Hum1020 Midterm Exam- You Have 1hr20mins...

The correct answer is "The Crusades." The term "The Crusades" refers to the series of military expeditions that took place between 1095 and 1291, in which Christians from Europe traveled to the Holy Land in an attempt to reclaim it from Muslim control. These expeditions were motivated by religious, political, and economic factors, and had a significant impact on both Europe and the Middle East.

The Roman Republic was known for its policy of allowing local governments and customs to thrive within its territories. This was done to maintain stability and ensure the loyalty of conquered regions. The Romans believed in incorporating local traditions and institutions, which helped them to effectively govern a vast empire. This tolerance of local governments and customs contributed to the longevity and success of the Roman Republic.

Medieval universities primarily focused on subjects related to theology, philosophy, and the liberal arts. Politics, on the other hand, was not a subject commonly taught in medieval universities. The curriculum in medieval universities was heavily influenced by the Catholic Church, and political studies were not considered essential for the education of clergy or scholars during that time. Therefore, politics is the correct answer as it was not a subject included in the basic curriculum taught in medieval universities.

The Hadith are indeed the revelations that came to Muhammad and were memorized and recorded by his followers. They consist of the sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad and provide guidance for Muslims on various aspects of life. These teachings were passed down through generations and compiled into collections by scholars. The Hadith serve as an important source of Islamic law and ethics, alongside the Quran.

Charlemagne put monks in charge to oversee the educational program during the Carolingian Renaissance. Monks were chosen for their dedication to learning and their ability to copy and preserve classical texts. They played a crucial role in spreading knowledge and ensuring the preservation of important works from the classical period.

During the medieval period, the Catholic church practiced the sale of indulgences, which were essentially certificates that granted forgiveness for sins. These indulgences were often obtained through monetary donations to the church. While the practice of selling indulgences has been largely abolished, it is historically accurate to say that the Catholic church did accept money in exchange for forgiveness of sins.

Concrete was not a technological advancement discovered during the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, or Neolithic periods. The invention of concrete is attributed to the ancient Romans, who developed a mixture of lime, volcanic ash, and water to create a durable building material. The Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods predate the Roman civilization and were characterized by the development of stone tools, the use of fire, the domestication of animals, and the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Concrete was not yet invented during these periods.

The correct answer is Japanese aristocrats. The question asks about the culture explored in the first novel written by Murasaki Shikibu around 1004. Murasaki Shikibu was a Japanese author and her most famous work, "The Tale of Genji," is considered the world's first novel. It delves into the lives and experiences of Japanese aristocrats during the Heian period, providing insights into their culture, customs, and relationships.

The early Roman Empire was influenced by three main cultures: Greeks, Etruscans, and Phoenicians. The Greeks had a significant impact on Roman art, literature, and philosophy, while the Etruscans influenced Roman architecture and religion. The Phoenicians, a maritime civilization, played a role in Roman trade and commerce. These three cultures collectively contributed to shaping the early Roman Empire.

The correct answer is Edict of Milan. This answer is supported by historical facts. The Edict of Milan was issued by Emperor Constantine in 313 CE, and it granted religious tolerance to Christians, effectively ending the persecution of Christians and allowing Christianity to be practiced openly. Prior to this edict, Christianity was indeed forbidden and Christians faced persecution and oppression. The other options listed in the question, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, Exodus of Nazareth, and Nicene Creed, are not relevant to the question and do not provide a logical explanation for the statement.

Gregorian Chant, a type of religious song from the early Medieval period, includes monophonic voices singing. This means that the chant is performed by a single voice or a group of voices singing in unison, without any harmonies or accompanying instruments. The focus is on the melodic line and the words being sung, creating a simple and pure sound that is often associated with spiritual and contemplative music.

The correct answer is Dialectical Method. The dialectical method is a technique used by Socrates, where he engages in a conversation with someone to probe their beliefs and assumptions, ultimately leading them to question and examine their own ideas. It involves a back-and-forth discussion that challenges and tests the validity of arguments, with the goal of arriving at a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This method is known for its emphasis on critical thinking and the pursuit of truth through logical reasoning and questioning.

The Magna Carta, signed in England in 1215, ensured the important human right of trial by jury. This meant that individuals accused of a crime had the right to be judged by a group of their peers, rather than being subject to the arbitrary decisions of a single ruler or authority. The Magna Carta laid the foundation for the legal system and the principle of due process, ensuring that individuals had the right to a fair trial and protection against unjust imprisonment or punishment.

Alexander the Great was not a ruler of the Roman Empire because he was the king of Macedonia and his empire, known as the Hellenistic Empire, was separate from the Roman Empire. Although Alexander's conquests greatly influenced the Roman Empire, he never ruled over it. The Roman Empire was established after the fall of the Roman Republic, and its rulers included Julius Caesar, Octavian (who became the first emperor Augustus), and Marcus Aurelius, among others.

During the Renaissance, there was a strong focus on humanism, arts, and intellectual pursuits. The Renaissance spirit emphasized curiosity, a thirst for knowledge, and a revival of ancient Greek and Roman values. Self-conscious individualism was also a key aspect, as individuals sought to express their unique identities and talents. However, imperial expansion and nationalism were not central to the Renaissance spirit. Instead, the Renaissance was more focused on individual achievement and cultural development rather than political and territorial expansion.

The medieval motet included polyphonic singing, which means that multiple voices or melodic lines were sung simultaneously. This was a distinctive feature of the motet genre, as it allowed for complex harmonies and interactions between the different voices. Monophonic singing refers to a single melodic line, which was not characteristic of the motet. While the inclusion of secular lyrics was common in the motet, it was not a defining attribute. The presence of female singers was not specifically mentioned as a requirement for the motet. Therefore, the correct answer is polyphonic singing.

Monasticism is a religious practice that involves living in a monastery or a secluded community. The goal of monasticism is not to achieve "nirvana," but rather to pursue spiritual growth and enlightenment through prayer, contemplation, and self-discipline. While meditation is often a part of monastic life, it is not the sole focus or goal. Monastics do avoid the hustle and bustle of urban environments, as they seek solitude and simplicity. They also place a high importance on education and the preservation of classical texts, as they value intellectual and spiritual development. However, there is no evidence to suggest that monastics compare all women to Eve and deny them authority.

In Dante's "Divine Comedy," he believes that traitors deserve the worst punishment. This can be seen in the ninth and final circle of Hell, where traitors are frozen in a lake of ice called Cocytus. Dante views betrayal as the ultimate sin, as it involves a violation of trust and loyalty. He considers traitors to be the most despicable and deserving of the harshest retribution in the afterlife.

Gothic cathedrals did not use shorter and more ornamented spires. Gothic architecture is characterized by tall and slender spires that reach towards the heavens. These spires were designed to create a sense of verticality and to draw the eye upwards. They were often decorated with intricate details and sculptures, but the emphasis was on height rather than ornamentation. This architectural style also incorporated flying buttresses, pointed arches, and extremely vibrant and colorful stained glass to achieve its distinctive look.

The book of Job offers an explanation to the question "why do good humans suffer?" In the story, Job, a righteous and blameless man, suffers greatly despite his innocence. The book explores the concept of suffering and raises questions about God's justice and the nature of human suffering. Through Job's experiences and conversations with his friends, the book delves into the complexities of suffering and ultimately offers insights into the human condition and the role of suffering in the divine plan.

During the period of Pax Romana, there was a significant focus on infrastructure development and public works. The construction of aqueducts, fountains, and roads was a prominent feature of this time. These public works projects were aimed at improving the quality of life for the Roman citizens and ensuring the efficient functioning of the empire. The construction of aqueducts provided a reliable water supply, while fountains beautified public spaces. The development of roads facilitated trade, communication, and the movement of the Roman army. These public works projects were a testament to the wealth, power, and stability of the Roman Empire during the Pax Romana.

The "Aeneid" was not created by the Ancient Greeks. It is an epic poem written by the Roman poet Virgil. The Ancient Greeks were known for their contributions to literature, philosophy, and theater, but the "Aeneid" is a work of Roman literature.

Engagement is not considered one of the seven sacraments in Christianity. The seven sacraments recognized by most Christian denominations are Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. Engagement, which refers to the formal agreement to marry, is not considered a sacrament in Christian theology. While marriage is considered a sacrament, the engagement period itself is not typically regarded as a religious sacrament.

The Qin dynasty standardized various aspects of Chinese society, including the system of weights and measures, axle width, and coinage. However, they did not standardize military formations. This means that different regions and armies within the Qin dynasty may have used different formations and tactics in warfare.

Mysticism can be described as seeking truths beyond human understanding by meditation or deep thought. This definition aligns with the concept of mysticism as a spiritual practice that involves exploring and experiencing a deeper reality or higher truth through introspection, contemplation, and connection with the divine. It emphasizes the idea of going beyond the limitations of human comprehension and seeking a deeper understanding of the universe and one's place in it.

The correct answer is balance, harmony, simplicity, symmetry. These are considered to be the key aesthetic values in Ancient Greek culture. Greek art and architecture aimed to achieve a sense of balance and harmony in their compositions, often employing symmetry to create a pleasing visual effect. Simplicity was also highly valued, with a focus on clean lines and minimal ornamentation. These aesthetic values reflected the Greek belief in the importance of order and balance in all aspects of life.

The "case law" approach of the Roman Empire was not unique because it did not focus on the individual. In fact, the Roman legal system placed a great emphasis on the individual and their specific circumstances. The principle of "the letter of the law is greater than the spirit of the law" was not followed in Roman law, as they prioritized the intent and purpose behind the law rather than just the literal interpretation. Therefore, the given answer is false.