and monitoring of multiple pregnancies.Rate this question:
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