Electrolyte Questions: Trivia Quiz!
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
Serum calcium concentration is regulated by:
- A.
Insulin
- B.
Parathyroid hormone
- C.
Thyroxine
- D.
Vitamin C
Correct Answer
B. Parathyroid hormoneExplanation
Parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating serum calcium concentration. It acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, the parathyroid glands release more parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promotes calcium absorption in the intestines. This helps to maintain adequate calcium levels in the blood. Insulin, thyroxine, and vitamin C do not directly regulate serum calcium concentration.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism is accomplished by:
- A.
Thyroid
- B.
Parathyroid
- C.
Adrenal glands
- D.
Pituitary gland
Correct Answer
B. ParathyroidExplanation
The parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorous metabolism in the body. These small glands, located in the neck, produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which helps to control the levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood. PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood when they are too low. This hormone also promotes the excretion of phosphorous by the kidneys. Therefore, the parathyroid glands play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these minerals in the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Patient has the following results: increased Ca++, decreased phosphate, increased PTH. The patient has
- A.
Hyperparathyroidism
- B.
Hypoparathyroidism
- C.
Nephrosis
- D.
Steatorrhea
Correct Answer
A. HyperparathyroidismExplanation
Based on the given results, the patient has increased levels of calcium (Ca++), decreased levels of phosphate, and increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). These findings are consistent with hyperparathyroidism, a condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands. In this condition, the parathyroid glands release excessive amounts of PTH, which leads to increased calcium levels in the blood and decreased phosphate levels.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Low serum phosphorous is commonly found in:
- A.
Carbohydrate hyperalimentation therapy
- B.
Hypoparathyroidism
- C.
Chronic renal disease
- D.
Pituitary tumors
Correct Answer
A. Carbohydrate hyperalimentation therapyExplanation
Low serum phosphorous is commonly found in carbohydrate hyperalimentation therapy. This is because carbohydrate hyperalimentation therapy involves the administration of large amounts of carbohydrates, which can lead to increased insulin secretion. Insulin promotes the uptake of phosphorus into cells, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus levels.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Slightly hemolyzed specimens will significantly increase which of the following?
- A.
Sodium
- B.
Potassium
- C.
Chloride
- D.
Bicarbonate
Correct Answer
B. PotassiumExplanation
Slightly hemolyzed specimens will significantly increase the potassium levels. Hemolysis refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, which can release potassium into the surrounding fluid. Therefore, when a specimen is slightly hemolyzed, there is an increased release of potassium, leading to higher potassium levels in the sample.Rate this question:
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- 6.
All are true about potassium except:
- A.
No renal threshold
- B.
Increased levels in acidosis
- C.
Hemolysis increases serum levels
- D.
Major anion of intracellular fluid
Correct Answer
D. Major anion of intracellular fluidExplanation
Potassium is a major cation, not an anion, in the intracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell function and electrical potential. Potassium does not have a renal threshold, meaning that it is not actively reabsorbed or excreted by the kidneys. Increased levels of potassium are seen in acidosis, as hydrogen ions move into cells and potassium ions move out. Hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells, can release potassium into the bloodstream, leading to increased serum levels.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The patient has Addison’s disease. Results of serum sodium and potassium should be:
- A.
Normal sodium, low potassium
- B.
Low sodium, low potassium
- C.
Low sodium, high potassium
- D.
High sodium, low potassium
Correct Answer
C. Low sodium, high potassiumExplanation
Addison's disease is characterized by adrenal insufficiency, which leads to low production of aldosterone. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. In Addison's disease, there is a deficiency of aldosterone, resulting in low sodium levels (hyponatremia) and high potassium levels (hyperkalemia). Therefore, the correct answer is "Low sodium, high potassium."Rate this question:
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- 8.
Primary aldosteronism would show:
- A.
Normal sodium, low potassium
- B.
Low sodium, low potassium
- C.
Low sodium, high potassium
- D.
High sodium, high decreased potassium
Correct Answer
D. High sodium, high decreased potassiumExplanation
Primary aldosteronism, also known as Conn's syndrome, is a condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. As a result, in primary aldosteronism, there is an increased sodium level (high sodium) due to excessive reabsorption, and a decreased potassium level (high decreased potassium) due to excessive excretion. This imbalance in sodium and potassium levels is a hallmark of primary aldosteronism.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Hyponatremia may be found in the following except:
- A.
Addison’s disease
- B.
Diarrhea
- C.
Diuretic therapy
- D.
Cushing’s syndrome
Correct Answer
D. Cushing’s syndromeExplanation
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. It can be caused by various factors, including excessive fluid intake, certain medications, hormonal imbalances, and underlying health conditions. In this case, the correct answer is Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is a disorder that occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for an extended period. While it can cause other imbalances in the body, hyponatremia is not typically associated with Cushing's syndrome.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A 60-year-old woman, who presents with anorexia, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, have the following lab results: increased ionized calcium, decreased phosphate, increased urine calcium, increased urine phosphate. What do these results suggest?
- A.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
- B.
Vitamin D deficiency
- C.
Hypoparathyroidism
- D.
Paget’s disease
Correct Answer
A. Primary hyperparathyroidismExplanation
The combination of increased ionized calcium, decreased phosphate, increased urine calcium, and increased urine phosphate suggests primary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which leads to increased calcium reabsorption from the bones and increased renal excretion of phosphate. This results in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The symptoms of anorexia, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common manifestations of hypercalcemia. Vitamin D deficiency would typically present with low levels of both calcium and phosphate. Hypoparathyroidism would result in low levels of both calcium and phosphate, and Paget's disease would show elevated alkaline phosphatase levels.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following is characterized by increased production of chloride in sweat?
- A.
Multiple myeloma
- B.
Hypoparathyroidism
- C.
Cystic fibrosis
- D.
Wilson’s disease
Correct Answer
C. Cystic fibrosisExplanation
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by increased production of chloride in sweat. This is due to a genetic mutation that affects the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which is responsible for regulating the movement of chloride ions in and out of cells. As a result, there is an excessive buildup of chloride in sweat, leading to increased sweat chloride levels. This diagnostic test, known as the sweat chloride test, is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following reagents is used to determine serum inorganic phosphate concentration?
- A.
Erlich’s reagent
- B.
Ammonium molybdate
- C.
8-hydroxyquinoline
- D.
Bathophenanthroline
Correct Answer
B. Ammonium molybdateExplanation
Ammonium molybdate is used to determine serum inorganic phosphate concentration. It reacts with phosphate ions to form a yellow complex, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. This reaction is commonly used in clinical laboratories to assess phosphate levels in the body. Erlich's reagent, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and bathophenanthroline are not used for this purpose.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following reagents is used to quantify calcium using the colorimetric method?
- A.
Cresolphthalein complexone
- B.
Lanthanum
- C.
Malachite green
- D.
Amino-naphthol-sulfonic acid
Correct Answer
A. Cresolphthalein complexoneExplanation
Cresolphthalein complexone is used to quantify calcium using the colorimetric method. This reagent forms a complex with calcium ions, resulting in a color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically. By comparing the absorbance of the sample to a standard curve, the concentration of calcium can be determined. Lanthanum, malachite green, and amino-naphthol-sulfonic acid are not commonly used reagents for quantifying calcium.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The primary storage form of iron.
- A.
Apotransferrin
- B.
Myoglobin
- C.
Ferritin
- D.
Hemosiderin
Correct Answer
C. FerritinExplanation
Ferritin is the correct answer because it is the primary storage form of iron in the body. It is a protein that stores iron in a non-toxic and soluble form, allowing for its release and utilization when needed. Ferritin helps regulate iron levels in the body and is found in various tissues, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.Rate this question:
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- 15.
All of the following will produce a colored complex with iron except:
- A.
Bathophenatholine
- B.
8-hydroxyquinoline
- C.
Tripyridyl triazine
- D.
Ferrozine
Correct Answer
B. 8-hydroxyquinolineExplanation
8-hydroxyquinoline is the only option among the given compounds that will not produce a colored complex with iron. This is because 8-hydroxyquinoline does not have any specific functional groups or ligands that can form a stable complex with iron ions. On the other hand, compounds like Bathophenatholine, Tripyridyl triazine, and Ferrozine contain ligands that can coordinate with iron ions and form colored complexes.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Sodium is the principal anion found in the plasma. The reabsorption process of sodium in the proximal and distal tubules is influenced by aldosterone.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
B. 2nd statement is true. 1st is falseExplanation
The correct answer is that the 2nd statement is true and the 1st statement is false. The reason for this is that sodium is actually the principal cation found in the plasma, not the principal anion. Additionally, the reabsorption process of sodium in the proximal and distal tubules is indeed influenced by aldosterone.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Chloride can be quantified by the ion-selective electrode method. In this method, the ions react with chloride to form a colored complex.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
B. 2nd statement is true. 1st is falseExplanation
The given answer states that the second statement is true and the first statement is false. This means that the ions do not react with chloride to form a colored complex in the ion-selective electrode method.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Plasma phosphates influence plasma calcium levels. Case studies show that there is a reciprocal relationship between calcium and phosphorous.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
C. Both are trueExplanation
The given answer is "Both are true." This means that both statements are correct. The first statement states that plasma phosphates influence plasma calcium levels, which is true. This suggests that the levels of phosphates in the plasma have an impact on the levels of calcium. The second statement claims that there is a reciprocal relationship between calcium and phosphorous, which is also true. This indicates that changes in calcium levels can affect phosphorous levels, and vice versa. Therefore, both statements are supported by case studies and are accurate.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Magnesium is commonly measured using calmagite, methylthymol blue and chlorophosphonazeoIII. Calcium will interfere and eliminated by complexing with a chelator.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
C. Both are trueExplanation
Both statements are true. Magnesium is commonly measured using calmagite, methylthymol blue, and chlorophosphonazeoIII as these compounds are commonly used as indicators in complexometric titrations for determining the concentration of magnesium ions. However, calcium can interfere with the measurement of magnesium as it forms complexes with the chelators used, leading to inaccurate results. Therefore, calcium needs to be eliminated by complexing with a chelator to ensure accurate measurement of magnesium.Rate this question:
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- 20.
When there is hemolysis, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium will be increased. The concentrations of these electrolytes are lower inside RBCs.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
B. 2nd statement is true. 1st is falseExplanation
The correct answer is that the 2nd statement is true and the 1st statement is false. This is because when there is hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells), the concentrations of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium will actually decrease, not increase. This is because these electrolytes are primarily found inside the red blood cells, and when the cells rupture, the electrolytes are released into the surrounding fluid, leading to a decrease in their concentrations.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Free ionized calcium accounts for about 10% of total serum calcium. Protein concentration and the PH of the blood will not affect free ionized calcium fractions.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
D. Both are falseExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the first statement is false because free ionized calcium actually accounts for about 50% of total serum calcium, not 10%. The second statement is also false because both protein concentration and the pH of the blood can indeed affect the free ionized calcium fractions.Rate this question:
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- 22.
PTH has physiological actions on bone kidney and intestine. The overall effect is to raise serum ionized calcium levels and lower serum phosphorous levels.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
C. Both are trueExplanation
PTH (parathyroid hormone) does have physiological actions on bone, kidney, and intestine. It stimulates bone resorption, which releases calcium into the bloodstream. In the kidney, PTH promotes the reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphorous. In the intestine, it enhances the absorption of calcium. These actions result in an increase in serum ionized calcium levels and a decrease in serum phosphorous levels. Therefore, both statements are true.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Serum inorganic phosphate is determined by reacting with ammonium molybdate reagent. The use of EDTA, oxalate, and citrate should be avoided.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
C. Both are trueExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the first statement is true because serum inorganic phosphate is indeed determined by reacting with ammonium molybdate reagent. The second statement is also true because the use of EDTA, oxalate, and citrate should be avoided when determining serum inorganic phosphate. These substances can interfere with the reaction and give inaccurate results. Therefore, both statements are true.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Hemolysis should be avoided in phosphate analysis. Serum phosphate levels will be depressed following meals.
- A.
1st statement is true. 2nd is false
- B.
2nd statement is true. 1st is false
- C.
Both are true
- D.
Both are false
Correct Answer
C. Both are trueExplanation
Both statements are true. Hemolysis should be avoided in phosphate analysis because it can lead to inaccurate results. Hemolysis refers to the rupture of red blood cells, which can release intracellular components, including phosphate, into the serum. This can artificially increase the measured levels of phosphate. On the other hand, serum phosphate levels are known to be depressed following meals. This is due to the uptake of phosphate by cells for various metabolic processes, such as energy production and DNA synthesis. Therefore, both statements are correct.Rate this question:
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- 25.
_______ is the measure of the total number of solute particles per unit weight of solution and is expressed as milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Correct Answer
osmolality, Osmolality, OSMOLALITYExplanation
Osmolality is the measure of the total number of solute particles per unit weight of solution and is expressed as milliosmoles per kilogram of water. It is a measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution and is used to determine the osmotic pressure and the movement of water across semipermeable membranes. The term can be spelled with a lowercase or uppercase "o" depending on the style guide being used.Rate this question:
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Mar 17, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Sep 23, 2017Quiz Created by
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