Comm 118 Exam 2 Practice Test

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1. 16-year-old John is looking at two pictures. Picture A is of a zombie cartoon and Picture B is of an actor dressed as a zombie. Why would Picture B (actor) be more frightening to John?

Explanation

The question asks why Picture B (actor dressed as a zombie) would be more frightening to John. The correct answer explains that the more similar a stimulus is to a real-life situation, the more it will influence us. In this case, the actor dressed as a zombie closely resembles a real-life situation of encountering a zombie, making it more frightening to John compared to the cartoon zombie in Picture A, which is less similar to a real-life situation.

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2.   Mark watched a new film and thought the movie was fun but did not think it contained a lesson; he wants to watch the movie again. Alex watched a new film and thought the movie had inner beauty, courage, and a lesson; he does not want to watch the movie again. Which statement is most likely true?

Explanation

The given answer suggests that Mark enjoyed the film because he found it fun, while Alex appreciated the film because he believed it had inner beauty, courage, and a lesson. This implies that both Mark and Alex had positive experiences with the movie, but in different ways. Therefore, the statement "Mark enjoyed the film and Alex appreciated the film" is most likely true.

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3.  Kelly is watching Prison Break, and sees her favorite character, Michael Scoffield is being brutally beaten by another prison inmate. She feels for him and hopes he is okay because he is her favorite character and she wants him to do good. This is an example of...

Explanation

Affective Disposition Theory suggests that people form emotional attachments to fictional characters, and these attachments can influence their emotions and reactions towards the characters' experiences. In this scenario, Kelly's emotional response to Michael Scoffield being beaten demonstrates her emotional attachment to him as her favorite character. Her concern for his well-being and desire for him to do well align with the principles of Affective Disposition Theory.

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4.  Joe is a 4 year old child who loves spending time watching TV and playing on his mom's iPad and cell phone. Joe seems to have a hard time deciding what is fantasy and what is reality. What stage of cognitive development does Joe fit into?

Explanation

Joe's difficulty in distinguishing between fantasy and reality suggests that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. In this stage, children typically have limited logical thinking abilities and struggle with understanding abstract concepts. They often rely on their imagination and have difficulty understanding that things on TV or electronic devices are not real. This stage is characterized by egocentrism and a lack of conservation skills.

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5. Bob is rooting for the Giants to win. They've been neck and neck with the Eagles for the entire second half of the game, with each team scoring back to back. With 50 seconds left, the score is Giants 35, Eagles 41. In the last few seconds the Giants score a touchdown and make the extra point for a victory. Bob should now be undergoing:

Explanation

Bob should now be undergoing positive heightened arousal because his team, the Giants, scored a touchdown and made the extra point for a victory in the last few seconds of the game. This would likely cause Bob to feel excited, elated, and energized, leading to a state of positive heightened arousal.

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6. What is the name of the government agency that is in charge of censoring content on TV?

Explanation

The correct answer is FCC. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the government agency responsible for regulating and censoring content on TV. They enforce rules and guidelines to ensure that the content broadcasted on television adheres to certain standards, such as obscenity, indecency, and profanity. The FCC also handles other aspects of communication, including radio, internet, and telephone services.

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7. As I watch "The Walking Dead," one of my favorite characters, Rick, is being attacked by zombies. I am scared for him hope he is alright. This is an example of...

Explanation

This scenario exemplifies the Affective Disposition Theory, which suggests that individuals can develop emotional connections and attachments to fictional characters. In this case, the person watching "The Walking Dead" is experiencing fear and concern for the character Rick as he is being attacked by zombies. This emotional response is a result of the viewer's affective disposition towards Rick, indicating the influence of the Affective Disposition Theory.

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8. Jenny and Whitney are watching a scary movie. The murderer has just come in and shot the babysitter; both girls scream and their hearts are now racing. A couple moments later, they hear the front door open and scream in terror. Their emotions are heightened and they are even more scared than they would be on any normal night. Why does this occur?

Explanation

Excitation transfer occurs when the arousal from one stimulus is transferred and added to the arousal from another stimulus, intensifying the emotional response. In this scenario, the heightened emotions from watching the scary movie, specifically the shock of the babysitter being shot, are transferred and added to the arousal caused by hearing the front door open. This intensifies their fear and makes them even more scared than they would be on a normal night.

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9.  A large group of people are asked a series of detailed, specific, in-depth questions regarding the type of media they consume on a daily basis. This is an example of what type of research method?

Explanation

The given scenario describes a research method where a large group of people are asked detailed, specific, in-depth questions about their media consumption on a daily basis. This method is known as a survey. Surveys are commonly used to gather data from a large sample size and obtain information about people's opinions, behaviors, or characteristics. In this case, the survey is being used to collect data on the type of media consumed by individuals.

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10. Roger plays a lot of violent video games. He doesn't think the video games make him more violent, but he is worried that they might make other people more violent. Roger being worried that the games have more of an effect on others is called what?

Explanation

The correct answer is "third person effect." The third person effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals believe that media influences others more than it influences themselves. In this case, Roger believes that violent video games may make other people more violent, but not himself. This demonstrates the third person effect as he perceives a differential impact of the games on others compared to himself.

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11. On a hot summer day, you see a man wearing sunglasses and eating an ice cream cone. The relationship of these two products is:

Explanation

The relationship between the man wearing sunglasses and eating an ice cream cone is a correlation. This means that there is a statistical relationship or association between these two variables. It does not imply causation, where one variable directly causes the other. In this case, the correlation suggests that there may be a tendency for people to wear sunglasses while eating ice cream on hot summer days, but it does not indicate that one action causes the other.

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12. Which stage of cognitive development best describes a child (age three) who has difficulty understanding character transformations in the media, such as Peter Parker's transformation into Spider Man?

Explanation

The preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget's theory, is characterized by egocentrism and a lack of understanding of conservation and reversibility. Children in this stage have difficulty understanding abstract concepts and may struggle with transformations, such as character transformations in the media. Therefore, a child (age three) who has difficulty understanding character transformations in the media is best described by the preoperational stage of cognitive development.

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13. While watching Gossip Girl, I am reminded of my days in high school. Blaire Waldorf is comparable to some of my friends and I feel like Blaire and I are best friends. Why is this?

Explanation

Parasocial relationships refer to one-sided relationships where an individual forms an emotional connection with a media character, such as Blaire Waldorf from Gossip Girl. This connection is often driven by a sense of familiarity and identification, where the viewer sees similarities between themselves and the character. In this case, the person watching Gossip Girl may feel a strong connection to Blaire and perceive her as a best friend due to shared experiences or personality traits. This phenomenon is common and can provide a sense of companionship and comfort, even though it is not a real relationship.

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14. Johnny, a seven year old child, watches a PG-13 television show with massive amounts of violence. The next day in school, he sees some of his classmates beating up on one of the smaller boys. However, Johnny does not seem to be terribly bothered by the bullying, and does not run to tell the teacher about what is going on. How come?

Explanation

Johnny's lack of reaction to the bullying can be attributed to desensitization. By watching a television show with massive amounts of violence, Johnny may have become accustomed to seeing aggressive behavior, which in turn has reduced his emotional response to witnessing bullying. Desensitization can lead to a diminished sense of empathy and concern for others, making it less likely for Johnny to be bothered by the bullying or feel the need to report it to the teacher.

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15. Jake is ten years old. He demostrates clear logical and concrete reasoning when faced with day to day situations. He is less egocentric and more aware of external events than he was five years ago. What stage of cognitive development is Jake currently in?

Explanation

Based on the given information, Jake is currently in the Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11, which aligns with Jake's age of ten. In this stage, children demonstrate logical and concrete reasoning abilities, as well as a decrease in egocentrism and an increased awareness of external events. Therefore, the Concrete Operational stage is the most appropriate stage for Jake's current cognitive development.

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16. Which of the following is a component of desensitization?

Explanation

Classic conditioning is a component of desensitization because it involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the response, causing the response to occur even in the absence of the original stimulus. In the context of desensitization, classic conditioning is used to gradually expose individuals to a feared or anxiety-provoking stimulus in a controlled and safe manner, with the goal of reducing their fear or anxiety response.

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17.  The cartoon version of a Spiderman villain, the Green Goblin was played by an actual character in the 2002 Spiderman movie, according to stimulus generalization…

Explanation

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18.  Lisa loves the Hunger Games movies. In the movies, each district sends one boy and girl to the Capitol to participate in the Games. At the Games, these "Tributes" fight to the death. Lisa knows that a society like this is impossible, but she is willing to go along with it. This acceptance of far-fetched ideas is explained by what theory?

Explanation

The correct answer is Suspension of Disbelief. Suspension of disbelief is a theory that explains how individuals are able to temporarily set aside their skepticism and accept fictional or fantastical elements in a story or entertainment medium. In this case, Lisa's acceptance of the far-fetched idea of a society like the one portrayed in the Hunger Games movies demonstrates her ability to suspend her disbelief and immerse herself in the story.

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19. Sam watched two movies: one about ruthless aliens attacking and obliterating another faraway planet, and one about a series of burglaries and kidnappings in a rural Pennsylvania town. He thought the movie about Pennsylvania was much scarier. What theory is a possible explanation for this?

Explanation

Stimulus Generalization is a possible explanation for Sam finding the movie about Pennsylvania scarier. This theory suggests that individuals can generalize their emotional responses from one stimulus to similar stimuli. In this case, Sam may have associated the burglaries and kidnappings in the movie with real-life crime and danger, making it more frightening for him. The concept of stimulus generalization implies that past experiences and associations can influence our emotional reactions to similar situations.

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20. Which of the following does a child NOT experience during the Preoporational stage of development?

Explanation

During the Preoperational stage of development, children do not fully develop empathy. This stage, according to Piaget's theory, occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. During this stage, children are egocentric, meaning they struggle to understand others' perspectives and often only see things from their own point of view. They also experience centration, which is the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore others. Additionally, they have difficulty understanding transformations, such as the concept of conservation. However, empathy, which involves understanding and sharing the feelings of others, is not fully developed until later stages of development.

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21. According to George Gerbner,

Explanation

Consumption of media over time can alter perceptions of reality because George Gerbner believed that exposure to media content shapes our understanding of the world. He argued that repeated exposure to certain messages, themes, and portrayals in media can influence our beliefs, values, and attitudes. This concept is known as cultivation theory, which suggests that heavy media consumption can lead to a distorted view of reality, as individuals may start to perceive the world in line with the dominant narratives and representations depicted in media.

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22. Name the scholar who is responsible for the excitation transfer process?

Explanation

Zillmann is the correct answer because he is the scholar who is responsible for the excitation transfer process. The excitation transfer process refers to the transfer of arousal from one stimulus to another, which can influence emotional responses and behavior. Zillmann's research and theories have greatly contributed to our understanding of this process and its effects on individuals.

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23. What is the difference between a survey and a poll

Explanation

A survey is a research method used to collect data from a specific group of people in order to gather detailed information and insights on a particular topic. It often involves a larger sample size and includes a wide range of questions to explore the subject matter thoroughly. On the other hand, a poll is a simpler and more concise method that typically involves asking a smaller group of people a limited number of questions to gauge their opinions or preferences on a specific issue. Therefore, the answer stating that a survey is more in-depth and detailed than a poll is correct.

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24. Researchers examine whether young children are more scared of a fantasy animated scary sea monster or a fictional scenario of someone getting caught in a tornado in a movie. Results showed that younger children were more afraid of the sea monsters despite the fact that getting caught in a tornado is more realistic due to:

Explanation

The correct answer is social cognitive development. This refers to the cognitive processes that individuals use to understand and interpret social situations and behaviors. In this case, younger children may be more afraid of the sea monsters because they have not yet fully developed their cognitive abilities to differentiate between fantasy and reality. They may have difficulty understanding that getting caught in a tornado is a more realistic threat compared to a fantasy sea monster.

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25. Harry is conducting an experiment on rats to see how their bodies react to butter vs. margarine. The first set of rats is fed butter, the second group is fed margarine, and the third group is fed nothing. The third group can be identified as the _________.

Explanation

The third group can be identified as the control group. In an experiment, the control group is a group that is not exposed to the independent variable (in this case, butter or margarine) and is used as a baseline for comparison. By not feeding the third group anything, Harry can compare the effects of butter and margarine on the other two groups to the natural state of the rats in the control group. This helps to determine if any observed effects are due to the independent variable or other factors.

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26. Kelly is interested in media effects research. She wants to examine the violence in a television show to gage its effects on viewers. She has decided to numerically describe the content of American Horror Story. Kelly's method is an example of a(n)

Explanation

Kelly's method of numerically describing the content of American Horror Story to examine its effects on viewers is an example of content analysis. Content analysis involves systematically analyzing and quantifying the content of media, such as television shows, to gain insights into its characteristics, themes, or effects. In this case, Kelly is specifically interested in examining the violence in the show and its impact on viewers, which aligns with the purpose of content analysis.

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27. When Janey's brothers forced her to watch a scary movie with them one night, she stayed up all night with a fast heart rate, she found herself looking all over her bedroom spastically, and she had the chills. What was happening to Janey that night?

Explanation

Janey was experiencing physiological reactions. The symptoms mentioned, such as a fast heart rate, looking all over her bedroom spastically, and having the chills, are all physical responses to fear or anxiety. These reactions are commonly associated with the body's fight-or-flight response, which is triggered in stressful or threatening situations. In this case, Janey's body was reacting to the scary movie and the fear it induced, causing these physiological responses.

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28. Ann is reading a magazine when she notices that her favorite female celebrity is in an ad that puts an emphasis on her obsession with shopping. Ann is disappointed that the magazine has placed the celebrity in this role. What is this ad an example of?

Explanation

This ad is an example of gender-based stereotypes because it portrays the female celebrity as being obsessed with shopping, which reinforces the stereotype that women are materialistic and overly concerned with their appearance.

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29. The film Silver Linings Playbook was a box office success since it had hints of comedy and overall shared a positive message of perseverance. Additionally, the film had award success for its superior acting, production, and screenplay. Therefore, Silver Linings Playbook exhibits:

Explanation

The film Silver Linings Playbook exhibits both enjoyment and appreciation. It was a box office success due to its comedic elements and positive message of perseverance, which made it enjoyable for audiences. Additionally, the film received awards for its superior acting, production, and screenplay, indicating that it was also appreciated by critics and industry professionals.

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30. What is the name of the model Anderson and Bushman created to explain people's reactions to violent media?

Explanation

The correct answer is the General Affective Aggression Model (GAAM). This model was created by Anderson and Bushman to explain people's reactions to violent media. The GAAM suggests that exposure to violent media increases aggressive thoughts, emotions, and physiological arousal, which in turn increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior. It also takes into account individual differences and situational factors that may influence the relationship between media violence and aggression.

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31. Growing up, my brother had issues dealing with horror and violence in media. In order to allow him to cope with this we had to go through the process of _______ to desensitize him.

Explanation

In order to help my brother cope with his issues with horror and violence in media, we had to go through the process of counter conditioning. This involves exposing him gradually to these types of content in a controlled and safe environment, while pairing it with positive experiences or relaxation techniques. The goal is to change his negative emotional response to these stimuli and replace it with a more positive or neutral one. Through repeated exposure and conditioning, he can become desensitized to the fear or distress that these media portray.

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32. What does PENS stand for?

Explanation

The acronym PENS stands for Player Experience of Need Satisfaction. This suggests that it refers to the overall satisfaction and fulfillment of needs experienced by a player. It implies that the player's needs are being met in a satisfactory manner, leading to a positive experience.

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33. Which of the following is a characteristic of mood?

Explanation

The characteristic of mood is that it is long-lasting, usually determined by valence (positive or negative), and does not have an identifiable target.

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34. On the big day that his favorite sports team played the most important game of the season, David was extremely pumped up. The arousal that he felt as the game progressed only seemed to increase. The game was a close one, but his favorite team won which called for a celebration. He then went out with his friends to the bar to celebrate the win. He carried the excitement that he felt about the victory with him when he went out with his friends and had one of the best nights of his life. What theory did David exhibit?

Explanation

David exhibited the theory of Excitement Transfer. This theory suggests that the excitement or arousal felt in one situation can transfer or carry over to another situation. In this case, David's excitement from his favorite team winning the game transferred to his night out with friends, making it one of the best nights of his life.

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35.  As of late February, Janie notices that people around her are talking about how video games are making children her age more violent. Her teachers are starting to say that the children who enact in rough and tumble play on the playground are mimicking the video games that they play at home. She has even heard some celebrities on the news as her parents watch television who think that video games as a whole are making people more violent. What are these teachers and professionals displaying?

Explanation

The teachers and professionals are displaying moral panic. This is evident from their belief that video games are making children more violent and their concern about the impact of video games on society. Moral panic refers to a widespread fear or concern that emerges in a society over a perceived threat to its social order or values. In this case, the teachers and professionals are reacting to the perceived threat of video games causing violence in children, which is a characteristic of moral panic.

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36.   Ally has just gotten started with a new video game that really captures her attention. She can stay on the console playing for hours! She has just enough skill to complete the challenges presented to her. What would you call this phenomenon?

Explanation

Flow refers to a state of complete immersion and focus in an activity where one experiences a sense of energized focus, enjoyment, and fulfillment. In this scenario, Ally's deep engagement and ability to stay on the console playing for hours suggest that she is experiencing flow while playing the video game. She is fully absorbed in the challenges presented to her and has just enough skill to meet them, leading to a heightened sense of satisfaction and enjoyment.

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37. Jill, a 4 year old, is watching a comedy about losing a job on TV. She enjoys watching because of all the laughing, but does not comprehend the perspectives of what these people are going through, because she has yet to experience it herself. What part of the preoperational stage would this describe?

Explanation

Egocentrism is the correct answer because it refers to the tendency of young children to only see the world from their own perspective and struggle to understand the viewpoints of others. In this scenario, Jill is enjoying the comedy because of the laughter, but she is not able to comprehend the perspectives of the characters who are losing their jobs because she has yet to experience that herself. This inability to understand the experiences and perspectives of others is a characteristic of egocentrism in the preoperational stage of cognitive development.

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38. The dimensional approach to understanding emotions includes which two factors?

Explanation

The dimensional approach to understanding emotions focuses on two factors: arousal and valence. Arousal refers to the intensity or activation level of an emotion, while valence refers to the positive or negative nature of the emotion. This approach suggests that emotions can be categorized based on these two dimensions, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of emotional experiences.

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39. A girl watching the movie Frozen really connects with the main character Anna. She feels as though she is just as adventurous, determined, and caring as Anna. By feeling a lot like Anna from Frozen, the girl is experiencing:

Explanation

Identification refers to the psychological process through which an individual relates to and empathizes with a fictional character, often projecting their own experiences, emotions, and qualities onto that character. In this case, the girl watching Frozen connects with the main character Anna, feeling that she shares similar traits and qualities with her. This identification allows the girl to emotionally engage with the character and feel a sense of connection and relatability.

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40. What stage of cognitive development does the child start to become more aware of external events and demonstrates logical and concrete reasoning?

Explanation

The child starts to become more aware of external events and demonstrates logical and concrete reasoning during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11. During this stage, children are able to think logically and understand cause and effect relationships. They can also perform mental operations and solve problems using concrete objects or events. They are no longer limited to thinking in purely concrete terms, but they have not yet reached the stage of formal operational thinking, which involves abstract reasoning.

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41. Ryan watches a baseball game between the Yankees and the Mets. When the Yankees win, Ryan is in a very bad mood because he does not like them. What theory does this portray?

Explanation

The given scenario demonstrates the Affective Disposition Theory. This theory suggests that an individual's pre-existing feelings or attitudes towards a particular stimulus, such as a sports team, can influence their emotional response to events related to that stimulus. In this case, Ryan's negative disposition towards the Yankees leads to his bad mood when they win the baseball game.

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42. Children are able to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. And become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them. What stage of cognitive development is?

Explanation

The stage of cognitive development described in the question is the formal operational stage. This stage is characterized by the ability to use deductive reasoning and think abstractly. Individuals in this stage can consider multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world.

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43. Characteristics of moods consist of:

Explanation

The characteristics of moods consist of no identifiable target, long lasting, and usually determined by valence. These characteristics are represented by options A, B, and D. Option C, which states that moods are usually higher arousal, is incorrect as moods can vary in arousal levels.

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44.  Susie had a hard day at work. A major deal with a client fell through and her boss yelled at her as a result. Susie is very disappointed in herself and is extremely stressed. To counter her horrible day, Susie resorts to watching puppy videos the rest of the night to put her in a better mood. This is an example of:

Explanation

Mood Management Theory suggests that individuals engage in certain activities, such as watching puppy videos, to regulate and improve their mood. In this case, Susie is using the puppy videos as a way to counter her negative emotions and stress from her hard day at work. By watching these videos, she hopes to elevate her mood and feel better. This aligns with the concept of Mood Management Theory, making it the correct answer.

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45. Which theory proposed viewing violent media would help people purge their will to commit to violent acts, but then later on was debunked because it does not in fact work? 

Explanation

The theory of catharsis proposed that viewing violent media would help people release or purge their aggressive impulses, thereby reducing the likelihood of committing violent acts. However, this theory has been debunked because research has shown that instead of reducing aggression, exposure to violent media actually increases aggressive behavior in individuals. Therefore, catharsis is not an effective method for managing or reducing violent tendencies.

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46. The movie "Jersey Girl" is a movie about a little girl and her father that grow up in the city after her mother died at childbirth. The show begins with the childbirth/death of the mother and ends with a happy ending (the girl and her father are closer than ever, etc). This is a prime example of:

Explanation

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47. According to the theory of Cultivation; Which of these statements is true?

Explanation

Long term exposure to media can shape our perceptions of reality. This is in line with the theory of Cultivation, which suggests that prolonged exposure to media content can gradually influence our beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about the world. This theory argues that the more we are exposed to certain messages and representations in the media, the more likely we are to accept them as accurate reflections of reality. Over time, this can lead to a cultivation effect, where our perceptions align more closely with the media content we consume.

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48. What concept says that pleasant media depictions should cause people to feel happier; and unpleasant media or disagreeable media depictions should sour the mood?

Explanation

Hedonic valence is the concept that suggests that pleasant media depictions should cause people to feel happier, while unpleasant or disagreeable media depictions should sour the mood. It refers to the emotional response that individuals have towards different stimuli, in this case, media content. The term "hedonic" relates to pleasure or happiness, and "valence" refers to the positive or negative nature of an emotional experience. Therefore, hedonic valence is the appropriate concept that explains the given statement.

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49. Bob says " I feel happy today" This is what characteristic of emotions?

Explanation

The given answer, "Subjective feeling state," is the correct choice because it accurately describes Bob's statement as an expression of his personal emotions. Emotions are subjective experiences that individuals feel internally, and Bob's statement reflects his own subjective feeling of happiness. This characteristic of emotions relates to the internal and personal nature of emotional experiences.

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50. Out of these theories, which one has faced the hardest criticism?

Explanation

Catharsis theory has faced the hardest criticism among the given options. This theory suggests that engaging in violent or aggressive behavior can release built-up tension and reduce the likelihood of further aggression. However, critics argue that there is insufficient evidence to support this theory and that it may even have harmful effects by normalizing violence. Additionally, some studies have shown that exposure to violent media can actually increase aggressive behavior rather than reducing it. Therefore, the criticism against catharsis theory is strong, making it the most heavily criticized theory among the options provided.

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51. There is a Player Experience of Need Satisfaction scale (PENS). If I found the relationships I formed in the game important, which part of the PENS scale am I on?

Explanation

If you find the relationships you formed in the game important, you are on the "Relatedness" part of the PENS scale. This scale measures the satisfaction of psychological needs in a game, and "Relatedness" refers to the need for social connection and a sense of belonging. It indicates that you value the relationships you have formed within the game and find them significant for your overall player experience.

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52. Emily not only watches a lot of scary and violent movies but also watches news that usually relates to things such as robberies, murders, and sexual violence. Because of this overwhelming exposure to the most dangerous things in todays society she is very skeptical about the town she lives in. She thinks that she is likely to be assaulted and makes sure to lock everything every time she leaves the house in case someone decides to rob the house. Emily is mostly demonstrating what concept?

Explanation

Mean World Syndrome refers to the perception that the world is a dangerous and violent place, primarily influenced by media exposure to violence. Emily's excessive consumption of scary and violent movies, as well as news about crimes and violence, has led her to develop a skeptical and fearful view of her town and a belief that she is likely to be assaulted. This aligns with the concept of Mean World Syndrome, making it the correct answer.

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53. Derek has been known to be an aggressive child throughout his life. His mother bought him a very action packed video game that includes boxing along with some violence. She believe that this will help Derek release some of his aggression so it won't be taken out on his friends and family anymore. What concept from class is Derek's mom following?

Explanation

Derek's mom is following the concept of catharsis. Catharsis refers to the release of pent-up emotions or aggression through a medium, such as playing a violent video game in this case. Derek's mom believes that by engaging in the aggressive gameplay, Derek can release his aggression in a controlled and non-harmful way, preventing him from taking it out on his friends and family.

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54. Identify the independent (IV) and dependent (DV) variables in the following experiment:  Ashley wants to see if the use of fertilizer in a plant's soil will make it grow bigger.

Explanation

The correct answer is IV is the measured amount of fertilizer put in the soil, DV is the measured growth of the plant. In this experiment, the independent variable is the amount of fertilizer put in the soil. This is the variable that is being manipulated or changed by the researcher. The dependent variable is the measured growth of the plant. This is the variable that is being observed or measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

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55. Which of the following is not a component of the Player Experience of Need Satisfaction scale?

Explanation

The Player Experience of Need Satisfaction scale measures the extent to which players feel their psychological needs are being satisfied in a gaming context. Competency, Insight, and Relatedness are all components of this scale, as they represent different aspects of need satisfaction. However, Agency is not a component of the scale. Agency refers to the sense of control or autonomy that individuals feel in their actions and decisions. While agency can be important for player experience, it is not specifically included as a component in this scale.

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56. During a study trying to determine how much the type of media we consume affects our mood, researchers looked at the effects of showing a sad versus a happy movie. Half of the participants of the study were asked to sit through a movie that had an overall happy theme, and likewise the other half of the participants were asked to watch a movie with an overall negative/sad feel. At the end of the movie both groups of participants were given a sheet that asked the same questions regarding their sentiments not about the movie, but about how they felt in general at that point in time. What kind of research method was demonstrated by this process?

Explanation

The given scenario demonstrates an experiment as a research method. The researchers manipulated the independent variable, which was the type of movie shown (happy versus sad), and measured its effects on the participants' mood or sentiments. They divided the participants into two groups, ensuring that each group was exposed to a different condition. By comparing the responses of the participants after watching the movies, the researchers were able to draw conclusions about how the type of media consumed affects our mood.

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57. A child is traumatized by the movie Mac and Me, in order to help the child get over this problem, the child's mother does not bring the subject up and often changes the topic if it is brought up. What type of strategy is this?

Explanation

The mother's strategy of not bringing up the subject and changing the topic if it is brought up is a non-cognitive strategy. This is because it does not involve directly addressing or changing the child's thoughts or beliefs about the movie. Instead, it focuses on avoiding the topic altogether and redirecting the child's attention to something else.

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58. Rachel started to watch One Tree Hill and began to see that she was talking to her TV and at one of the characters she felt connected with on the show.  What form of a parasocial relationship is this.

Explanation

This form of parasocial relationship is Behavioral because Rachel is engaging in behavior by talking to her TV and feeling connected to a character on the show. This type of relationship involves the viewer's actions and behaviors towards the media content.

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59. Doug watched a horror movie in which a mass murderer pushed a lawn mower over the main character's foot. The main character's foot was completely ripped up. Now every time Doug uses his lawn mower, he is in fear and he makes sure to watch out for his feet.Doug's quick association of fear when he see his lawn mower is due to which part of his memory?

Explanation

Doug's quick association of fear when he sees his lawn mower is due to implicit memory. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retrieval of information and skills that have been previously learned. In this case, Doug's fear response is a learned association that has been stored in his implicit memory. It is triggered automatically when he sees his lawn mower, without conscious effort or awareness. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of explicit memories, which are conscious and intentional recollections of past experiences. The adrenal glands are responsible for the release of stress hormones, but they are not directly related to memory formation or retrieval.

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60. John happens to be in a really good mood because he got an A on his test. After class John sits down to watch a TV show. If the TV show lifts John's spirits and he chooses to watch it this an example of what in the theory of mood management?

Explanation

If the TV show lifts John's spirits and he chooses to watch it, this is an example of Behavioral Affinity in the theory of mood management. Behavioral Affinity refers to the tendency to engage in activities that are congruent with one's current mood. In this case, John's good mood after getting an A on his test makes him more likely to choose activities that will maintain or enhance his positive mood, such as watching a TV show that lifts his spirits.

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61.  Josh's mom forced josh to clean up his room. At first he was super  bored, but then he made it fun by seeing how fast he could do it and how far away he was able to throw things into his bins. What is it that Josh does that makes this chore fun?

Explanation

The correct answer is gamification. Gamification is the process of turning a task or activity into a game-like experience by adding elements such as competition, rewards, and challenges. In this scenario, Josh made cleaning his room fun by turning it into a game, seeing how fast he could do it and how far he could throw things into his bins. By introducing these elements of competition and challenge, Josh was able to make the chore more enjoyable and engaging.

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62. What was the Moral Panic (1990's) mainly connected to?

Explanation

The Moral Panic in the 1990s was mainly connected to the video game Mortal Kombat. This game, known for its graphic violence and fatalities, sparked concerns among parents, educators, and politicians about the potential negative effects of violent video games on children. The controversy surrounding Mortal Kombat led to debates about the influence of media on behavior and the need for regulations and age restrictions on violent video games.

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63. Jeremy is in charge of assessing a movie for how many violent scenes are presented throughout the movie. Halfway through Jeremy's colleague, Michael, takes over and continues to assess the rest of the movie. What is used to ensure that both Jeremy and Michael have the same classifications of violence?

Explanation

Codebooks are used to ensure that both Jeremy and Michael have the same classifications of violence. Codebooks provide a standardized set of guidelines or definitions for categorizing and assessing different types of violence. By using the same codebook, both Jeremy and Michael can refer to the same criteria and guidelines when assessing the violent scenes in the movie. This helps to ensure consistency and reliability in their evaluations.

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64.  In the latest video game, the users are able to create their avatar all the way down to what color shoes they are wearing. The makers of the video game believe that people will play the game differently depending on how attractive their character is or even the gender of their character. What topic from class defines this belief?

Explanation

The Proteus Effect is a phenomenon in which individuals' behavior and attitudes are influenced by the characteristics of their avatars or online personas. In this case, the makers of the video game believe that people will play differently based on the attractiveness or gender of their character, which aligns with the concept of the Proteus Effect. This effect suggests that individuals tend to adopt the characteristics and behaviors of their avatars, leading to different experiences and interactions within the game.

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65.  What is true about moods vs. emotions?

Explanation

Moods can affect how you perceive media because your mood can influence your overall emotional state and mindset, which in turn can impact how you interpret and respond to different forms of media. For example, if you are in a positive mood, you may be more likely to perceive media content in a positive light and feel more engaged with it. On the other hand, if you are in a negative mood, you may interpret the same media content more negatively and feel less interested or connected to it. Therefore, moods play a role in shaping our media experiences and can influence our perceptions and reactions.

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66. __________ refers to the use of different methods leading to the same general conclusion.

Explanation

Convergence refers to the use of different methods leading to the same general conclusion. It implies that multiple approaches or sources of evidence have been used to arrive at a consistent and reliable outcome. This can enhance the validity and reliability of the conclusion by reducing the possibility of bias or error associated with a single method. Convergence also allows for a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon by considering multiple perspectives and sources of data.

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67. Electric shock paradigm refers most closely to:

Explanation

The correct answer is Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority. The electric shock paradigm refers to the experiments conducted by Milgram, where participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person as part of a study on obedience. The study aimed to investigate how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant causing harm to others. The term "electric shock paradigm" specifically refers to this particular experiment and its findings.

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68. Maria just turned 9 a few weeks ago and has run into a problem. Instead of running and asking her mother for help, she is trying to think of a logical solution. Which stage of development is Maria going through?

Explanation

Maria's behavior of trying to think of a logical solution indicates that she is in the Concrete Operational stage of development. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11, during which children become more logical and can think about concrete objects and events. They are able to solve problems systematically and use logical reasoning to find solutions. Maria's ability to think of a logical solution instead of immediately seeking help from her mother suggests that she is in this stage of development.

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69. What theory states that the more media we consume will have an effect on our perception of reality?

Explanation

Cultivation theory states that the more media we consume, the more our perception of reality is shaped by it. This theory suggests that exposure to media content over time can influence our beliefs, attitudes, and values, leading us to perceive the world in a way that aligns with what we see in the media. It argues that prolonged exposure to certain messages can cultivate a shared understanding of reality among individuals, ultimately shaping their worldview.

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70. Rob used a code book for his study. What kind of research was he using?

Explanation

Rob used a code book for his study, which suggests that he was using content analysis as a research method. Content analysis involves systematically analyzing and categorizing qualitative data, such as texts, to identify patterns, themes, and trends. By using a code book, Rob likely assigned specific codes or categories to different aspects of the content he was studying, allowing for organized and structured analysis of the data.

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71. The stimulus generalization theory states that regarding the stimulus we are exposed to, the more similar the stimulus is to a real life situation, the more we'll be influenced by it.  This theory was proposed by-

Explanation

The stimulus generalization theory suggests that the more similar a stimulus is to a real-life situation, the more it will influence us. This theory was proposed by Joanne Cantor.

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72. What is characterizing emotions based on its valence or arousal?

Explanation

The dimensional approach is a method of characterizing emotions based on their valence or arousal. This approach categorizes emotions along a continuum of positive to negative valence and low to high arousal. It focuses on the intensity and direction of emotions rather than specific discrete emotions. This approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of emotions and their impact on individuals.

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73. The FCC limits all of the following except:

Explanation

The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates and sets standards for the content broadcasted on television and radio in the United States. They have guidelines and restrictions to ensure that the content is appropriate for public viewing and listening. In this case, the correct answer is violence because the FCC does not have specific regulations or restrictions on violence in media. However, they do have regulations regarding nudity, sex, and tobacco, which means that these topics are subject to certain limitations and restrictions.

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74. In a recent TV series, a teenage girl poisons her abusive father. It has been reported that a young girl did the same to her father after he repeatedly beat her while drunk.  This is an example of

Explanation

This scenario exemplifies the copycat phenomenon, which refers to individuals imitating or replicating the behaviors they witness in others. In this case, the teenage girl poisoned her abusive father after hearing about another young girl who did the same to her own abusive father. The act of poisoning became a model for the first girl, leading her to replicate the behavior.

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75. Greg watches three crime shows before going to bed 5nights a week: Criminal Minds, Law and Order and NCIS. Before leaving his house in the morning he checks behind the shower curtains, under his bed and the trunk of his car forbad guys that could be out to get him. Which theory best represents Greg's Behavior?

Explanation

Cultivation Theory suggests that long-term exposure to media content can shape an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. In this case, Greg's behavior of checking for bad guys can be attributed to his regular consumption of crime shows, which may have influenced his perception of the world as a dangerous place. This theory suggests that repeated exposure to violent or crime-related media can lead to an overestimation of real-world risks and a heightened sense of fear.

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76.  Which of the following situation forms a parasocial relationship? i. After becoming a fan of The Hunger Games, Jan felt like she has become friends with Katniss in the story. ii. Jan wishs Katniss to defeat President Snow (who is the enemy of Katniss in the story).  iii. After waching The Hunger Games, Jan feels a lot like Katniss. 

Explanation

A parasocial relationship refers to a one-sided emotional connection that an individual forms with a media character or celebrity. In this case, option i describes a situation where Jan feels like she has become friends with Katniss from The Hunger Games, indicating a parasocial relationship. Options ii and iii do not necessarily imply a parasocial relationship as they only express Jan's wishes and feelings towards Katniss, but not a sense of friendship or personal connection. Therefore, the correct answer is i.

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77. You decide to help out with a research study on video games to test the PENS theory. After playing the video game, the researcher gives you a questionnaire to fill out, where you rate the statement 1-10 (1 - totally false, 10 - totally true). The first sentence eon the sheet reads, "I did things in this game because they interest me." Which aspect of PENS does this deal with?

Explanation

The statement "I did things in this game because they interest me" relates to the aspect of autonomy in the PENS theory. Autonomy refers to the sense of choice and personal control in one's actions. In this case, the statement suggests that the individual's motivation for engaging in activities within the game is driven by their personal interest, indicating a sense of autonomy in their decision-making process.

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78. After a long, awful day of three exams, Christine decides to watch an emotional, distracting movie. She does this because the media she chose exhibits what characteristic?

Explanation

Christine decides to watch an emotional, distracting movie because it has a high absorbing potential. This means that the movie has the ability to fully engage her attention and captivate her emotions, allowing her to temporarily escape from the stress and exhaustion of her day. The absorbing potential of the media she chose makes it an effective form of entertainment and distraction for her.

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79.  When studying children, when given the chance to chose between chocolate or ginger root, the children always chose the chocolate. This is an example of

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately describes the situation where children consistently choose chocolate over ginger root when given the chance. The term "observational similarity of character" suggests that the children's choice is based on their observation of the character or qualities of the two options, leading them to choose the one that is more appealing or desirable to them. This explanation aligns with the given scenario and is a logical interpretation of the observed behavior.

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80. If Sarah goes to see a movie about the struggles of a woman living with an abusive husband that contains strong morals, what is she seeking to achieve?

Explanation

Sarah is seeking to achieve eudaimonia by watching a movie about the struggles of a woman living with an abusive husband that contains strong morals. Eudaimonia refers to a state of flourishing and well-being, where individuals strive to live a meaningful and fulfilling life. By watching a movie that explores such important social issues and promotes strong moral values, Sarah is likely seeking to gain a deeper understanding of human experiences, reflect on her own values, and potentially inspire personal growth and positive change.

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81. What are the three types of media that the Government is allowed to regulate?

Explanation

The correct answer is TV Broadcast, Sexual Obscenity, and Tobacco Advertisements. The government is allowed to regulate these types of media to ensure public safety and protect vulnerable populations from harmful content. TV broadcasts are regulated to ensure that they adhere to certain standards and do not broadcast inappropriate or harmful content. Sexual obscenity is regulated to prevent the dissemination of explicit and offensive material. Tobacco advertisements are regulated to protect public health and discourage tobacco use.

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82. Gender representation is a huge issue in our news media. Which of the following conglomerates is the least disprortioned in terms of equality?

Explanation

MSNBC is the least disprortioned conglomerate in terms of gender representation in our news media. This implies that MSNBC has a more balanced representation of both genders compared to FOX News and CNN.

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83. Karen notices that her son Darrin watches a lot of sexually explicit material and mentions to her husband Trent that she does not want her son to turn out like "those perverts on the news who sexually assault other people" and wants them to monitor Darrin's TV shows. Trent argues that Darrin won't have these urges and if he does, "maybe these shows will be enough stimulus for him." Karen is arguing the ______________ while Trent is arguing the _______________:

Explanation

Karen is arguing the trigger theory, which suggests that exposure to sexually explicit material can trigger or stimulate sexual urges and behaviors. She is concerned that her son's exposure to such material may lead him to develop similar urges and potentially engage in harmful behavior. On the other hand, Trent is arguing the safety valve theory, which suggests that exposure to sexually explicit material can serve as a release or outlet for sexual urges, preventing individuals from acting out in real life. He believes that if Darrin has any sexual urges, watching these shows may satisfy those urges and prevent him from engaging in harmful behavior.

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84. Clementine is a child who has just begun to speak in ways that involve figurative language.  The other day she was commenting on how she had felt bad for homeless people.  This can be attributed to which stage in cognitive development?

Explanation

Clementine's ability to understand and express empathy for homeless people indicates that she has reached the formal operational stage of cognitive development. In this stage, individuals are capable of abstract thinking and reasoning, allowing them to consider the perspectives and emotions of others. This stage typically occurs during adolescence and adulthood.

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85. Which of the following was NOT a charge of the National Commission on Obscenity and Pornography in 1967?

Explanation

The National Commission on Obscenity and Pornography in 1967 had the charge of studying existing laws pertaining to pornography, arriving at a better understanding of the distribution of pornography, and studying the effects of pornography on the public. However, it did not have the charge of regulating the production of erotic media.

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86.  Women are often portrayed sexually in the media. 7% of men wear sexually revealing clothing compared to:

Explanation

The correct answer is 29% of women. This suggests that a significant percentage of women wear sexually revealing clothing, although not as much as the majority. The question highlights the portrayal of women in the media, indicating that they are often depicted in a sexualized manner. The answer choice of 29% reflects this portrayal, suggesting that a substantial portion of women conform to societal expectations of dressing in a sexually revealing manner.

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87. Joey loves watching TV. He recently started a new show. His favorite character is Jenny. Jenny doesn't like Trisha, and therefore Joey thinks Trisha is annoying. This exemplifies what theory?

Explanation

This scenario exemplifies the theory of Affective Disposition. Affective Disposition refers to the tendency of an individual to form positive or negative attitudes towards others based on their emotional responses to certain stimuli. In this case, Joey's positive emotional response towards Jenny leads him to form a negative attitude towards Trisha because Jenny doesn't like her. This demonstrates how affective disposition can influence one's perceptions and attitudes towards others.

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88.  Mike has a history of misdemeanors and felonies. Including several speeding tickets, theft charges, as well as a few battery and assault charges.  Mike also enjoys watching high action packed and violent films. He decided to rent the crime film, Brooklyn's Finest. The following day he decides to hold up the local Quick-E-Mart while holding two people hostage. Which of the following gives a possible explanation for Mike's actions following his viewing of the crime film?

Explanation

The facilitating effect suggests that exposure to violent media can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior by lowering inhibitions and making aggressive actions seem more acceptable. In this case, Mike's history of misdemeanors and felonies combined with his enjoyment of violent films may have contributed to the facilitating effect, leading him to imitate the criminal behavior he saw in Brooklyn's Finest.

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89. Which of the following is true of the General Aggression Model?

Explanation

The General Aggression Model predicts a facilitating effect. This means that it suggests that exposure to media violence can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior by facilitating aggressive thoughts, emotions, and physiological arousal. The model proposes that repeated exposure to violent media can lead to the formation of aggressive scripts and aggressive beliefs, which can then influence behavior in real-life situations. This idea is supported by research that has found a positive association between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior.

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Rob used a code book for his study. What kind of research was he...
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The FCC limits all of the following except:
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Greg watches three crime shows before going to bed 5nights a week:...
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You decide to help out with a research study on video games to test...
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