Topography And The Gastrointestinal Tract

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1. Name the structure located with the letter "L"

Explanation

The structure located with the letter "L" is the liver.

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About This Quiz
Topography And The Gastrointestinal Tract - Quiz

Explore the significance of topography in understanding the gastrointestinal tract through a focused quiz. Assess key anatomical concepts, including the peritoneum, meso-connections, and the role of ligaments, enhancing... see moreboth academic and practical knowledge in anatomy. see less

2. One function of the liver is to remove toxins and or bacteria coming from GI blood

Explanation

The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification by removing toxins and bacteria from the blood that comes from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It does this by filtering the blood and breaking down harmful substances, allowing for their elimination from the body. This function is essential for maintaining overall health and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the bloodstream. Therefore, the statement "One function of the liver is to remove toxins and bacteria coming from GI blood" is true.

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3. The large double folded peritoneum attached to greater curvature of stomach and hangs like a apron over intestines

Explanation

The greater omentum is a large double folded peritoneum that is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. It hangs like an apron over the intestines, providing protection and insulation for the abdominal organs. It also contains fat deposits and lymph nodes, and is involved in immune responses and the healing process of abdominal injuries.

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4. Topography is very important especially when discussing reproduction and conducting soundness exam. List the order of body systems from CRANIAL to CAUDAL.

Explanation

The correct answer is GI, Reproductive, Urinary. When discussing reproduction and conducting a soundness exam, it is important to consider the topography of the body systems. The gastrointestinal (GI) system is located more cranially, followed by the reproductive system, and then the urinary system, which is more caudal. This order allows for a systematic examination and evaluation of these body systems in the proper sequence.

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5. The first site of processing blood leaving the GI tract is known as

Explanation

The liver is the first site of processing blood leaving the GI tract. It receives blood from the intestines through the hepatic portal vein, allowing it to filter and process nutrients, toxins, and other substances before they enter the systemic circulation. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and nutrient storage, making it an essential organ for maintaining overall body homeostasis.

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6. Define Peritoneum

Explanation

The peritoneum is a serous lining that covers the abdominal cavity and extends into the pelvic cavity. It is a thin, transparent membrane that helps to protect and support the abdominal organs. The peritoneum also produces a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to move smoothly against each other. Therefore, the correct answer is "Serous lining of the abdomen and part of the pelvic cavities."

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7. The pancreas is known to have both exocrine and endocrine functions

Explanation

The pancreas is a dual-function gland that serves both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine function involves the production and secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. The endocrine function involves the production and secretion of hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. Therefore, it is correct to say that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

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8. The prostate gland is uncommon in ALL species?

Explanation

The statement is false because the prostate gland is not uncommon in all species. The prostate gland is found in male mammals, including humans, dogs, cats, and many other species. It plays a role in reproductive function by producing and secreting fluids that nourish and protect sperm. Therefore, the statement that the prostate gland is uncommon in all species is incorrect.

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9. If you are on the _______________ side of the horse you will see the base of the cecum

Explanation

If you are on the right side of the horse, you will be able to see the base of the cecum. The cecum is a pouch-like structure located at the beginning of the large intestine, and it is easier to visualize from the right side of the horse.

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10. What is the illness animals are able to get when the pancreas becomes inflamed?

Explanation

Pancreatitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the pancreas in animals. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or certain medications. Pancreatitis can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite in animals. It is important to diagnose and treat pancreatitis promptly as it can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Nephritis, gastritis, and edema are not related to inflammation of the pancreas, so they are incorrect answers.

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11. The liver is known to produce all the non essential amino acids. As we know, long chains of amino acids will come together to make proteins. What particular protein is ESSENTIAL to have in the body that is most abundant in plasma.

Explanation

The correct answer is Albumin. Albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma and is essential for maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and regulating pH in the body. It is produced in the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and homeostasis. Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin. Collagen is a protein found in connective tissues. Whey is a protein found in milk.

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12. Dogs tend to put more fat in the _____ region of the abdomen opposed to cats who place theirs in the _____ region

Explanation

Dogs tend to put more fat in the falciform region of the abdomen, which is the area near the liver, while cats tend to place theirs in the inguinal region, which is the area near the groin.

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13. During a meal bile is directed into the small intestine

Explanation

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. During a meal, when food enters the small intestine, a hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) is released. CCK signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. This helps in the emulsification and breakdown of fats, making them easier to digest and absorb. Therefore, it is true that during a meal, bile is directed into the small intestine.

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14. What is the organ structure that has been injected with contrast media in the caudal end of the abdomen?

Explanation

The correct answer is bladder because the question asks about the organ structure that has been injected with contrast media in the caudal end of the abdomen. Contrast media is often used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of certain structures, and in this case, it would be used to visualize the bladder. The kidney, large intestine, and uterus are not typically injected with contrast media in this specific location.

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15. Bile from the liver is known to flow from the bile ductule to the central vein

Explanation

Bile from the liver does not flow from the bile ductule to the central vein. Instead, bile flows in the opposite direction, from the bile canaliculi to the bile ductules, then to the larger bile ducts, and finally to the gallbladder or directly to the small intestine. The central vein is not involved in the flow of bile.

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16. Image pertains to the GI tract of a dog. Number 3 is describing what part of the digestive tract?

Explanation

The correct answer is the cecum. The cecum is a pouch-like structure that is located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is responsible for the fermentation of food and the absorption of water and electrolytes. In dogs, the cecum plays an important role in the digestion of plant material and the breakdown of cellulose. It is also a site for the production of certain vitamins.

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17. Digestion and Absorption can be use interchangeably

Explanation

Digestion and absorption cannot be used interchangeably because they are two distinct processes in the digestive system. Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body, while absorption is the process by which these smaller molecules are taken up by the cells of the digestive tract and transferred into the bloodstream. Although digestion and absorption are closely related and occur simultaneously, they are separate processes with different functions.

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18. The abomasum is known as the true stomach

Explanation

The abomasum is known as the true stomach because it is the fourth and final compartment of the stomach in ruminant animals, such as cows and sheep. It is responsible for the majority of the chemical digestion of food, including the breakdown of proteins and the secretion of gastric juices. The abomasum is analogous to the stomach in monogastric animals, like humans, where most of the digestion takes place. Therefore, it is correct to say that the abomasum is the true stomach in ruminants.

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19. Icterus and Jaundice can be used interchangeably

Explanation

Icterus and jaundice are two terms that are often used interchangeably in medical literature. They both refer to the yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood. While icterus is the medical term for this condition, jaundice is a more commonly used term in everyday language. Therefore, it is correct to say that icterus and jaundice can be used interchangeably.

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20. An alternate name for insulin and glucagon is "feasting and fasting"

Explanation

Insulin and glucagon are hormones that play crucial roles in regulating blood sugar levels in the body. Insulin is released when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, and it helps to lower blood sugar by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released when blood sugar levels are low, such as during fasting or exercise, and it helps to raise blood sugar by stimulating the release of stored glucose from the liver. Therefore, referring to insulin as "feasting" and glucagon as "fasting" is an accurate way to describe their respective functions.

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21. The enzymatic part and buffering part of secretions made by pancreas is known as

Explanation

The correct answer is pancreatic juice. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which is a combination of enzymes and buffers. The enzymes in pancreatic juice help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. The buffering part of the secretion helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a favorable environment for enzyme activity.

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22. Between meals bile is diverted into the

Explanation

Bile is produced by the liver and helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. However, it is not needed constantly, especially between meals when there is no food to digest. Therefore, bile is diverted from the liver into the gallbladder, where it is stored and concentrated. When we eat, the gallbladder contracts and releases the stored bile into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats. So, the correct answer is the gallbladder.

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23. The hepatic acinus have significant functionality but are not easy to see under microscope. They mainly focus on blood supply and metabolism

Explanation

The hepatic acinus is a functional unit of the liver that plays a crucial role in blood supply and metabolism. Although it may not be easily visible under a microscope, it is responsible for the regulation of various metabolic processes, including the detoxification of harmful substances and the production of bile. Therefore, the statement that the hepatic acinus has significant functionality but is not easy to see under a microscope is true.

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24. Name the structure that lies ventral caudal to the liver and cranial to the small intestines 

Explanation

The stomach is the correct answer because it is the structure that lies ventral (towards the front) caudal (towards the tail) to the liver and cranial (towards the head) to the small intestines. The colon is part of the large intestine and is located in a different region of the abdominal cavity. The cecum is a pouch-like structure that is connected to the junction of the small and large intestines. The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, not the abdominal cavity. Therefore, the stomach is the only structure that fits the given description.

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25. Which species is acquired with  kidney's of this conformation? 

Explanation

The correct answer is Bovine. Bovine refers to cattle or cows. The question is asking which species has kidneys with a specific conformation. Since the question does not provide any additional information about the kidney's conformation, we can assume that bovine kidneys have this specific conformation. Therefore, the correct answer is Bovine.

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26. The bladder has 3 attachments to the pelvic and body wall?

Explanation

The bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvic cavity, and it is attached to the pelvic and body wall by three ligaments: the pubovesical ligament, the transverse vesical ligament, and the lateral vesical ligaments. These attachments help to stabilize the bladder and maintain its position within the pelvis. Therefore, the statement that the bladder has three attachments to the pelvic and body wall is true.

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27. Where is insulin produced? (Be Specific)

Explanation

Insulin is produced in the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. These islets are clusters of cells located in the pancreas that are responsible for producing and releasing insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and is necessary for the body's metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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28. Substances produced by normal exocrine pancreatic function accomplish all of the following except

Explanation

The substances produced by normal exocrine pancreatic function include digestive enzymes that aid in the breakdown of fats and starches. These enzymes play a crucial role in the enzymatic digestion of fat and starch in the small intestine. However, the pancreas is not involved in the reabsorption of bile in the small intestine. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, and its main function is to emulsify fats and aid in their digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is reabsorption of bile in the small intestine.

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29. The _____ supplies the smallest volume of blood to the liver

Explanation

The hepatic artery is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the liver. While the hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, the hepatic artery supplies a smaller volume of blood to the liver. This artery is essential for providing oxygen to the liver cells and supporting their metabolic functions.

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30. These kidney's belong to what domesticated species?

Explanation

The correct answer is Equine because the term "equine" refers to horses. Horses are domesticated animals that have kidneys similar to other mammals, including humans. The other options, ovine, porcine, and bovine, refer to sheep, pigs, and cows respectively, which have different kidney structures and functions compared to horses.

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31. The picture is from a horses abdomen. Which part of the digestive tract is included?

Explanation

The picture shows a section of the horse's abdomen, specifically the cecum and ascending colon. The cecum is a pouch-like structure that connects the small intestine to the large intestine and is involved in the fermentation of food. The ascending colon is the first part of the large intestine, where water and electrolytes are absorbed from the remaining undigested material. Therefore, the correct answer is "Cecum and Ascending colon."

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32. Most blood arriving to the liver is

Explanation

The liver receives blood through two main sources: the hepatic artery, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart, and the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich but deoxygenated blood from the digestive organs. However, the majority of the blood that arrives in the liver comes from the portal vein, making it predominantly deoxygenated. This blood contains nutrients, toxins, and waste products that need to be processed by the liver before being returned to the general circulation.

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33. When discussing the ligament in the thoracic cavity, it is the SAME as the ligament in the abdominal cavity.

Explanation

The given statement is false. Ligaments in the thoracic cavity are not the same as the ligaments in the abdominal cavity. The thoracic cavity contains ligaments that connect the ribs and sternum, such as the costosternal ligaments. On the other hand, the abdominal cavity contains ligaments that connect various organs, such as the liver, spleen, and intestines. These ligaments serve different functions and are located in different areas of the body. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the ligament in the thoracic cavity is the same as the ligament in the abdominal cavity.

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34. The gastric groove and esophageal groove can be used interchangeably?

Explanation

The gastric groove and esophageal groove cannot be used interchangeably. The gastric groove is a groove present in the stomach of some animals, which helps in the digestion and absorption of food. On the other hand, the esophageal groove is a groove present in certain animals, such as ruminants, which allows milk to bypass the rumen and directly enter the abomasum. These two grooves serve different functions and are located in different parts of the digestive system, hence they cannot be used interchangeably.

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35. In hyperglycemic patients _____ is used to reduce levels of insulin and nutrients whereas in hypoglycemic patients _____ is used to raise glucose levels and nutrients in the blood

Explanation

In hyperglycemic patients, insulin is used to reduce levels of insulin and nutrients. Insulin helps to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and promoting its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. On the other hand, in hypoglycemic patients, glucagon is used to raise glucose levels and nutrients in the blood. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, releasing glucose into the bloodstream and increasing blood sugar levels.

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36. Number #18 is what GI structure?

Explanation

The transverse colon is the correct answer because it is the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen. It connects the ascending colon to the descending colon and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the digested food.

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37. The term ___________ and _______ can be used interchangeably and are related to a connection between 2 parts of visceral peritoneum?

Explanation

The term "fold" and "ligament" can be used interchangeably and are related to a connection between 2 parts of visceral peritoneum.

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38. The large intestine is known to be called the "Infamous 7". This relates to how the large intestine is constructed as well as the way digestion occurs. What is the correct pathway digestion occurs in the large intestine?

Explanation

The correct pathway of digestion in the large intestine is as follows: ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, rectum, and anus. This sequence describes the order in which food travels through the large intestine, allowing for the absorption of water and electrolytes, as well as the formation of feces before elimination.

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39. Zone 1 of the hepatic acinus gets the least amount of oxygen and is prone to anemia

Explanation

Zone 1 of the hepatic acinus does not get the least amount of oxygen and is not prone to anemia. In fact, it is the zone closest to the oxygen-rich blood supply from the hepatic artery. Zone 3, on the other hand, is the most vulnerable to decreased oxygen supply and is more prone to anemia. Therefore, the statement is false.

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40. Normal endocrine pancreatic function is necessary for normal metabolism of which of the following nutrients?

Explanation

Normal endocrine pancreatic function is necessary for normal metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins. The pancreas secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which play a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of these nutrients. Insulin helps in the metabolism of carbohydrates by facilitating their uptake into cells and promoting their storage as glycogen. It also regulates the metabolism of fats by promoting their storage and inhibiting their breakdown. Glucagon, on the other hand, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and promotes the release of glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, all of the mentioned nutrients require normal endocrine pancreatic function for proper metabolism.

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41. You can normally see the urethra on a radiograph

Explanation

The urethra is a small tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is not typically visible on a radiograph because it is a soft tissue structure that does not contain enough contrast to be seen clearly on an X-ray image. Radiographs are primarily used to visualize bones and dense structures, so the urethra would not be visible unless there is an abnormality or a contrast agent is used. Therefore, the statement that you can normally see the urethra on a radiograph is false.

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42. Name the structure at #3

Explanation

The structure at #3 is called the abomasum.

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43. This structure lies on the ventral midline and gives an attachment to abdominal tissues

Explanation

The correct answer is Linea alba. The linea alba is a fibrous structure that runs down the ventral midline of the abdomen. It serves as a point of attachment for abdominal muscles and connective tissues. The other options, such as Cutaneous trunci, Cerebral aqueduct, and Gastrosplenic ligament, do not have a direct association with abdominal tissues or the ventral midline.

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44. Bilirubin is potentially toxic especially to the CNS

Explanation

Bilirubin is potentially toxic, particularly to the central nervous system (CNS). When there is an excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the body, such as in conditions like jaundice, it can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause damage to the CNS. This toxicity can lead to neurological problems, including impaired brain function and developmental delays. Therefore, it is correct to say that bilirubin is potentially toxic, especially to the CNS.

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45. When looking at a VD radiograph it is normally hard to visualize the liver verses looking at a lateral view. How would you go about finding the liver on the radiographic view?

Explanation

To locate the liver on a VD radiograph, one should try to find the stomach and proceed cranially. The liver is located adjacent to the stomach, and by following the path of the stomach towards the cranial area of the abdomen, one can identify the liver on the radiographic view.

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46. What is the difference between fixed and mobile viscera?

Explanation

Fixed viscera have shorter mesentaries, while mobile viscera have longer mesentaries. Mesentaries are folds of the peritoneum that attach organs to the abdominal wall and provide support. In the case of fixed viscera, such as the liver and spleen, the mesentaries are shorter and do not allow for much movement. On the other hand, mobile viscera, like the intestines, have longer mesentaries that allow for greater mobility and movement throughout the body.

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47. Order the subject densities from most radiopaque to most radiolucent

Explanation

The correct answer is "Metal, bone, soft tissue, fat, air." This order is based on the radiopacity of each subject. Metal is the most radiopaque, meaning it appears the most white on a radiograph. Bone is the next most radiopaque, followed by soft tissue, fat, and air. Air is the most radiolucent, meaning it appears the most black on a radiograph.

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48. When using the term "Meso" it relates to a connection between parietal and visceral layers. 

Explanation

The term "meso" does indeed relate to a connection between parietal and visceral layers. This connection is often seen in medical terminology, where "meso" is used to describe structures that connect or relate to both the parietal and visceral layers of a particular organ or tissue. Therefore, the statement is true.

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49. Ovine kidneys normally have this structural conformation

Explanation

The statement suggests that ovine kidneys normally have a specific structural conformation. However, the correct answer is false, indicating that ovine kidneys do not have this specific structural conformation.

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50. The kidney located on the right is (left or right)

Explanation

The kidney located on the left side of the body is the correct answer. The kidneys are a pair of organs located on either side of the spine, with the left kidney positioned slightly higher than the right kidney. The left kidney is typically located between the 11th and 12th ribs, while the right kidney is slightly lower due to the presence of the liver.

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51. What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach in order of digestion?

Explanation

The correct answer is Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum. In ruminant animals, the stomach is composed of four chambers. The first chamber is the rumen, which is responsible for the initial breakdown of food through fermentation. The second chamber is the reticulum, where further breakdown and fermentation occur. The third chamber is the omasum, which helps in the absorption of water and nutrients. The final chamber is the abomasum, which is similar to the stomach in monogastric animals and is responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes to further break down the food.

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52. What structure are you able to visualize within the radiograph

Explanation

The correct answer is "Colon". In a radiograph, the colon can be visualized as a long tube-like structure in the abdomen. It is a part of the digestive system and is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food, as well as the formation and elimination of feces. The colon is located in the lower abdomen and can be identified by its distinct shape and position in the radiograph.

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53. The red lines define which specific group of muscles?

Explanation

The red lines in the question most likely refer to the lines that are drawn on an anatomical diagram to highlight the specific group of muscles being discussed. In this case, the correct answer is "Internal obliques." The internal obliques are a pair of muscles located on each side of the abdomen, and they play a role in rotating and flexing the trunk.

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54. Pancreatic Bicarbonate is secreted by

Explanation

Pancreatic bicarbonate is secreted by the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreas plays a crucial role in the digestive system by producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more suitable environment for the action of digestive enzymes. The ducts of the pancreas transport the bicarbonate to the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is ducts.

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55. When discussing the liver ammonia can be detrimental to the body if its able to pass into the systemic system. How does the liver prevent this from happening (Select all that apply)

Explanation

The liver prevents ammonia from passing into the systemic system by converting it to urea. Urea is then sent to the systemic system for further elimination. This process helps to detoxify ammonia and ensures that it is safely eliminated from the body.

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56. What are the 2 mechanisms for hepatic detoxification?

Explanation

The correct answer is physical, biochemical. Hepatic detoxification refers to the liver's ability to remove toxins from the body. Physical mechanisms involve the liver physically filtering out toxins from the blood. Biochemical mechanisms involve the liver chemically transforming toxins into less harmful substances. These two mechanisms work together to effectively detoxify the body.

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57. Gastrointestinal and Alimentary can be used interchangeably 

Explanation

Gastrointestinal and alimentary cannot be used interchangeably. Gastrointestinal refers specifically to the organs and structures involved in the digestion and absorption of food, such as the stomach, intestines, and liver. Alimentary, on the other hand, refers to the entire process of providing nutrients to the body, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. While gastrointestinal is a subset of alimentary, they are not synonymous and cannot be used interchangeably.

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58. Select the function(s) of the Alimentary Canal (You may select more than one answer)

Explanation

The alimentary canal performs multiple functions in the digestive system. Ingestion refers to the intake of food into the body. Digestion involves breaking down the food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Absorption refers to the process of nutrients being taken up into the bloodstream. Secretion involves the release of digestive enzymes and other substances necessary for digestion. Elimination refers to the removal of undigested waste materials from the body through defecation. The alimentary canal also plays a role in managing bacteria in the gut, detoxifying certain substances, supporting immune function, and producing hormones for endocrine function.

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59. What organ is hematopoietic during most of fetal and continues into neonatal life?  

Explanation

During fetal development, the liver is the main organ responsible for hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells. This process continues into neonatal life, where the liver continues to produce blood cells until the bone marrow takes over this function. The spleen, stomach, and pancreas do not have hematopoietic capabilities.

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60. Blood passage through the liver goes from the _____________ into the liver which is then drained from the liver by ___________________ and supplied to the caudal vena cava.

Explanation

Blood passage through the liver goes from the hepatic portal vein into the liver which is then drained from the liver by the hepatic vein and supplied to the caudal vena cava. The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification. Once the blood has been filtered and detoxified by the liver, it is drained by the hepatic vein and returned to the circulatory system via the caudal vena cava. This ensures that the liver can perform its vital functions in maintaining homeostasis and processing nutrients before the blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

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61. The greater omentum of the horse is very developed

Explanation

The given statement is "The greater omentum of the horse is very developed." The correct answer is False. The greater omentum is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines in many mammals, including horses. However, it is not specifically "very developed" in horses. The development of the greater omentum can vary among different individuals and species. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the greater omentum of the horse is always very developed.

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62. Horses are notorious to colic. What is the name of the anatomical location where horses tend to have this issue?

Explanation

Horses tend to have colic issues in the epiploic foramen. Colic is a common and potentially life-threatening condition in horses, characterized by severe abdominal pain. The epiploic foramen is a narrow passage between the liver and the pancreas, through which the small intestine passes. It is a common site for intestinal blockages and can lead to colic symptoms in horses. The other options mentioned, such as omentum bursa, cecum, and fundus, are not specifically associated with colic in horses.

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63. What is a traumatic occurrence that can potentially happen in the ruminants reticulum?

Explanation

Hardware disease is a traumatic occurrence that can potentially happen in the ruminant's reticulum. It occurs when the animal accidentally ingests sharp objects such as nails, wire, or other metallic items. These objects can puncture the reticulum and cause inflammation, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. This condition is called hardware disease because it is often caused by the ingestion of hardware items. Symptoms may include decreased appetite, weight loss, decreased milk production, and in severe cases, it can lead to death if not treated promptly.

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64. When discussing the liver, blood is always from the portal triad to the central vein?

Explanation

Blood flow in the liver follows a specific pattern known as the hepatic portal system. The portal triad consists of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct, and it brings blood rich in nutrients and toxins from the digestive organs to the liver for processing. From the portal triad, blood flows through sinusoids, where it undergoes filtration and detoxification, towards the central vein. Therefore, it can be concluded that blood flow in the liver is indeed from the portal triad to the central vein.

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65. How is digestibility of cellulose occurred in horses and ruminants?

Explanation

The digestibility of cellulose in horses and ruminants occurs through the action of microbes. Horses and ruminants have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, into simpler forms that can be absorbed and utilized by the animal. These animals have a symbiotic relationship with microbes in their gut, such as bacteria and protozoa, which produce enzymes that can break down cellulose. The microbes ferment the cellulose, breaking it down into volatile fatty acids that can be absorbed by the animal and used as a source of energy.

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66. Bacterial portion of microflora contain

Explanation

The bacterial portion of microflora contains large amounts of proteins. Proteins are essential components of bacterial cells as they play a crucial role in various cellular functions such as enzyme production, cell structure, and transport of molecules. Bacteria require proteins for growth, metabolism, and replication. Therefore, the presence of large amounts of proteins in the bacterial portion of microflora is logical and necessary for their survival and functioning.

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67. What is the term for #9. It is going INTO the spiral

Explanation

The term "Petal" is the correct answer because it is the only option that is related to a spiral. A petal is a part of a flower that often has a spiral shape as it grows. The other options, Beta, Fugal, and Alpha, do not have any direct association with spirals. Therefore, "Petal" is the most appropriate term for something that is going into a spiral.

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68. Horses will routinely get get sick from eating fatty meals that their gallbladder is unable to digest

Explanation

Horses do not have a gallbladder

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69. The horse is known to have a complex stomach with glandular lining

Explanation

The statement is incorrect. Horses have a simple stomach with a non-glandular lining.

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70. Select all the characteristics of the vaginal process? (You are able to select more than one answer)

Explanation

The vaginal process is present in both sexes and is a blind evagination of peritoneum that passes through the inguinal canal. In males, the vaginal process undergoes further development, while in females there is no further development.

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71. The head of the spleen sits next to the fundus of the stomach. Head of spleen is fixed due to gastric ligament. The tail is allowed to migrate

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the head of the spleen does indeed sit next to the fundus of the stomach. It is fixed in place by the gastric ligament, while the tail of the spleen is allowed to migrate. Therefore, the statement "The head of the spleen sits next to the fundus of the stomach. Head of spleen is fixed due to gastric ligament. The tail is allowed to migrate" is true.

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72. Which phase of digestion occurs ONLY in the small intestine BUT on the surface of the enterocytes?

Explanation

Mucosal digestion occurs only in the small intestine but on the surface of the enterocytes. This phase involves the breakdown of food molecules into smaller nutrients that can be absorbed by the enterocytes and transported into the bloodstream. The small intestine has specialized structures called villi and microvilli that increase the surface area available for digestion and absorption. Enzymes secreted by the enterocytes break down complex molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that can be easily absorbed. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mucosal."

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73. The sympathetic and parasympathetic can influence and control the neuroendocrine system

Explanation

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are responsible for regulating different bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and stress response. While they do play a role in modulating the neuroendocrine system, they do not have direct control over it. The neuroendocrine system involves the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems, where hormones are released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes. Therefore, the statement that the sympathetic and parasympathetic can influence and control the neuroendocrine system is false.

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74. What anatomical area(s) are prone to colic in horses? (You may choose more than one answer)

Explanation

The anatomical areas that are prone to colic in horses are the Epiploic foramen, Right and left colic flexures, and Nephrosplenic ligament. Colic is a common condition in horses and can be caused by various factors such as intestinal blockage or inflammation. These specific anatomical areas are susceptible to colic due to their involvement in the horse's digestive system. The Epiploic foramen is a narrow passage between the liver and the stomach, which can become obstructed. The right and left colic flexures are sharp bends in the large intestine where blockages can occur. The Nephrosplenic ligament is a structure that can entrap the large colon, leading to colic.

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75. MATCH THE FOLLOWING:
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76. In regards to the abdomen _____ muscle fibers run caudoventrally whereas _____ muscle fibers run cranioventrally.

Explanation

The external abdominal obliques are a set of muscles in the abdomen that run caudoventrally, which means they run from the tail end of the body towards the ventral side (belly side). On the other hand, the internal abdominal obliques are another set of muscles in the abdomen that run cranioventrally, meaning they run from the cranial end of the body towards the ventral side.

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77. MATCH THE FOLLOWING WITH THE CORRECT PIN COLOR
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78. The greater omentum is a large web-like structure that covers the intestines like a apron. In regards to species some are equipped with a more developed one than others. Match the following species below in regards to how their greater omentum is developed.
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79. The pouch located at number 6 is classified as 

Explanation

The pouch located at number 6 is classified as Vesicogenital because it is the space between the bladder and the uterus in females, or between the bladder and the prostate in males. This pouch is also known as the pouch of Douglas or the rectouterine pouch. It is an important anatomical structure in the pelvic region and is involved in various reproductive and urinary functions.

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80. The histologic image was derived from what organ?

Explanation

The correct answer is Pancreas. The histologic image provided is likely to show the tissue characteristics specific to the pancreas, such as the presence of acinar cells, islet cells, and pancreatic ducts. The other options, intestine, liver, and spleen, would have distinct histological features that are different from those seen in the pancreas.

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Name the structure located with the letter "L"
One function of the liver is to remove toxins and or bacteria coming...
The large double folded peritoneum attached to greater curvature of...
Topography is very important especially when discussing reproduction...
The first site of processing blood leaving the GI tract is known as
Define Peritoneum
The pancreas is known to have both exocrine and endocrine functions
The prostate gland is uncommon in ALL species?
If you are on the _______________ side of the horse you will see the...
What is the illness animals are able to get when the pancreas becomes...
The liver is known to produce all the non essential amino acids. As we...
Dogs tend to put more fat in the _____ region of the abdomen...
During a meal bile is directed into the small intestine
What is the organ structure that has been injected with contrast media...
Bile from the liver is known to flow from the bile ductule to the...
Image pertains to the GI tract of a dog. Number 3 is describing what...
Digestion and Absorption can be use interchangeably
The abomasum is known as the true stomach
Icterus and Jaundice can be used interchangeably
An alternate name for insulin and glucagon is "feasting and...
The enzymatic part and buffering part of secretions made by pancreas...
Between meals bile is diverted into the
The hepatic acinus have significant functionality but are not easy to...
Name the structure that lies ventral caudal to the liver and...
Which species is acquired with  kidney's of this...
The bladder has 3 attachments to the pelvic and body wall?
Where is insulin produced? (Be Specific)
Substances produced by normal exocrine pancreatic function accomplish...
The _____ supplies the smallest volume of blood to the liver
These kidney's belong to what domesticated species?
The picture is from a horses abdomen. Which part of the digestive...
Most blood arriving to the liver is
When discussing the ligament in the thoracic cavity, it is the SAME as...
The gastric groove and esophageal groove can be used interchangeably?
In hyperglycemic patients _____ is used to reduce levels of insulin...
Number #18 is what GI structure?
The term ___________ and _______ can be used interchangeably and are...
The large intestine is known to be called the "Infamous 7"....
Zone 1 of the hepatic acinus gets the least amount of oxygen and is...
Normal endocrine pancreatic function is necessary for normal...
You can normally see the urethra on a radiograph
Name the structure at #3
This structure lies on the ventral midline and gives an attachment to...
Bilirubin is potentially toxic especially to the CNS
When looking at a VD radiograph it is normally hard to visualize the...
What is the difference between fixed and mobile viscera?
Order the subject densities from most radiopaque to most radiolucent
When using the term "Meso" it relates to a connection...
Ovine kidneys normally have this structural conformation
The kidney located on the right is (left or right)
What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach in order of digestion?
What structure are you able to visualize within the radiograph
The red lines define which specific group of muscles?
Pancreatic Bicarbonate is secreted by
When discussing the liver ammonia can be detrimental to the body if...
What are the 2 mechanisms for hepatic detoxification?
Gastrointestinal and Alimentary can be used interchangeably 
Select the function(s) of the Alimentary Canal (You may select more...
What organ is hematopoietic during most of fetal and continues...
Blood passage through the liver goes from the _____________ into the...
The greater omentum of the horse is very developed
Horses are notorious to colic. What is the name of the anatomical...
What is a traumatic occurrence that can potentially happen in the...
When discussing the liver, blood is always from the portal triad to...
How is digestibility of cellulose occurred in horses and ruminants?
Bacterial portion of microflora contain
What is the term for #9. It is going INTO the spiral
Horses will routinely get get sick from eating fatty meals that their...
The horse is known to have a complex stomach with glandular lining
Select all the characteristics of the vaginal process? (You are able...
The head of the spleen sits next to the fundus of the stomach. Head of...
Which phase of digestion occurs ONLY in the small intestine BUT on the...
The sympathetic and parasympathetic can influence and control the...
What anatomical area(s) are prone to colic in horses? (You may choose...
MATCH THE FOLLOWING:
In regards to the abdomen _____ muscle fibers run caudoventrally...
MATCH THE FOLLOWING WITH THE CORRECT PIN COLOR
The greater omentum is a large web-like structure that covers the...
The pouch located at number 6 is classified as 
The histologic image was derived from what organ?
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