Greece/Persia/Rome

The Spartans valued physical strength because their society was centered around military training and warfare. They believed that physical prowess was essential for defending their city-state and maintaining their dominance over other Greek city-states. The rigorous training and emphasis on physical fitness in Sparta created a culture that highly esteemed and valued individuals who were strong and capable warriors.

A republic is a system of government where the power is held by elected representatives. In a republic, the citizens have the ability to vote for their leaders and have a say in the decision-making process. This form of government is characterized by the absence of a monarch or a hereditary ruler, and instead, the power is distributed among elected officials who are accountable to the people.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were philosophers of ancient Greece. They were influential thinkers who made significant contributions to the field of philosophy. Socrates is known for his Socratic method of questioning, which aimed to stimulate critical thinking and self-reflection. Plato, one of Socrates' students, founded the Academy and wrote numerous dialogues exploring various philosophical ideas. Aristotle, a student of Plato, developed his own philosophical system and made important contributions to fields such as logic, ethics, and metaphysics. Together, these three philosophers played a crucial role in shaping Western philosophy and continue to be studied and revered today.

The word "polis" was used to describe the city-states and surrounding lands that made up the Greek Empire. The term "polis" referred to a self-governing city-state in ancient Greece, which had its own government, laws, and citizens. These city-states were the fundamental political and social units of the Greek Empire, each with its own unique culture, identity, and way of governing. The term "polis" emphasized the importance of the city-state as the central unit of Greek society and politics.

The major contribution to classical civilizations that came from the ancient Jewish tribes was monotheism. Monotheism is the belief in only one god, as opposed to polytheism which is the belief in multiple gods. This belief in a single deity had a profound impact on the development of religious and philosophical thought in various classical civilizations. It influenced the Abrahamic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which in turn shaped the cultural and intellectual landscape of the world. Monotheism brought a new perspective on spirituality and the relationship between humans and the divine, leaving a lasting legacy in classical civilizations.

Greece influenced Rome in language, philosophy, and art/architecture. However, the Christian religion did not originate in Greece and therefore did not directly influence Rome in this aspect. The Christian religion originated in the region of Judea, which is now part of modern-day Israel, and spread to Rome through the teachings of Jesus Christ and his disciples. Therefore, the correct answer is Christian religion.

The statement that Roman women could own property and make wills indicates that they had legal rights pertaining to property ownership and inheritance. This suggests that they had some level of autonomy and legal recognition in Roman society, which implies that they enjoyed certain legal rights. However, it does not necessarily mean that they had the right to vote, were equal to men, or could hold political offices.

The Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables of Rome were similar in that they both established written legal standards. Both sets of laws were written down and made available for the public to see and understand. This helped to ensure that the laws were clear and consistent, and that everyone was aware of their rights and responsibilities. It also provided a basis for resolving disputes and maintaining order in society.

Judaism differed from many other early religions prior to the classical period because it emphasized a belief in one God. Unlike polytheistic religions that worshipped multiple gods, Judaism was monotheistic and focused on the worship of a single deity. This monotheistic belief set Judaism apart and influenced its practices, rituals, and religious laws.

The correct answer is the City state of Athens. Athens is widely recognized as the first society to practice direct democracy. In the 5th century BCE, Athens developed a system where all citizens had the right to participate directly in the decision-making process. This meant that citizens could vote on laws, policies, and even hold public office. This form of government was unique at the time and laid the foundation for democratic principles that are still influential today.

Membership in the military was a defining feature of citizenship for men in ancient Sparta. The city-state of Sparta was known for its strong emphasis on military training and discipline. From a young age, Spartan men were trained to become skilled warriors, and military service was considered an essential duty for all citizens. Serving in the military was not only a way to defend the city-state but also a means of upholding the values and traditions of Sparta. Therefore, membership in the military was a crucial aspect of being a citizen in ancient Sparta.

Sports in American culture has been heavily influenced by ancient Greek society. The Greeks were known for their love of physical activity and competition, which laid the foundation for modern sports. Many sports, such as track and field, wrestling, and boxing, have their origins in ancient Greece. The Greeks also introduced the concept of the Olympic Games, which is still celebrated today. The emphasis on physical fitness, sportsmanship, and the competitive spirit in American sports can be traced back to the ancient Greeks.

Christianity is the correct answer because it is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus. Jesus is believed to have preached forgiveness, mercy, and sympathy for the poor and helpless. These teachings are central to the Christian faith and are found in the New Testament of the Bible. Christianity emerged in the 1st century AD and has since become one of the world's largest religions, with millions of followers worldwide.

The Eastern Empire's more sustainable and advanced economy is the reason why it survived a thousand years longer than the Western Empire. This economic strength allowed the East to maintain a strong military and effectively defend against barbarian invasions. Additionally, the Eastern Empire had access to valuable trade routes and resources, which further contributed to its economic stability. In contrast, the Western Empire struggled with economic decline, leading to a weakened military and inability to fend off external threats.

Label C represents Persia, one of the classical civilizations. Persia was a vast empire that existed from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC. It was known for its powerful military, efficient administration, and cultural achievements. Persia had a significant impact on the ancient world and played a crucial role in shaping the history of the Middle East and beyond.

The rugged, mountainous geography of ancient Greece led to the development of separate, independent city-states. The mountains created natural barriers that isolated different regions, making it difficult for a centralized government to control the entire area. As a result, each city-state developed its own government, laws, and culture, leading to the emergence of independent city-states such as Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. These city-states were self-governing and had their own armies, economies, and political systems, which contributed to the unique and diverse nature of ancient Greek civilization.

The characteristic of democracy described in the given answer is that citizens are the source of power in government. In a democratic system, the power to make decisions and govern lies with the people. They have the ability to elect representatives, participate in decision-making processes, and hold the government accountable. This principle of citizen empowerment is fundamental to democracy, as it ensures that the government acts in the best interest of the people it serves.

During the classical period, the role of women in Roman society changed as a result of the conquests that brought wealth to Italy. This newfound wealth led to a loosening of legal restrictions against women's property ownership, granting them a measure of economic and marital independence. As a result, Roman women were able to become landowners, which indicates a significant shift in their social and economic status.

The correct answer is granting citizens the right to participate in government through the voting process. This practice of citizen participation in government was first seen in ancient Greece, specifically in Athens, where citizens had the right to vote and participate in the decision-making process. The Romans later adopted this practice and implemented it in their own political system, allowing citizens to have a say in the governance of their society. This practice of citizen participation through voting became a fundamental aspect of democracy and has been influential in shaping modern political systems.

Cyrus the Great ruled and maintained peace in the Persian Empire during the 6th century BC by demonstrating tolerance for his people's cultures. This means that he allowed different cultures and traditions to coexist within his empire without imposing his own beliefs on others. By embracing diversity and respecting the customs of his subjects, Cyrus fostered a sense of unity and harmony among his people, leading to a peaceful and stable empire.

Julius Caesar is the correct answer because he conquered Spain and Gaul, and returned to Rome with his army, making himself emperor for life. He was then assassinated in 44 B.C. by a group of senators, including Marcus Brutus.

The statement "The government and society of Sparta are too strict. The people have little voice in government" would most likely represent the view of a citizen of ancient Athens visiting Sparta because it suggests that the visitor finds the government and society in Sparta to be oppressive and lacking in democratic participation. This view aligns with the historical reputation of Sparta as a highly militaristic and authoritarian city-state, known for its strict social and political control.

Herodotus is considered the "father of history" because he was the first historian to systematically collect and analyze information in order to create a narrative of the past. He wrote the History of the Persian War, which is considered one of the earliest and most important works of history. Herodotus' approach to history, which included interviews, eyewitness accounts, and a focus on cause and effect, set the foundation for the study of history as we know it today.

The correct answer is Pax Romana. The period from 27 B.C. to 395 A.D. is known as Pax Romana because during this time, Rome was able to establish and maintain peace and stability within the territories under its control. This period was characterized by economic prosperity, cultural flourishing, and relative tranquility throughout the Roman Empire. It was a time of great expansion, infrastructure development, and the establishment of a strong centralized government.

The fall of Rome had a significant impact on Western Europe as it marked the end of the Classical Era of civilizations. The decline of the Roman Empire resulted in a loss of political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements that had characterized the Classical period. The fall of Rome also led to a power vacuum, which allowed various groups, including the Muslims, to gain influence and control over parts of Western Europe. This event did not directly end the spread of Christianity throughout Europe, as Christianity continued to be practiced and spread despite the fall of Rome.

Democracy in ancient Athens granted rights and privileges to citizens. This means that only individuals who were considered citizens, typically adult male Athenians who were born to Athenian parents, had the ability to participate in the democratic process, hold public office, and enjoy certain rights and protections. Women and foreigners, on the other hand, did not have the same level of political rights and were excluded from many aspects of Athenian democracy.

Constantine is the correct answer because he was the Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity and made it the official religion of Rome. He is known for issuing the Edict of Milan in 313, which granted religious tolerance to Christians and paved the way for the acceptance and spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Constantine's conversion and support of Christianity had a significant impact on the religion's growth and influence in the following centuries.

Classical Greek sculpture is known for its emphasis on the human body. Greek artists aimed to portray the idealized human form, focusing on the beauty and perfection of the human physique. This can be seen in the sculptures of athletes, gods, and goddesses, where the human body is depicted in a natural and lifelike manner. The interest in the human body in Greek sculpture reflects the importance placed on physicality and the celebration of the human form in ancient Greek culture.

Socrates is known for his role as a teacher, as he was one of the most influential philosophers in history who taught and mentored many students, including Plato. On the other hand, Plato is known for his writings, as he was a prolific writer who documented many of his philosophical ideas in dialogues and other forms of literature. Therefore, the relationship between Socrates and Plato can be described as Socrates being a teacher and Plato being a writer.

Women received better treatment under the Romans than they had under the Greeks. In Greek society, women had limited rights and were largely confined to the domestic sphere. However, Roman women had more legal rights, could own property, and were able to engage in business and participate in public life to some extent. While women still faced restrictions and inequalities in Roman society, their status and opportunities were generally better than in Greek society.

Socrates used the questioning method, also known as the Socratic method, to determine moral questions. He believed in engaging in dialogue and asking probing questions to encourage critical thinking and self-reflection. Through this method, Socrates aimed to uncover the truth and challenge people's beliefs and assumptions about moral issues. This approach allowed individuals to examine their own thoughts and values, leading to a deeper understanding of morality. Plato and Aristotle, although influential Greek philosophers, did not primarily use the questioning method to determine moral questions.

City states are not part of the legacy of the Roman Empire in the West. The Roman Empire was known for its centralized government and the organization of its territories into provinces, rather than independent city states. The Roman Empire had a significant impact on language, architecture, and law code, which are all recognized as part of its lasting legacy.

The correct answer is that all three civilizations extended their control over other peoples. This means that they expanded their territories and exerted influence over neighboring regions or conquered other societies. This is a common characteristic of ancient Egyptian, Hellenistic, and Roman civilizations, as they all sought to expand their power and dominance through military conquests and colonization.

Classical civilizations tended to control more territories and people. This statement is true because classical civilizations, such as the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty, expanded their territories through conquest and colonization. They established large empires that encompassed diverse regions and populations. In contrast, river valley civilizations, such as the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, were generally confined to the fertile river valleys where they originated and did not have the same level of territorial expansion.

The given answer states that fertile mountain valleys made farming easy, which is incorrect. Ancient Greek civilization was not heavily influenced by fertile mountain valleys for farming. Instead, the development of independent city-states due to mountains, deep natural harbors for trade, and the ideal defense method of a strong navy due to its location were significant factors in shaping Ancient Greek civilization.

The river valley civilizations played a crucial role in the development of Classical civilizations by establishing the foundations of political centralization. These early civilizations, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, developed complex systems of governance and administration that laid the groundwork for the centralized governments of later Classical civilizations. They introduced concepts like kingship, bureaucracy, and legal systems, which became integral to the political structures of future societies. This centralization of power allowed for more efficient governance, economic development, and social stability, which were essential factors in the growth and longevity of Classical civilizations.

Christianity succeeded in Rome when the powers there were against it because it taught about Jesus who was a real man, not mythological. It taught equality and mercy for the downtrodden of Rome, offering relevance and hope for life after death to even the lowest. However, it did not teach that the Bible would lead the Romans to salvation.

Eratosthenes is the correct answer because he was a Greek mathematician who not only showed that the Earth was round but also calculated its circumference. He conducted an experiment involving the measurement of shadows in different locations and used this data to estimate the Earth's size. His calculations were remarkably accurate for his time and his work laid the foundation for our understanding of the Earth's shape and size.

The Roman system of justice is considered a milestone because it served as a model for many later European legal systems. This means that the way the Romans approached justice and developed their legal system influenced and inspired the legal systems of many European countries that came after them. The Roman system provided a framework and set of principles that were adopted and adapted by other societies, contributing to the development of modern legal systems in Europe.