MCQs 200 Oral Histology,Dr.Seng Leakhana

Hyperkeratosis refers to an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer or stratum corneum. The keratin layer is the outermost layer of the epidermis, and it serves as a protective barrier for the skin. When there is an increase in the thickness of this layer, it can result in the formation of rough, thickened, and scaly skin patches. This condition can be caused by various factors such as excessive friction, chronic irritation, or certain skin conditions. Treatment for hyperkeratosis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include moisturizing the skin, using keratolytic agents, or undergoing procedures to remove the thickened skin layers.

A disease that is transmitted from one person to another by contact is said to be communicable. This means that the disease can be spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids. Examples of communicable diseases include the common cold, flu, and sexually transmitted infections.

Tonsils are prone to becoming swollen (B) and infected (C), which are common problems associated with them. Swelling of the tonsils can occur due to various reasons such as allergies or infections. When the tonsils become infected, it can lead to conditions like tonsillitis, which causes symptoms like sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Therefore, both B and C are correct as they highlight common issues related to tonsils.

The submandibular glands secrete about 60% of the total amount of saliva produced by all the salivary glands.

The back of the tongue is where taste buds that are sensitive to bitter flavors are located. These taste buds are more concentrated towards the back of the tongue, which is why bitter tastes are more strongly perceived in that area.

Keratohyalin granules are present in the granular layer and prickle cell layer of the skin. These granules play a crucial role in the process of keratinization, where the cells in these layers undergo structural changes and produce keratin, a tough protein that helps protect the skin. The granules contain important proteins and enzymes that contribute to the formation of the skin's barrier function and help maintain its integrity.

The correct answer is "Large vesicles that are confluent." This means that the vesicles are not individual or separate, but rather they have merged together to form a larger, continuous structure. This can be seen as a characteristic feature of certain skin conditions or infections, where multiple vesicles cluster together and create a larger lesion.

The mucosa of the floor of the mouth has a nonkeratinized epithelium. Keratinization is the process by which the outer layer of the epithelium becomes tough and waterproof. Nonkeratinized epithelium lacks this tough outer layer, making it more susceptible to damage and irritation. The other options, including the free gingiva, attached gingiva, and palatal mucosa, all have a keratinized epithelium.

The taste buds on our tongue are constantly being replaced as they wear out or get damaged. This process is known as cell turnover. On average, taste buds are replaced every 7-10 days. This allows for the renewal of taste buds and ensures that our sense of taste remains functional.

Saliva is a fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. It contains various substances that aid in the digestion of food and protect the oral cavity. Triypsine, also known as trypsin, is an enzyme produced by the pancreas, not the salivary glands. It plays a role in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine. Therefore, triypsine is not found in saliva.

The correct answer is the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information to the central nervous system. It includes the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and sensory receptors in the body. The brain and spinal cord are actually a part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system. Nuclei are structures found within cells and are not directly related to the peripheral nervous system.

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size of an organ. This can occur due to an increase in the size of individual cells within the organ, without an increase in the number of cells. It is a physiological response to increased demand or stress on the organ, such as exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Hypertrophy can also occur as a compensatory mechanism in response to injury or disease, where the remaining cells increase in size to compensate for the loss of tissue. Overall, hypertrophy leads to an enlargement of the organ without an increase in the number of cells.

Masticatory mucosa is a specialized type of oral mucosa found in areas of the mouth that are subjected to significant mechanical stress, such as the gingiva and hard palate. One of the distinguishing features of masticatory mucosa is the presence of elastic fibers in its blood vessel walls. These elastic fibers provide elasticity and flexibility to the blood vessels, allowing them to withstand the forces exerted during chewing and other oral activities. This helps to maintain the integrity and function of the masticatory mucosa in these high-stress areas of the mouth.

The correct answer is Stratum granulosum. Keratohyaline granules are found in the stratum granulosum, which is the layer of the epidermis located above the basal cell layer. These granules play a role in the production of keratin, a protein that helps to strengthen and waterproof the skin. The presence of keratohyaline granules in the stratum granulosum is an important characteristic of keratinized mucosa.

Taste buds are sensory organs that are responsible for detecting different tastes. They are mainly found on the fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae, which are structures on the surface of the tongue. Filliform papillae, on the other hand, do not contain taste buds. They are smaller and more numerous than the other types of papillae and are involved in tactile sensation rather than taste perception.

The reduced enamel epithelium and gingiva serve as a source of the cells which form the attachment epithelium. The reduced enamel epithelium is a layer of cells that forms during tooth development and eventually fuses with the oral epithelium. The gingiva, or gums, is the tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth. Both of these structures contribute cells to the attachment epithelium, which is the part of the oral mucosa that attaches to the tooth surface.

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Streptococci are pus-forming bacteria that can cause strep throat and blood poisoning. They are spherical in shape and form chains or pairs. Streptococci are commonly found in the throat and respiratory tract and can cause various infections, including strep throat, scarlet fever, and pneumonia. They can also enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis or blood poisoning. Staphylococci, on the other hand, are another type of bacteria that can cause skin infections, but they are not typically associated with strep throat or blood poisoning. Bacilli and diplococci are different types of bacteria that are not specifically linked to strep throat or blood poisoning.

The sweet taste comes from a combination of sugars, alcohols, and amino acids. These substances stimulate the taste buds on our tongues, which send signals to our brain, resulting in the perception of sweetness. Different sweeteners may contain one or more of these components, explaining why all the answers in this question are correct.

Most cases of tonsillitis occur in the age group of 10 and under. Tonsillitis is more common in children and tends to occur frequently between the ages of 2 and 15. This is because children have a higher risk of exposure to viral and bacterial infections, which can lead to inflammation and infection of the tonsils. As children grow older, their immune system becomes more developed, making them less susceptible to tonsillitis. Additionally, tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) is a common treatment for recurrent tonsillitis, which is more often performed in children.

Bartholin's duct is not the name of the sublingual duct, parotid duct, or lacrimal duct. It is the name of the duct that drains the submandibular gland.

The parotid gland opens on the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary second molar. This means that the opening of the parotid gland is located on the inner lining of the cheek, specifically across from the second molar in the upper jaw.

Saliva contains immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, including saliva. It plays a crucial role in protecting the mucosal surfaces of the body, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, from pathogens. IgA acts by neutralizing and preventing the attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces, thus preventing infection. It also helps in the clearance of pathogens by activating other components of the immune system. Therefore, the presence of IgA in saliva is important for maintaining oral and overall immune health.

Bartholin's duct drains the sublingual gland. The sublingual gland is a salivary gland located underneath the tongue. It produces saliva, which helps in the digestion of food and keeps the mouth moist. Bartholin's duct is responsible for carrying the saliva from the sublingual gland to the oral cavity.

The end of an axon is called the terminal bouton. This is the structure where the axon forms synapses with other neurons or target cells to transmit signals. The terminal bouton contains neurotransmitter vesicles that are released into the synapse to facilitate communication between neurons. It plays a crucial role in transmitting information from one neuron to another, allowing for the propagation of electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

The correct answer is I. The bulk of the lamina propria of the gingiva is mainly composed of collagen type I. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and provides structural support to tissues. In the gingiva, collagen type I is responsible for maintaining the integrity and strength of the connective tissue, allowing it to withstand the forces exerted during chewing and speaking.

Circumvallate papillae are large, dome-shaped taste buds located at the back of the tongue. They are responsible for detecting bitter tastes. The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve, supplies sensory innervation to the back of the tongue, including the circumvallate papillae. Therefore, the glossopharyngeal nerve is the correct answer as it is the nerve that provides the sensory supply to the circumvallate papillae.

Stenon's duct is a duct that originates from the parotid gland, which is the largest salivary gland located in front of the ear. This duct carries saliva from the parotid gland to the mouth, specifically to the inside of the cheek. Therefore, the correct answer is "Parotide gland."

All of the options listed are correct. The tonsils mentioned in the question are the pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsil. These are all different types of tonsils found in the human body. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the back of the throat, the tubal tonsil is located near the opening of the Eustachian tube, the palatine tonsils are the ones commonly referred to as "tonsils" and are located on either side of the back of the throat, and the lingual tonsil is located at the base of the tongue.

The correct answer is that the location of the pharyngeal tonsil is above and behind the opening of the nasal cavity into the throat, in the nasopharynx. It is not located on the larynx or palate.

The correct answer is basal lamina & hemidesmosome. The junctional epithelium attaches to the tooth surface through the basal lamina, which is a layer of extracellular matrix proteins. Hemidesmosomes are specialized structures that anchor the junctional epithelium to the basal lamina. Together, the basal lamina and hemidesmosomes provide a strong attachment between the junctional epithelium and the tooth surface. The other options, such as basement membrane, enamel cuticle, and Odland's bodies, are not directly involved in the attachment of the junctional epithelium.

Parasites are organisms that live off of another organism, called a host, and harm the host in the process. Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that cause disease in their host. Therefore, parasites can be classified as pathogenic bacteria because they cause harm and disease to their host.

The correct answer is 10,000. Taste buds are sensory organs located on the tongue that allow us to detect different tastes such as sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. These taste buds contain special cells called gustatory cells that are responsible for detecting and transmitting taste signals to the brain. The average person has around 10,000 taste buds on their tongue, which are distributed across different regions. This large number of taste buds helps us to perceive and differentiate a wide range of flavors in the food we eat.

All the symptoms mentioned in the question can be potential symptoms of an adenoid infection. Snoring during sleep can be caused by enlarged adenoids blocking the airway. Ear infections that keep coming back can be a result of adenoid infection spreading to the middle ear. Breathing mostly through the mouth instead of the nose can occur when the adenoids are swollen and obstructing the nasal passage. Therefore, all the given answers are correct as they can indicate an adenoid infection.

B-cells, also known as lymphocytes, have the ability to differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies, which play a crucial role in the immune response. When B-cells encounter an antigen, they undergo a process called clonal expansion and some of them differentiate into plasma cells. These plasma cells then produce and release large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen, aiding in the elimination of the pathogen or foreign substance. Therefore, the correct answer is that B-cells can give rise to plasma cells.

A node of Ranvier is a junction between two Schwann cells. Schwann cells are responsible for producing myelin, which forms a protective covering around nerve fibers. Nodes of Ranvier are small gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed. These nodes play a crucial role in the conduction of nerve impulses, allowing the electrical signals to jump from one node to another, thus speeding up the transmission of signals along the nerve fiber.

The soft palate refers to the looser posterior portion of the palate. It is a muscular structure located at the back of the roof of the mouth, separating the oral and nasal cavities. The soft palate plays a crucial role in functions such as swallowing and speech. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food or liquid from entering the nose. Additionally, it also helps in producing certain sounds during speech by controlling the airflow through the oral and nasal cavities.

Cheilitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the lips. It can be caused by various factors such as dryness, allergies, infections, or exposure to irritants. Cheilitis can result in symptoms like redness, swelling, cracking, and pain in the lips. Treatment options for cheilitis depend on the underlying cause and may include avoiding triggers, using lip balms or ointments, and addressing any infections or allergies present. Stomatitis refers to the inflammation of the mouth, glossitis migricans is a condition characterized by migratory patches on the tongue, and Vincent angina is a type of infection affecting the throat and tonsils.

Masticatory mucosa is a type of oral mucosa that covers the hard palate and the gingiva. It is characterized by ortho keratinization, which means that the superficial layers of cells are fully keratinized. This provides a tough and protective layer, making it suitable for withstanding the forces and friction associated with chewing and grinding food.

Wharton's duct is a duct that is associated with the submandibular gland. This gland is located beneath the mandible and is responsible for producing saliva. Wharton's duct is responsible for carrying the saliva from the submandibular gland to the mouth, allowing for proper lubrication and digestion.

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Filliform papillae of the tongue do not contain taste buds. They are the most numerous and smallest papillae, responsible for the rough texture of the tongue. These papillae do not have taste buds but play a role in increasing the surface area of the tongue, aiding in food manipulation and providing sensory feedback. The other three types of papillae (vallate, foliate, and fungiform) do contain taste buds and are involved in detecting different taste sensations.

Trepnema pallida is a type of spirilla bacteria that is known to cause syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including sores, rashes, fever, and neurological issues. It is important to diagnose and treat syphilis early to prevent further complications and transmission to others.

The correct answer is the Sublingual gland. This gland is located under the tongue and is responsible for secreting about 5% of the total amount of saliva produced by all the salivary glands. The Parotid gland, located near the ear, and the Submandibular gland, located beneath the jaw, do not secrete as much saliva as the Sublingual gland. Therefore, the Sublingual gland is the correct answer in this case.

Keratohyalin is a protein found in the stratum granulosum, which is the layer of the epidermis located between the stratum spinosum and the stratum corneum. This protein plays a crucial role in the formation of the skin's barrier function by aiding in the production of keratin, a tough and fibrous protein that helps protect the skin from environmental damage. Therefore, the correct answer is the stratum granulosum.

Minor salivary glands are present in the submucosa throughout the oral mucosa except the gingiva and anterior part of hard palate. This means that these glands are found in all areas of the oral mucosa except for the gingiva (gums) and the front part of the hard palate.

The tonsillar lymph node is situated at the angle of the mandible. This is the area where the lower jawbone meets the skull, forming a prominent angle. The tonsillar lymph node is located in this region because it drains lymphatic fluid from the tonsils, which are located in the back of the throat near the angle of the mandible.

Sulcular epithelium is the tissue that lines the gingival sulcus, which is the space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue. It is a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, meaning that it consists of multiple layers of flat cells without a layer of dead, hardened cells on the surface. This type of epithelium is found in areas of the body that require flexibility and moisture, such as the oral mucosa. It helps to protect the underlying tissues and provides a barrier against bacteria and other irritants.

Fungiform papillae are small mushroom-shaped structures found on the surface of the tongue. They are responsible for carrying taste buds, which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. These papillae are not seen as white spots and do not have a stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the skin.

Keratohyaline granules are not usually found in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum of keratinized oral epithelium. This is because keratohyaline granules are typically found in the granular layer (stratum granulosum) of the epidermis, which is located above the stratum spinosum. The stratum spinosum is primarily composed of keratinocytes connected by desmosomes, and it is responsible for providing strength and stability to the epithelium. Keratohyaline granules, on the other hand, play a role in the synthesis of keratin and the formation of the skin barrier in the upper layers of the epidermis. Therefore, they are not usually present in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

The attachment epithelium is a specialized layer of cells that attaches the gingiva (gum) to the tooth surface. Its coronal end refers to the end closest to the crown of the tooth, while the bottom of the gingival sulcus is the space between the tooth and the gum. Therefore, the statement that the coronal end of the attachment epithelium is found at the bottom of the gingival sulcus is true. This means that the attachment epithelium forms a seal between the tooth and the gum, helping to protect the underlying tissues from bacteria and other irritants.

Filiform papillae are the only type of papillae on the tongue that do not contain taste buds. They are responsible for providing the tongue with its rough texture and are located at the front two-thirds of the tongue. The other types of papillae, such as circumvallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae, all contain taste buds and are involved in the perception of taste.

Infections of the tonsils or adenoids are usually treated with antibiotics. These medications are prescribed to kill the bacteria causing the infection and help alleviate symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections but are not effective against viral infections. Therefore, if the infection is caused by a virus, antibiotics may not be necessary. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and complete the full course of antibiotics to ensure the infection is completely eradicated.

The correct answer is 10,000,000,000 because the average adult human body contains approximately 86 billion neurons.

Non keratinized epithelium is found over the gingival sulcus. The gingival sulcus is the space between the tooth surface and the free gingiva. The non keratinized epithelium in this area helps to protect the underlying tissues and provides a barrier against bacteria and other irritants. It is important for maintaining the health and integrity of the gingiva.

The vermilion border requires frequent moistening because it contains fewer sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which helps to moisturize the skin. Since the vermilion border has fewer sebaceous glands, it lacks the natural moisturizing properties that other areas of the skin have. Therefore, it needs to be frequently moistened to prevent dryness and maintain its appearance.

The correct answer is "Consists of lamina densa and lamina lucida." The basement membrane is a thin layer of extracellular matrix that separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue. It is composed of two layers: the lamina densa, which is a dense layer of proteins, and the lamina lucida, which is a clear layer of proteins. These two layers provide structural support and help regulate the exchange of molecules between the epithelial cells and the underlying tissue.

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size of an organ. This can occur due to an increase in the size of individual cells or an increase in the number of cells in the organ. It is a response to various stimuli such as increased workload or hormonal stimulation. The increase in size is usually accompanied by an increase in the functional capacity of the organ.

The lamina densa of the gingival basement membrane is rich in Type IV collagen. This type of collagen is a major component of basement membranes and provides structural support and stability to the gingival tissue. It helps to anchor the gingival epithelium to the underlying connective tissue, contributing to the integrity and function of the gingiva.

The intercalated duct is a type of duct that originates from the acinus. The acinus is a small, grape-like structure found in various glands, including salivary glands. It is responsible for producing and secreting fluids. Therefore, the intercalated duct carries these fluids from the acinus to other parts of the gland or the lumen, which is the central cavity of a tubular structure. It is not specifically associated with a parotid gland, which is a type of salivary gland.

The correct answer is "Epithelium, lamina propria and basement membrane." This is because the oral mucosa is composed of three layers: the epithelium, which is the outermost layer and provides protection; the lamina propria, which is the connective tissue layer that supports the epithelium; and the basement membrane, which separates the epithelium from the lamina propria. This structure is important for maintaining the integrity and function of the oral mucosa.

Saprophytes is the correct answer because they are organisms that obtain their nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead material and recycling nutrients back into the environment. Parasites, on the other hand, live on or in a host organism and derive their nutrients from it. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they require a host to replicate. Flagella is a structure that aids in movement and is not related to bacteria that live on dead matter.

Taste buds contain tiny hairs that are responsible for picking up signals from the foods we eat. These hairs, known as microvilli, are located on the surface of taste receptor cells within the taste buds. When we consume food, the chemicals in the food interact with these tiny hairs, triggering a response that allows us to perceive different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. These taste signals are then transmitted to the brain, allowing us to experience the sensation of taste.

The parotid glands open through Stensen's duct. Stensen's duct is a tube that connects the parotid gland to the inside of the mouth, specifically the upper part of the buccal mucosa opposite the second upper molar tooth. This duct allows the secretion of saliva from the parotid gland to be released into the oral cavity, aiding in the process of digestion.

The submandibular gland is supplied by the facial artery. The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and it runs along the lower border of the mandible. It gives off several branches, including the submental artery which supplies blood to the submandibular gland. The lingual artery supplies blood to the tongue, the submandibular artery supplies blood to other structures in the submandibular region, and the inferior alveolar artery supplies blood to the lower teeth and mandible.

Specialized cells migrate "to the upper layers" in order to perform their specific functions effectively. This migration allows them to be closer to the surface of the tissue or organ where they can interact with other cells or substances. By being in the upper layers, these cells can also receive necessary nutrients and oxygen more efficiently. Additionally, migrating to the upper layers may be necessary for these cells to differentiate into their mature forms and carry out their specialized tasks.

The dentogingival junction refers to the area where the tooth surface meets the gum tissue. As a person ages, the dentogingival junction tends to move apically or towards the root of the tooth. This is due to factors such as gum recession, which is a common occurrence with age. Therefore, the statement that "It moves apically with age" is true.

Fungiform papillae are the mushroom-shaped structures on the tongue. They are named so because their shape resembles that of a mushroom. These papillae are scattered across the tongue's surface and contain taste buds, which are responsible for detecting different tastes. The other options, foliate, circumvallate, and filliform, refer to different types of papillae on the tongue with distinct shapes and functions.

The submandibular glands are responsible for producing the largest amount of saliva. These glands are located beneath the lower jaw and are responsible for secreting saliva into the mouth. Saliva plays a crucial role in the digestion process by moistening food, aiding in swallowing, and breaking down carbohydrates. The submandibular glands are larger than the other salivary glands and produce a significant amount of saliva, making them the correct answer.

The correct answer is Von Ebner's gland. Von Ebner's glands are located in between the muscle fibers of the tongue below the vallate papillae. These glands secrete a serous fluid that helps to wash away food debris and cleanse the taste buds, allowing for the perception of taste. The other options, sublingual gland, lacrimal gland, and submandibular gland, are not located in this specific region of the tongue.

Labial and buccal minor salivary glands are classified as mixed glands because they secrete both serous and mucous components. The serous component contains enzymes like amylase that help in the digestion of carbohydrates, while the mucous component provides lubrication and protection to the oral cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mixed."

The lining epithelium of the esophagus is stratified squamous, non-keratinized. This type of epithelium is found in areas of the body that are subject to mechanical stress and abrasion, such as the esophagus. The stratified squamous arrangement allows for protection against friction and injury, while the non-keratinized nature means that the cells do not have a tough, waterproof layer of keratin on their surface. This allows for easier exchange of substances between the esophagus and its surrounding environment.

Transitional epithelium is the least common type of epithelium. It is found in the urinary system, specifically in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra. Transitional epithelium is unique because it can stretch and expand to accommodate changes in volume, making it well-suited for the urinary system's function of storing and releasing urine. Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated), simple columnar, and stratified columnar epithelia are all more common in various parts of the body, such as the respiratory tract and digestive system.

Vesicles or bullae are fluid-filled blisters that can occur on the mucous membrane or skin. They are commonly seen in conditions like Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, and Pemphigus. Granulocytosis, on the other hand, refers to an increase in the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. It is not typically associated with the formation of vesicles or bullae. Therefore, vesicles or bullae of the mucous membrane or skin are not seen in granulocytosis.

Keratohyaline granules are found in the stratum granulosum. The stratum granulosum is the third layer of the epidermis, located above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum. It is characterized by the presence of keratohyaline granules, which are responsible for producing keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin and give it its strength and flexibility. These granules play a crucial role in the process of keratinization, where the cells in the stratum granulosum convert into tough, protective cells that eventually form the outermost layer of the skin.

The correct answer is Ortho, Para and nonkeratinized. The oral mucous membrane is composed of different types of epithelium, including orthokeratinized, parakeratinized, and nonkeratinized. Orthokeratinized epithelium is found in areas of high mechanical stress, such as the hard palate and gingiva. Parakeratinized epithelium is present in areas of moderate mechanical stress, such as the dorsum of the tongue. Nonkeratinized epithelium is found in areas that require flexibility and moisture, such as the buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth. Therefore, the oral mucous membrane consists of all three types of epithelium.

The color of normal gingiva is coral pink. This is because healthy gingiva has a pale pink color with a slight coral hue. This color indicates good blood circulation and a healthy state of the gums. Pink or red gums may indicate inflammation or infection, while all the answers being incorrect would mean that there is no correct color for normal gingiva, which is not true.

The thinnest epithelium of the oral cavity is found in the sublingual mucosa, specifically the floor of the mouth. This area has a very thin layer of epithelial tissue, which allows for easier absorption and diffusion of substances. The buccal and lingual gingiva, as well as the oral surface of the lip, have thicker epithelial layers compared to the sublingual mucosa.

The roof of the soft palate is not lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue that is found in areas that undergo a lot of wear and tear, such as the skin and the lining of the mouth and throat. However, the roof of the soft palate is lined by a different type of tissue called respiratory epithelium, which is specialized for gas exchange in the respiratory system.

Von Ebner's salivary gland is a minor gland. Unlike the parotide, sub-mandibular, and sub-lingual glands, Von Ebner's gland is not one of the major salivary glands. It is a small gland located beneath the circumvallate papillae on the surface of the tongue. Its main function is to secrete lingual lipase, an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats.

Desmosomes are specialized cell structures that play a crucial role in cell adhesion. They are responsible for attaching cells together, providing mechanical strength and stability to tissues. Desmosomes consist of proteins called desmogleins and desmocollins, which form strong connections between adjacent cells. These connections help to prevent cells from being easily separated, allowing tissues to withstand mechanical stress. Therefore, desmosomes appear to be the most likely structure to play an important role in cell attachment.

Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced in response to bacterial infection. It is composed of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. The presence of pus is a clear indication that the body is fighting off an infection caused by bacteria. Bleeding, a cold, and parasites are not specifically associated with bacterial infections, making them incorrect choices for this question.

The three laterally paired major salivary glands, namely the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, are located outside of the oral cavity, or extra orally. These glands are situated on the sides of the face and neck, with the parotid gland being the largest and located just in front of the ears. They produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity through ducts, aiding in the process of digestion and maintaining oral health.

The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery. The external carotid artery is one of the two main branches of the common carotid artery, and it supplies blood to the face and neck. The internal carotid artery is the other main branch of the common carotid artery, and it supplies blood to the brain. The superficial temporal artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, but it is not directly related to the facial artery. Therefore, the correct answer is the external carotid artery.

The given answer states that all the options provided in the question are incorrect. This means that none of the options, including the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system, are part of the somatic nervous system.

Specialized cells stem from the basal layer and prickle cell layer. The basal layer is the innermost layer of the epidermis, where cells constantly divide and differentiate to replace the outer layers. The prickle cell layer is located above the basal layer and consists of cells that have started to develop specific characteristics. These layers contain stem cells that have the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells, which are essential for the functioning of the skin.

The striated duct is a type of duct that originates from the intercalated ducts. Intercalated ducts are small ducts found in the exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, that connect the secretory units of the gland to the larger system ducts. The striated ducts are responsible for modifying the composition of the fluid produced by the secretory units before it is released into the system ducts.

The correct answer is "Disorder of cell in mitosis". Displasia refers to the abnormal development or growth of cells, specifically during the process of mitosis. During mitosis, cells divide and replicate their genetic material to form two identical daughter cells. However, in cases of displasia, there is a disruption or disorder in this process, leading to abnormal cell division and potentially resulting in the formation of abnormal tissue or tumors.

The connective tissue papillae are long and numerous in the gingiva.

Vesicles or bullae are fluid-filled blisters that can occur on the mucous membrane or skin. They are commonly seen in conditions such as herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and pemphigus. Granulocytosis, on the other hand, refers to an increase in the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. It is not directly associated with the formation of vesicles or bullae. Therefore, vesicles or bullae of the mucous membrane or skin are not seen in granulocytosis.

Myoepithelial cells are present in the intercalated duct and terminal duct. These cells are specialized contractile cells that are found in glandular tissues, such as salivary glands. They are located between the basement membrane and the secretory cells of the ducts. Myoepithelial cells play a crucial role in the secretion of glandular products by contracting and squeezing the surrounding secretory cells, helping to propel the secretions through the ducts. Therefore, they are primarily found in the intercalated and terminal ducts where the secretory cells are located.

The skin of the cheek is different from the mucosa because it has a thin lamina and is non-keratinized. This means that the skin is not as thick and does not have a layer of keratin on its surface. In contrast, the mucosa of the cheek is keratinized, meaning it has a layer of keratin on its surface. Additionally, the skin of the cheek has a thick lamina propria, which is not present in the mucosa.

Buccal mucosa is a type of oral mucosa that lines the inside of the cheeks and lips. It is non-keratinized, meaning it does not have a layer of tough, protective keratin on its surface. This makes it more susceptible to damage and irritation compared to keratinized mucosa. Non-keratinized mucosa is found in areas of the body that require flexibility and moisture, such as the inside of the mouth.

Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogenic because they have the ability to invade and harm the host organism. These bacteria possess virulence factors such as toxins or enzymes that enable them to colonize and multiply within the host, leading to the development of various illnesses. Nonpathogenic bacteria, on the other hand, do not cause disease and may even have beneficial roles in the host's body. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, not bacteria, and can also cause diseases. Saprophytes are organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter and do not cause disease.

Merkel cells are specialized cells found in the epidermis. They are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, specifically in the stratum basale. These cells play a role in sensory perception, particularly in the perception of light touch and pressure. They are associated with nerve endings and help transmit signals to the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is the epidermis.