Ethics Final Exam Quiz Questions

The resolution of ethical dilemmas can involve various factors, including the law, debate, and principles. The law provides a framework for determining what is legally right or wrong. Debate allows for discussion and consideration of different perspectives and arguments, helping to find a balanced solution. Principles, such as ethical principles or moral values, guide individuals in making ethical decisions. Therefore, all of the above factors play a role in resolving ethical dilemmas.

In emergency cases, the priority of a doctor is to provide immediate medical treatment to the patient to stabilize their condition and save their life. The doctor should not delay treatment by reporting the condition to the police first. However, it is important to inform the police about the incident as soon as possible to ensure a proper investigation takes place. Therefore, the correct course of action is to treat the patient and then call the police.

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals acquire and internalize the norms, customs, values, beliefs, and attitudes of their society or culture. It is a lifelong process that starts from infancy and continues throughout one's life. Through socialization, individuals learn how to behave, interact with others, and adapt to the social and cultural expectations of their community. Therefore, the correct answer is "all the above" as socialization encompasses the inheritance and dissemination of norms and customs, the attainment of social and cultural continuity, as well as the transmission of values, beliefs, and attitudes.

Informed consent is the process of obtaining permission from a patient or their legal representative after providing them with all the necessary information about a medical procedure or treatment. However, in certain situations, it may not be possible to obtain informed consent. In emergencies, there may not be enough time to explain the risks and benefits of a procedure to the patient. In the case of an incompetent patient, such as someone with severe mental illness or cognitive impairment, they may not have the capacity to understand and make decisions about their own healthcare. Similarly, children are generally considered unable to provide informed consent due to their age and lack of understanding. Therefore, in all of these situations, informed consent cannot be obtained.

Efficiency is not considered a virtue because it is not inherently moral or ethical. While efficiency can be a desirable trait in certain contexts, such as in business or productivity, it does not encompass the same moral values as truth-telling, kindness, and honesty. Virtues are typically associated with qualities that promote goodness, fairness, and integrity, whereas efficiency is more focused on achieving goals or outcomes in the most effective and streamlined manner. Therefore, efficiency stands out as the exception among the listed virtues.

Nonmaleficence is the principle that emphasizes the importance of avoiding harm or causing any kind of intentional harm to others. It is based on the ethical duty to do no harm and to prioritize the well-being and safety of individuals. This principle guides healthcare professionals to act in a way that minimizes the risk of harm to patients and promotes their overall welfare. By adhering to the principle of nonmaleficence, healthcare providers strive to prevent harm and ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all of the options listed (fair, justice, equal, A+C) are related to the distribution of resources. Each option represents a different aspect or principle that can be considered when distributing resources, such as fairness, justice, equality, or a combination of these factors.

The Declaration of Tokyo was a set of guidelines established by the World Medical Association in 1975, specifically addressing the role and responsibilities of physicians in the investigation and treatment of torture victims. It emphasized the importance of doctors maintaining ethical standards and not participating in or condoning any form of torture. The declaration aimed to protect the rights and dignity of individuals and ensure that medical professionals prioritize the well-being of patients, even in challenging circumstances.

This statement aligns with the principles of deontology, which is a moral theory that focuses on the inherent duty or obligation to act ethically, regardless of the consequences or outcomes. Deontologists believe that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the adherence to moral rules and duties, rather than the outcomes or consequences of those actions. Therefore, this statement reflects the deontological perspective that individuals have a moral duty to do what is right, regardless of the outcome.

The interpersonal aspect is important because it can affect compliance, managing illness, malpractice suits, and the healing process. When there is a positive and effective interpersonal relationship between healthcare professionals and patients, it can lead to better compliance with treatment plans and medication regimens. It can also enhance the management of illness by improving communication and understanding between the healthcare provider and the patient. Additionally, a strong interpersonal aspect can help prevent malpractice suits by fostering trust and open communication. Lastly, a supportive and empathetic interpersonal relationship can contribute to the healing process by providing emotional support and a sense of well-being for the patient.

Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in medical practice that ensures patients have the right to make decisions about their own healthcare. It requires healthcare professionals to provide all necessary information about a procedure or treatment, including its risks and benefits, to the patient before obtaining their consent. However, in the case of an incapacitated patient who is unable to make decisions for themselves, obtaining their consent directly is not possible. In such situations, healthcare professionals may need to rely on other legal mechanisms, such as obtaining consent from a legal guardian or acting in the patient's best interests, as determined by medical ethics and the law.

Blaming is a communication style that occurs when somebody feels under stress. When individuals are stressed, they may resort to blaming others as a way to deflect responsibility or avoid confronting their own shortcomings. Blaming can create a hostile and negative environment, as it involves accusing and criticizing others rather than finding constructive solutions. This communication style often arises from a need to protect one's ego and can hinder effective problem-solving and collaboration.

The correct answer is Beneficence Theories. Beneficence is actually a principle in medical ethics, not a theory. Deontological theories focus on the duty to follow moral rules, teleological theories focus on the consequences of actions, and virtue theories focus on developing moral character.

The virtues are not formed by a perceived deficit. Virtues are typically developed through parental and social training, the influence of professionals, and one's personality. A perceived deficit refers to an individual's perception of lacking certain qualities or abilities, which may not necessarily contribute to the formation of virtues.

The declaration that focused on doctors consecrating their lives to the service of humanity is the World Medical Association's declaration in Geneva. This declaration emphasizes the importance of doctors dedicating themselves to the well-being and care of patients, highlighting the ethical responsibilities and principles that doctors should uphold in their practice. Geneva is a significant location for international discussions and agreements on medical ethics, making it a fitting choice for such a declaration.

The correct answer is A + B. This suggests that both ethics and simple honesty are required in order to avoid a constant struggle of intrigue in life. Ethics refers to a set of moral principles and values that guide one's behavior, while simple honesty implies being truthful and sincere in all actions. By combining these two qualities, individuals can navigate through life without getting caught up in deceitful or manipulative situations, leading to a more harmonious and fulfilling existence.

The correct answer is "Non of the above." This means that information can be disclosed in all the mentioned scenarios - when ordered by court, in the public interest, and for approved research purposes.

This question is asking for a pair that is mismatched, meaning that the two items in the pair do not go together or are not related. In this case, the pair "Sydney - Confidentiality" is mismatched because confidentiality is a principle that applies to all medical ethics, not just specific to Sydney.

The principal of justice includes being treated fairly, ensuring that actions are transparent and consistent, and eliminating discrimination. It also takes into consideration the greater good of society. Therefore, none of the options listed are excluded from the principal of justice.

Teleological ethics, also known as consequentialism, focuses on the consequences or outcomes of actions. It emphasizes that the morality of an action is determined by its end result. In contrast, deontological ethics, autonomy, and virtue ethics do not solely rely on the consequences of actions to determine their morality. Deontological ethics considers the inherent nature of an action, autonomy focuses on individual self-governance and decision-making, and virtue ethics emphasizes moral character and virtues. Therefore, teleological ethics is the only option that does not necessarily prioritize truth-telling as a moral principle.

The weakness of teleological theory mentioned in the answer is that it states one cannot predict the outcome of actions. This means that according to teleological theory, it is not possible to determine the consequences or results of our actions beforehand. This lack of predictability can make it difficult to make informed moral decisions and can lead to unexpected or undesirable outcomes.

The correct answer is "Double effect". The concept of double effect refers to the ethical principle that allows for the acceptance of certain actions that may have both good and bad effects, as long as the intention is primarily good. In the context of beneficence, double effect is not considered a constraint because it focuses on the intention behind the action rather than the outcome. The other options, such as treatment refusal, use of evidence-based medicine, and waiting lists, are all constraints on beneficence as they may limit or affect the provision of beneficial care to individuals.

The given statement "Teleological theories often help to resolve conflicts" is the correct answer because it is the only statement that is true. Teleological theories, also known as consequentialist theories, focus on the outcomes or consequences of actions. These theories aim to maximize overall happiness or utility and often consider the greater good in decision-making. In resolving conflicts, teleological theories can help by weighing the potential outcomes and choosing the action that leads to the most favorable consequences. The other statements are incorrect because consequentialism is not another name for deontological theories, deontology can help justify personal actions, and Freidson's view does not mention specific patterns of patient-doctor relationships.

This answer is correct because the factors listed in the options are all associated with decreased patient compliance, except for physician experience and older physician age. The perception of the physician as rejecting and unfriendly and an increased number of required behavioral changes can both negatively impact a patient's compliance with their treatment plan. However, physician experience and older physician age do not necessarily have a direct correlation with patient compliance.

The declaration of Venice included the duty of doctors to heal suffering, assist patients in maintaining optimal quality of life, and the recent declaration on terminal illness. However, it did not explicitly mention the right to medical care of good quality.

Breaking the Hippocratic Oath refers to the act of violating the ethical principles and standards that physicians are expected to uphold. It is synonymous with malpractice, which involves negligence, incompetence, or misconduct in the practice of medicine. Breaking the Hippocratic Oath does not necessarily result in losing the right to practice medicine always, as consequences may vary depending on the severity of the violation and legal regulations.

Informed consent is not taken solely because it reflects respect for autonomy legally. It is an ethical principle that requires healthcare providers to inform patients about their medical condition, treatment options, risks, and benefits, allowing them to make an autonomous and informed decision. This respect for autonomy goes beyond legal obligations and is a fundamental aspect of patient-centered care.