Pediatric Dentistry II 4dd Dr.Soun Monika & Dr.Sok Kunthy 200qcm

Mutans streptococcus is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the mouth and is known to be a major contributor to tooth decay. This bacteria produces acids that can erode tooth enamel and lead to the formation of cavities. Additionally, it thrives on sugar and carbohydrates, which further contributes to the development of tooth decay. Therefore, the presence of Mutans streptococcus in the mouth is strongly associated with the occurrence of tooth decay.

Early Childhood Caries refers to tooth decay that occurs in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 6 years. The primary upper incisors are the first teeth to erupt in the mouth, usually around 6-10 months of age. These teeth are more susceptible to decay because they are exposed to food and drinks, including sugary liquids, which can lead to the formation of plaque and bacteria. Additionally, the primary upper incisors are often the most visible teeth, making them more prone to decay due to poor oral hygiene practices.

Children with an easy temperament tend to display a positive approach to the dentist. This temperament is characterized by adaptability, regularity, and a generally positive mood. Children with an easy temperament are more likely to be cooperative and less fearful or anxious when it comes to new experiences, such as visiting the dentist. They are more likely to adapt well to unfamiliar situations and have a generally positive attitude towards them.

Effective communication with children requires an understanding of their intellectual development. This means being aware of their cognitive abilities, language skills, and comprehension levels. By understanding their intellectual development, adults can tailor their communication style and content to match the child's level of understanding. This helps ensure that the child can fully grasp the message being conveyed and actively participate in the communication process.

The ideal restoration of primary teeth after pulp therapy is a stainless steel crown. Stainless steel crowns are durable, long-lasting, and provide excellent protection to the tooth. They are highly resistant to wear and can withstand the forces of chewing and grinding. Additionally, stainless steel crowns have a good seal, preventing any further decay or infection. They are also cost-effective and relatively easy to place, making them a popular choice for restoring primary teeth after pulp therapy.

Based on the given information, the patient is 10 years old and complains of pain while eating on the upper right second primary molar. The clinical examination shows mobility and a canty occlusal. This suggests that the tooth in question may be an exfoliating tooth. Exfoliation is a natural process where primary teeth are shed to make way for permanent teeth. The mobility and discomfort while eating could be due to the natural loosening of the primary molar as it prepares to be replaced by a permanent tooth.

When a child loses their lower 6th molar at 8 years old, it can lead to a distal shifting of the 2nd premolar and a mesial shifting of the 2nd molar. The loss of the 6th molar creates extra space in the dental arch, causing neighboring teeth to shift and fill the gap. The 2nd premolar will shift towards the back of the mouth (distal shifting), while the 2nd molar will shift towards the front of the mouth (mesial shifting). This shifting is a natural response to maintain proper alignment and occlusion in the dental arch.

When treating children, it is important for the dentist to be friendly and understanding. Children may feel scared or anxious about dental treatments, so being friendly can help them feel more comfortable and cooperative. Additionally, understanding the intellectual development of children is crucial in order to communicate with them effectively and tailor the treatment approach accordingly. Asking the parent for more information about the child can also provide valuable insights. Frightening the child when they reject treatment is not recommended as it can further increase their fear and resistance.

The correct answer is "Dentist applies fl varnish." When the dentist observes areas of demineralization, it indicates early signs of tooth decay. Fluoride varnish is commonly used to prevent further demineralization and promote remineralization of the tooth enamel. It helps to strengthen the teeth and protect against cavities. This treatment is typically recommended for children who have early signs of tooth decay or are at a higher risk for developing cavities.

Glass ionomer cement is a commonly used material for filling in children because it has several advantages. It releases fluoride, which helps prevent tooth decay and strengthens the surrounding tooth structure. It also bonds well to both enamel and dentin, providing a strong and durable restoration. Additionally, glass ionomer cement has a similar appearance to natural tooth color, making it aesthetically pleasing. It is also easy to use and manipulate, making it suitable for use in pediatric dentistry.

The main reason for doing ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment) is because it is most effective for treating occlusal caries that are not deep. This means that when the decay is limited to the surface or outer layers of the tooth, ART can be a suitable and successful treatment option. Additionally, ART is preferred because it uses inexpensive materials that are easy to obtain, making it a cost-effective choice. Furthermore, the materials used in ART are considered to be of good quality and provide effective filling results.

Cavities that are very deep with the pulp exposed and causing pain are not suitable for ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment). This is because ART involves the removal of decayed tooth material and the placement of a tooth-colored filling. In cases where the cavity is deep and the pulp is exposed, more extensive treatment such as root canal therapy may be required to address the underlying issue and alleviate the pain.

The slow speed handpiece is not used for ART (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment). ART is a minimally invasive dental technique that focuses on removing decayed tooth material without the use of a drill. The slow speed handpiece, on the other hand, is a dental instrument used for various procedures like polishing, finishing, and removing restorative materials. Therefore, it is not suitable for ART as it is not designed for the specific purpose of removing decayed tooth material without drilling.

After applying fuji IX with ART, it is advised for the patient to not eat or drink for 1 hour. This is important to allow the material to fully set and harden, ensuring its effectiveness and longevity. Consuming food or beverages too soon could potentially disrupt the setting process and compromise the restoration.

Fissure sealant is a dental treatment used to prevent tooth decay by sealing the deep grooves and fissures on the chewing surfaces of teeth. It is typically done on healthy teeth to provide an extra layer of protection against cavities. The question states that the first molar has small cavities on the enamel, which implies that the tooth is not completely healthy. However, the correct answer states that fissure sealant can still be done, suggesting that the presence of small cavities does not necessarily prevent the use of fissure sealant.

Anodontia refers to the condition of missing almost all the teeth. It is a rare genetic disorder where a person is born without most of their teeth. This condition can significantly impact a person's ability to chew, speak, and maintain proper oral health. Treatment options for anodontia may include dentures, dental implants, or other dental prosthetics to restore the appearance and functionality of the missing teeth.

Marcrodontia refers to a condition where a tooth is larger than normal. This term is derived from the Greek words "macrós" meaning large and "odous" meaning tooth. Hypodontia refers to the condition of having fewer teeth than normal, hyperdontia refers to the condition of having more teeth than normal, and microdontia refers to the condition of having abnormally small teeth.

Dentin dysplasia is caused by a genetic disorder. This means that there is a genetic mutation or abnormality that affects the development and structure of the dentin, which is the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth. This disorder can result in abnormal dentin formation, leading to weak and discolored teeth. Trauma, overdose of fluoride, and dental caries are not known to be direct causes of dentin dysplasia.

Paraformaldehyde is the medicament used for a two-visit pulpotomy. This is a dental procedure that involves the removal of the infected pulp tissue in a tooth's root canal. Paraformaldehyde is commonly used as a pulpotomy medicament because of its antimicrobial properties. It helps to disinfect the root canal and prevent further infection. Additionally, paraformaldehyde has a good tissue-fixing ability, which aids in preserving the remaining healthy pulp tissue. This makes it an effective choice for a two-visit pulpotomy procedure.

To determine a person's age, an X-ray of the hand is commonly used. The bones in the hand undergo a process called ossification, where they gradually harden and fuse together over time. By examining the level of bone development and fusion in the hand, doctors can estimate a person's age. Therefore, the correct answer is "ឆ្អឹងកដៃ" (hand X-ray).

The question is asking about the frequency of an event happening every month. The correct answer is "37 អាទិត្យ" which means "37 times a month" in English.

Amalgam is considered the strongest material among the options given. Amalgam is a mixture of metals, typically containing silver, tin, copper, and mercury. It is known for its high durability and strength, making it an ideal material for dental fillings. Amalgam fillings can withstand the forces of chewing and biting, and they have a long lifespan. Composite and glass ionomer cement are also dental materials, but they are not as strong as amalgam. Composite is a tooth-colored resin material, while glass ionomer cement is a mixture of glass powder and an organic acid.

Fissure sealants are used to protect sound primary and permanent molars with deep pits and fissures. These deep grooves on the chewing surfaces of the teeth can easily trap food particles and bacteria, leading to decay. By applying a sealant, a thin protective coating is placed on the tooth surface, preventing the accumulation of plaque and reducing the risk of cavities. This preventive measure is particularly beneficial for molars with deep pits and fissures, as they are more susceptible to decay.

The correct answer is "Bigger in primary teeth". The pulp chamber refers to the hollow space within a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. In primary teeth, the pulp chamber is relatively larger compared to permanent teeth. This is because primary teeth are smaller in size and have thinner enamel and dentin layers compared to permanent teeth. The larger pulp chamber in primary teeth allows for proper development and growth of the tooth.

Chlorhexidine solution is an antibacterial mouthwash. It is commonly used to reduce the number of bacteria in the mouth and prevent oral infections. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria and can help in maintaining oral hygiene. However, it is important to note that prolonged use of chlorhexidine solution can cause side effects such as tooth discoloration or bleaching, as well as tooth sensitivity.

After extraction of primary teeth, it is important for the socket to stop bleeding with a gauge. This is necessary to ensure that the bleeding is controlled and the socket can heal properly. By applying pressure with a gauge, the bleeding can be stopped and the formation of a blood clot can occur, which is essential for the healing process. This step is crucial in preventing excessive bleeding and promoting proper healing of the socket.

Fissure sealants are a preventive dental treatment used to protect the teeth from decay. They are typically applied to the permanent molars, which usually erupt around the age of 6-9. Applying fissure sealants at this age helps to seal the deep grooves and pits on the chewing surfaces of the molars, making them less susceptible to decay. Therefore, age 6-9 is the appropriate age range for using fissure sealants.

The correct answer is "Make friend first with children and do the simple one." This answer suggests that in the management of children, it is important to establish a friendly and comfortable relationship with them. By doing so, it becomes easier to gain their trust and cooperation. Additionally, starting with simple tasks helps to build their confidence and gradually introduce them to more complex procedures. The answer also emphasizes the importance of showing children the environment of the dental office to familiarize them with the surroundings.

Based on the information provided, the patient is experiencing severe and continuous pain in tooth 75, which has a big hole. A pulpectomy involves the complete removal of the dental pulp, including the nerve tissue, from the affected tooth. This treatment is typically chosen when the tooth is severely infected or damaged, as in this case. Pulp capping and pulpotomy involve preserving the dental pulp, which may not be suitable given the severity of the pain and the presence of a big hole. Extraction is usually considered when the tooth cannot be saved. Therefore, pulpectomy is the most appropriate treatment of choice in this scenario.

The most likely diagnosis for the patient's symptoms is Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative gingivitis. This condition is characterized by ulceration of the interdental papillae, foul breath, rapid progression, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative gingivitis is a severe form of gum disease that causes painful ulcers and tissue destruction in the gums. It is commonly associated with poor oral hygiene, stress, malnutrition, and a weakened immune system. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent further complications.

The most likely treatment for the symptoms described, including ulceration of interdental papillae, foul breath, rapid progression, fever, and lymphadenopathy, is a combination of Amoxycillin and Metronidazole. This combination is commonly used to treat severe dental infections, as it covers both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that may be causing the symptoms. Spiramycin + Metronidazole is not the most likely treatment as Spiramycin is not typically used for dental infections. Amoxycillin + Acide clavulanique is not the most likely treatment as it does not cover anaerobic bacteria. Tetracycline is not the most likely treatment as it is not commonly used for dental infections in children.

Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker commonly used to treat high blood pressure and angina. One of the side effects of nifedipine is gingival enlargement, which is the abnormal overgrowth of gum tissue. This can lead to symptoms such as swollen, red, and bleeding gums. The exact mechanism behind this side effect is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the drug's effects on the connective tissue in the gums. Therefore, nifedipine is the correct answer as it is known to cause gingival enlargement.

Fusion teeth is a condition where two teeth in the mouth are joined together, resulting in a single large tooth. This can occur when the tooth buds fuse during development. In this case, the X-Ray of the 8-year-old patient shows two teeth that are stuck together and have two roots, which is indicative of fusion teeth. Super numerary teeth refer to the presence of extra teeth, gimination teeth refer to the splitting of a single tooth, and double teeth refer to the presence of two separate teeth fused together.

Oligodontia refers to the condition of missing multiple teeth. In this case, the correct answer is "Missing about 6 teeth." This means that a person with oligodontia is missing approximately 6 teeth in their mouth.

Dilaceration tooth refers to a condition where the root of a tooth is bent or curved. In this case, the X-Ray of the 12-year-old patient shows that the root of tooth 11 is bended, indicating dilaceration tooth. This condition can be caused by trauma or abnormal development of the tooth, leading to a curved root. It can result in difficulties during tooth extraction or orthodontic treatment.

Natal teeth refer to the premature eruption of primary teeth at birth. This condition is relatively rare and occurs in about 1 in every 2,000 to 3,000 births. The teeth that erupt prematurely are usually the lower incisors, but can also include the upper incisors and canines. Natal teeth can cause discomfort and feeding difficulties for the newborn, and may need to be removed if they are loose or pose a risk of aspiration. It is important for parents to seek dental evaluation and guidance if their baby has natal teeth.

ZoE (Eugenate) is the correct material used for root filling in primary teeth. ZoE stands for Zinc Oxide Eugenate, which is a commonly used dental material for root canal treatment in primary teeth. It is a mixture of zinc oxide powder and eugenol liquid. ZoE has excellent properties such as antimicrobial activity, good sealing ability, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for root filling in primary teeth. Ca(OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide), Cortisomol, and Endo methasone are not the appropriate materials used for root filling in primary teeth.

The given correct answer states that MTA is better than Ca(OH)2 in terms of clinical outcome in Apexogenesis. This suggests that MTA has been found to be more effective or beneficial compared to Ca(OH)2 in this specific dental procedure.

Apexification is the correct treatment in this case. Apexification is a procedure used to encourage the formation of a calcified barrier at the apex of a non-vital tooth with an immature root. In this scenario, the patient is 8 years old and has suffered dental trauma to tooth #11. The tooth is non-vital and the x-ray indicates that the root is not fully developed. Apexification would be the appropriate treatment to promote the formation of a calcified barrier at the apex of the tooth and support its long-term health and stability.

The formula given in the answer is used to calculate the height in centimeters for a child in late childhood. It states that the height in centimeters is equal to the age in years multiplied by 2.5, then added to 30, and finally multiplied by 2.54. This formula takes into account the age of the child and converts it into centimeters using the given calculations. The answer provided in the question matches this formula, so it is the correct answer.

Pulp capping with Ca(OH)2 is the appropriate treatment for a traumatic exposure of the pulp less than 1mm in an 8-year-old male patient. This treatment involves placing calcium hydroxide on the exposed pulp to promote healing and the formation of dentin. Pulpotomy and root canal treatment are typically reserved for larger pulp exposures or cases where the pulp is irreversibly damaged. Filling with composite is not suitable in this case as it does not address the exposed pulp.

Amalgam is the most durable dental material filling because it is made of a combination of metals, including silver, tin, and copper, which makes it strong and resistant to wear and tear. It has been used for decades and has a proven track record of longevity and durability. Amalgam fillings can withstand the forces of chewing and can last for many years without needing to be replaced.

Glass ionomer cement is a dental material that releases fluoride. This is because it contains fluoride ions, which are gradually released over time. The fluoride helps to strengthen the tooth enamel and prevent tooth decay. This makes glass ionomer cement a popular choice for filling cavities in children and individuals at high risk for dental caries.

The correct answer advises children to brush their teeth with fluoride toothpaste, keep it in their mouth for one minute, spit it out, and not rinse before going to bed. This is because fluoride helps to strengthen the teeth and prevent tooth decay. By not rinsing after brushing, the fluoride from the toothpaste can continue to protect the teeth throughout the night.

Children typically start to be cooperative with the dentist around the age of 4. At this age, they have developed a certain level of cognitive and social skills that allow them to understand and follow instructions from the dentist. They are also more likely to have better control over their behavior and be able to sit still during dental procedures. Additionally, by the age of 4, children have usually developed a level of trust with their parents and other caregivers, which can help them feel more comfortable and cooperative during dental visits.

Primary teeth, also known as deciduous teeth or baby teeth, have several differences compared to permanent teeth. Firstly, the deciduous crown is more bulbous in shape. Secondly, the enamel of primary teeth is thinner and appears whiter. Lastly, the root of a deciduous molar can have multiple canals and ramifications. These differences help distinguish primary teeth from permanent teeth.

The answer is 8 years and a half because a child typically starts losing their primary teeth and getting permanent teeth around the age of 6. By the time they have 12 permanent teeth and 12 primary teeth, they are likely around 8 years and a half old.

Before doing local anesthesia, it is important to prepare the child by explaining what will happen. The correct answer suggests that the dentist should inform the child that they will "put the tooth asleep" and they may "feel pain like a mosquito bite." This explanation helps the child understand that they will receive numbing medication to make the procedure painless, but they may still feel a slight sensation similar to a mosquito bite. This reassurance can help alleviate any anxiety or fear the child may have about the procedure.

The complete root formation of upper central incisors occurs at the age of 9-10 years old. This means that by this age, the roots of the upper central incisors have fully developed and reached their maximum length. It is important to note that tooth development can vary slightly among individuals, so this age range serves as a general guideline.

Tetracycline is known to cause tooth discoloration, and one of the common color changes observed is gray. Therefore, it can be concluded that tooth induced by tetracycline becomes gray in color.

Tooth coloration appearing as an opaque, white spot with diffusion striation to a brown mottling is a characteristic of dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis occurs when there is excessive intake of fluoride during tooth development, leading to enamel defects and discoloration. This condition is commonly caused by consuming high levels of fluoride in drinking water or through the use of fluoride supplements. Amalogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, tetracycline staining, and hyperplasia do not typically present with the specific pattern of coloration described in the question.

Neonatal teeth are the teeth that erupt within 30 days of birth. They are relatively rare, occurring in about 1 in 2,000 to 3,000 births. These teeth can be present at birth or erupt within the first month of life. They are usually small and may be loose, causing discomfort and difficulty in breastfeeding. The exact cause of neonatal teeth is unknown, but it may be associated with certain genetic and environmental factors. It is important to monitor these teeth closely and consult a pediatric dentist for proper management.

The high speed handpiece is not used for ART (atraumatic restorative treatment) because it is primarily used in traditional dental procedures such as drilling and cutting tooth structure. ART, on the other hand, focuses on minimally invasive techniques that aim to preserve as much of the natural tooth structure as possible. Instruments like the mouth mirror, tweezers and spoon excavator, and probe are commonly used in ART procedures for examination, diagnosis, and removal of decayed tooth material.

Based on the symptoms described, the most likely diagnosis for this condition is acute apical periodontitis. The patient's pain is severe, throbbing, and continuous, and it is tender to percussion, chewing, and palpation. Additionally, the pain is easily localized and may be worse at night. These symptoms are consistent with acute apical periodontitis, which is an inflammation of the periodontal ligament caused by an infection in the root canal system. Reversible and irreversible pulpitis refer to inflammation of the dental pulp, which does not fully match the symptoms described. Gingivitis refers to inflammation of the gums, which is not the primary issue in this case.

In dentin dysplasia, premature tooth loss may occur due to short root development. This condition affects the formation of dentin, the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth structure. When the roots of the teeth are not properly formed or are shorter than normal, it can lead to instability and eventual loss of the affected teeth. Other factors such as gingivitis, periodontitis, or chronic pulpitis may contribute to tooth loss in general, but in the context of dentin dysplasia, the primary cause is the abnormal development of the tooth roots.

Neonatal teeth refer to the premature eruption of primary teeth within the first month of a baby's life. This condition is relatively rare and occurs in about 1 in every 2,000 to 3,000 births. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with certain genetic and environmental factors. Neonatal teeth can cause discomfort and feeding difficulties for the baby and may need to be removed if they pose a risk of injury to the infant's tongue or interfere with breastfeeding.

Ankylosis refers to the fusion or immobility of a tooth to the surrounding bone. Submerged teeth, also known as impacted teeth, are teeth that fail to fully erupt through the gum line and remain partially or completely submerged in the jawbone. Therefore, submerged teeth are the same as ankylosed teeth.

During the late childhood stage, the average height increases by 6 cm per year.

Fuji VII has more fluoride compared to the other options (Fuji I, Fuji II, and Fuji IX).

Apexification is a procedure performed on young permanent non-vital teeth. It involves the placement of a medicated material into the root canal to induce the formation of a hard barrier at the apex of the tooth, thus preventing any further infection or damage. This procedure is typically done when the tooth is not fully developed and the pulp is necrotic or non-vital. The goal of apexification is to create a favorable environment for the root canal to be filled and the tooth to be restored.

Apexogenesis is a dental procedure that is performed on a young permanent tooth that still has vital pulp tissue. This procedure aims to promote the continued development and maturation of the tooth's root, allowing for the formation of a complete apex. It involves the placement of a medicament at the apex of the tooth to stimulate the pulp to continue its natural growth and development. This procedure is not suitable for non-vital teeth or primary teeth.

Behavior shaping is a technique that involves starting with easy tasks and gradually moving towards more difficult ones. This approach allows children to build confidence and develop their skills progressively. By breaking down complex tasks into smaller, manageable steps, children are more likely to succeed and feel motivated to continue learning. This method also promotes a positive and supportive learning environment, as it encourages children to take on challenges at their own pace.

This modeling technique involves showing the anxious child what the dentist is doing to a well-behaved child. By demonstrating the procedure on another child, it can help alleviate the anxiety and fear of the unknown for the anxious child. This technique allows the child to observe and understand what will happen during the dental visit, potentially reducing their fear and making the experience more comfortable for them.

The concentration of fluoride in the water of a rural area is 1 ppm. This indicates that for every 1 million parts of water, there is 1 part of fluoride. This concentration is considered safe for consumption as it falls within the acceptable range set by regulatory authorities.

Fusion involves the union of two adjacent tooth germs, which results in the appearance of one larger tooth, thereby reducing the total number of teeth in the dental arch.

Taurodontism refers to the enlargement of the tooth body at the expense of its root. This condition is characterized by a vertically elongated pulp chamber and a reduced or absent constriction at the cementoenamel junction. It is typically seen in molars and can cause issues with tooth stability and function. Gemination refers to the splitting of a single tooth into two, while macrodontia refers to abnormally large teeth. Fusion, on the other hand, is the union of two adjacent teeth into a single structure.

Sealants are a protective coating applied to the chewing surfaces of teeth to prevent cavities. The first molars of permanent teeth are typically the first teeth to erupt in the mouth, usually around the age of 6. These molars have deep grooves and pits that can easily trap food particles and bacteria, making them more susceptible to cavities. By applying sealants to the first molars of permanent teeth, we can create a barrier that prevents bacteria and food from getting trapped, reducing the risk of cavities in these teeth.

Fissure sealants are a preventive dental treatment used to protect the chewing surfaces of teeth from decay. They are typically applied to the first molars of permanent teeth, as these teeth are more prone to developing cavities due to their deep grooves and pits. If the first molars of permanent teeth are healthy, it means that there are no existing cavities or decay present, making them suitable for the application of fissure sealants.

The first molars of permanent teeth with big cavities and pulp exposed are not suitable for sealant. This is because sealants are used to protect the teeth from cavities by sealing off the grooves and pits on the chewing surfaces. If the tooth already has a big cavity and the pulp is exposed, it means that the decay has already progressed and the tooth requires restorative treatment such as a filling or root canal, rather than a sealant.

The correct answer is "Dental treatment of this age should be accompanied by parents." This is because children who are two years old may not be able to fully cooperate or understand the dental procedures. Having parents present during the treatment can help provide comfort and support to the child, making the process easier for both the child and the dentist.

Hyperdontia is the correct answer because it refers to the condition in which there is an excessive number of teeth, exceeding the normal count of 32. This condition can result in overcrowding, misalignment, and other dental issues. Hypodontia refers to the absence of one or more teeth, while macrodontia and microdontia refer to abnormally large and small teeth, respectively.

Microdontia refers to a condition where a tooth is smaller than normal. This can occur due to various reasons such as genetics, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors. It is characterized by teeth that are significantly smaller in size compared to the average tooth size. Hypodontia refers to the absence of one or more teeth, hyperdontia refers to the presence of extra teeth, and macrodontia refers to teeth that are larger than normal.

The correct answer is the first equation: ទំងន់គិតជាkg = (អាយុគិតជាខែ +11)* 0,454. This equation correctly calculates the weight of a baby in kilograms during the infancy period. It takes the age of the baby in months and adds 11 to it, then multiplies the result by 0.454 to convert it to kilograms.

The average height at birth for a baby is around 50 cm. Therefore, a length of 40 cm would be considered below average or shorter than the average height at birth for a baby.

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The correct answer is the first option: ទំងន់គិតជា kg = [(អាយុគិតជាឆ្នាំ * 5) + 17]. This is because the formula for calculating the weight in kilograms during early childhood is based on the age in years multiplied by 5, and then adding 17.

The correct answer is 7 cm ក្នុង 1 ឆ្នាំ. This means that during Early Childhood, the average height increases by 7 cm in one year.

The correct answer is filling with indirect pulp capping. Indirect pulp capping is a conservative treatment option for managing enamel dentine fractures of permanent teeth. It involves placing a protective layer of dental material over the exposed dentin to promote healing and prevent further damage to the pulp. This approach allows the tooth to maintain its vitality and avoid more invasive procedures such as pulpotomy or pulpectomy, which involve removing the pulp tissue. Filling with direct pulp capping is not recommended as it involves placing a dental material directly on the exposed pulp, which may lead to inflammation or infection.

The maxillary lateral incisor is the anterior tooth that can exhibit variation in size and shape due to a condition called guateot. This condition can cause the lateral incisor to have a different size and shape compared to the other teeth in the mouth.

The primary canine usually erupts after the primary incisor and after the primary first molar. This means that the primary canine tooth typically emerges after the front teeth (incisors) and after the first molar tooth in the primary dentition.

Based on the given information, the patient is a 5-year-old who experiences pain when eating for a few minutes. Reversible pulpitis is the most likely diagnosis in this case. Reversible pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp that can be reversed with appropriate treatment. The patient's symptoms of pain while eating suggest that the pulp is still vital and can recover. Dental abscess, irreversible pulpitis, and periodontitis are less likely diagnoses as they typically present with different symptoms such as continuous pain, swelling, or gum recession.

Dental traumatic refers to injuries or trauma to the teeth, which may cause damage to the gums as well. This can lead to gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums. Therefore, dental trauma is a factor that contributes to gingivitis in childhood and adolescence.

The most likely diagnosis for the given symptoms and signs is Primary herpetic gingiva-stomatitis. This is indicated by the presence of fever, submandibular gland swelling, reddened bleeding gingiva, and multiple vesicles and painful ulcers on the gingiva and soft oral tissues. Primary herpetic gingiva-stomatitis is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, which commonly affects young children. The symptoms and signs described are characteristic of this condition.

The most common missing teeth seen on the primary dentition are the lateral incisors. This is because the development of the lateral incisors is more susceptible to genetic and environmental factors that can lead to their absence. Additionally, the eruption of the lateral incisors occurs after the central incisors and before the first molars and second molars, making them more prone to developmental issues or early loss.

Dentin dysplasia type II is a condition characterized by abnormal development of dentin, the hard tissue that forms the structure of teeth. It is caused by genetic mutations that are inherited from one or both parents. These mutations affect the formation of dentin, leading to weak and discolored teeth. Traumatic factors and pathological conditions are not known to be associated with Dentin dysplasia type II. Therefore, the correct answer is an inherited disorder.

Beech wood cresol is the medicament used for non vital pulpotomy. It is a substance derived from beech wood and has antibacterial properties. It is commonly used in dentistry to treat pulp inflammation and infection in non-vital teeth. Beech wood cresol helps to disinfect the tooth and promote healing of the surrounding tissues.

The formocresol applied in the amputation site of pulpotomy is left in place for 5 minutes.

Based on the given information, the patient is a 5-year-old who is experiencing sharp pain in tooth #85, with the pain mostly occurring at night and lasting for a few minutes. A pulpectomy involves the complete removal of the pulp tissue from the tooth, which is typically performed when the pulp is irreversibly damaged or infected. Given the severity of the pain and the fact that it persists for a few minutes, a pulpectomy would be an appropriate treatment option to address the underlying issue causing the pain.

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Apexogenesis is the appropriate treatment option in this case because the patient is only 8 years old and the root development is not complete. Apexogenesis involves preserving the vitality of the pulp and allowing the root to continue developing. This treatment approach aims to promote the formation of the root apex and the continuation of root growth. RCT (root canal treatment) and extraction may not be suitable at this stage due to the incomplete root development. Pulp capping may not be recommended if the pulp is already exposed.

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