Medical Term Quiz Questions Part - 22

Explanation
Maculae cerulae, also known as blue macules, are small blue-gray spots that can be seen on the skin. They are a characteristic finding in Pediculosis pubis, also known as pubic lice infestation. Pubic lice are tiny insects that infest the hair in the genital area and cause intense itching. The maculae cerulae are caused by the lice's saliva, which can cause a blue discoloration of the skin. Therefore, the presence of maculae cerulae is a key clinical feature in the diagnosis of Pediculosis pubis.

Explanation
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) is the preferred treatment for resistant depression. This is because ECT has been shown to be highly effective in cases where other treatments, such as antidepressant medications or SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), have failed to produce satisfactory results. ECT involves the use of electrical currents to induce controlled seizures in the brain, which can help alleviate symptoms of depression. It is often considered when other treatment options have been exhausted or when there is a need for rapid symptom relief. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and SSRIs may also be used in the treatment of depression, but ECT is specifically recommended for resistant cases.

Explanation
The fallen leaf sign refers to the appearance of a fractured bone fragment resembling a fallen leaf in an imaging study. This sign is commonly seen in unicameral bone cysts, which are benign fluid-filled lesions that occur most commonly in the long bones of children and young adults. The cyst causes weakening of the bone, leading to a fracture and the characteristic appearance of the fallen leaf sign. Therefore, the correct answer is unicameral bone cyst.

Explanation
Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. Wimberger sign is a classic symptom of scurvy, characterized by swollen and bleeding gums. This sign is named after Dr. Wimberger, who first described it. Rickets is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, and osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer. Therefore, the correct answer is scurvy.

Explanation
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the best diagnostic tool for detecting intraoperative myocardial infarction (MI). TEE allows for real-time visualization of the heart and its structures, providing detailed information about cardiac function, blood flow, and any abnormalities. Intraoperative MI can be difficult to diagnose using other methods such as blood tests (Trop-T, CK-MB) or a 12-lead ECG, as these may not always show immediate changes. TEE, on the other hand, can detect changes in cardiac function and structure during surgery, making it the most effective method for diagnosing intraoperative MI.

Explanation
Mifepristone is a medication that is commonly used in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Mifepristone works by blocking the hormone progesterone, which is necessary for the pregnancy to continue. By blocking progesterone, mifepristone causes the pregnancy to be terminated. Therefore, it is an effective treatment option for ectopic pregnancy.

Explanation
Bronchoalveolar dysplasia, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants. It is characterized by abnormal development of the lungs, specifically the bronchioles and alveoli. Theophylline, a medication commonly used to treat respiratory conditions, can potentially contribute to the development of BPD in premature infants. Theophylline is a bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscles in the airways, but it can also have adverse effects on lung development. Therefore, theophylline is the odd one out among the given options as it is a potential risk factor for bronchoalveolar dysplasia.

Explanation
Gastric cancer is predisposed by a deficiency of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system and the production of healthy red blood cells. A deficiency in this vitamin can lead to various gastrointestinal issues, including an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain adequate levels of vitamin B12 to reduce the risk of gastric cancer.

Explanation
LVH, or left ventricular hypertrophy, refers to the thickening of the muscular wall of the left ventricle of the heart. It is typically caused by conditions that increase the workload on the heart, such as hypertension or aortic stenosis. However, among the options provided, mitral stenosis (MS) is not a known cause of LVH. Therefore, MS is the correct answer as it does not cause LVH.

Explanation
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart valves. It is caused by a streptococcal infection and commonly affects the mitral valve. However, the pulmonary valve is the least commonly affected valve in rheumatic fever. This means that compared to the other options (tricuspid, mitral, and aortic), the pulmonary valve is the one that is least likely to be affected by rheumatic fever.