MCQs 216 Endodontic 3dd Dr.Prom Phanarith 1st 2019

The function of Endo-Z is to refine the preparation. This means that it is used to further shape and clean the access cavity, pulp chamber, and orifice of the root canal. Endo-Z is likely a tool or instrument used in endodontic procedures to ensure that the preparation is properly refined and ready for further treatment.

The correct answer is acute pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis. Pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp, which can be caused by various factors such as dental caries or trauma. Acute pulpitis is characterized by sudden onset of severe pain, while irreversible pulpitis is a more advanced stage where the inflammation cannot be reversed and may lead to pulp necrosis. Chronic pulpitis, on the other hand, is a long-standing inflammation of the pulp. Therefore, acute pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis are the two types of pulpitis mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is "Triangular with the base toward the border libre and apex toward cingulum." This means that the access cavity of the maxillary lateral incisor is shaped like a triangle, with the base facing towards the border libre (the edge of the tooth) and the apex (the pointed end) facing towards the cingulum (the raised area on the lingual side of the tooth). This shape allows for proper access to the pulp chamber and root canals during endodontic treatment.

The function of gates in endodontic treatment is to enlarge the coronal third of the canal. This is done to facilitate the access and cleaning of the canal during the procedure. Gates are used to remove any obstructions or debris in the coronal portion of the canal, allowing for better visibility and improved treatment outcomes. By enlarging this area, the dentist can effectively remove the pulp and ensure proper disinfection of the root canal system.

The clinical signs of pulp necrosis include tooth discoloration, where the tooth may appear darker or have a grayish hue. The tooth may also be asymptomatic, meaning the patient may not experience any pain or discomfort. Additionally, a vitality test can be performed, and if the pulp is necrotic, there will be no response to the test. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct in describing the clinical signs of pulp necrosis.

The answer states that the pulp chamber is small for both adults and children due to the presence of dentin from the outside. This suggests that the pulp chamber is smaller in size for both adults and children because the dentin surrounds it from the outside.

The correct answer is curettage of the pulp chamber and excavate periapical lesion. An excavator is a dental instrument used in endodontic procedures to remove infected or necrotic tissue from the pulp chamber and excavate any periapical lesions present. It is also used to enlarge the canal during root canal treatment.

The thermal sensitivity test is a method used to assess the sensitivity of teeth to temperature changes. Dry ice, air blast, hot gutta-percha, and ethyl chloride are all substances or techniques commonly used in this test. These substances or techniques can elicit different responses from the teeth, helping to identify any sensitivity or nerve damage. Therefore, the correct answer includes all of these options as they are all relevant to the thermal sensitivity test.

The correct answer is "Sealing material should be of appropriate size and not easily dislodged during use, as well as radiopaque." This means that the sealing material should be the right size and securely stay in place when used. Additionally, it should be radiopaque, meaning it can be seen on an X-ray image. This is important for monitoring the effectiveness of the sealing material and ensuring proper placement.

External root resorption is a contraindication for endodontic treatment because it involves the destruction of the root structure of the tooth. This condition can make it difficult or impossible to properly clean and shape the root canal, leading to a compromised treatment outcome. Additionally, the resorption process can weaken the tooth's structure, making it more prone to fractures during or after the treatment. Therefore, it is important to address the external root resorption before considering endodontic treatment.

The access cavity of a maxillary central incisor is triangular with the base toward the border libre and apex toward the cingulum. This means that the access opening created in the tooth will have a triangular shape, with the widest part of the triangle facing towards the biting edge (border libre) of the tooth and the pointed part of the triangle facing towards the back (cingulum) of the tooth. This specific shape and orientation are important for effectively accessing and treating the pulp chamber and root canals of the tooth.

This answer is correct because percussion from the side can help identify the state of the ligament. When the ligament is healthy, percussion from the side will produce a dull sound. However, if the ligament is inflamed or damaged, percussion from the side will produce a sharp or painful sound. Therefore, identifying the state of the ligament through percussion from the side can provide valuable information about the health of the tooth.

The correct answer is "pain and electrical." In endodontic diagnostic tests, pain and electrical tests are commonly used to assess the condition of the tooth. Pain tests involve applying stimuli to the tooth and evaluating the patient's response to determine the source and intensity of pain. Electrical tests, such as pulp vitality tests, measure the tooth's response to electrical stimulation to assess the health of the pulp. These tests help in diagnosing and determining the appropriate treatment for endodontic problems.

Clamps are used to aid in anchoring the dam to the tooth and in soft tissue retraction. This means that they help secure the dental dam in place and retract the surrounding soft tissue to provide better access to the tooth being worked on. This ensures that the dam stays in position and provides a clear field of view for the dental procedure.

Rubber dam clamp forceps are specifically designed to aid in the placement and removal of clamps from the tooth. These forceps provide a firm grip on the clamp, allowing for precise and controlled manipulation. They are an essential tool in dental procedures that require the use of a rubber dam, as they ensure proper placement and removal of the clamp without causing any damage to the tooth or surrounding tissues.

The correct answer is "Remove the cause." In the treatment of acute reversible pulpitis, the first step is to identify and eliminate the cause of the inflammation. This may involve removing decayed or infected tooth structure, addressing any trauma or injury to the tooth, or resolving any underlying dental issues. By removing the cause, the inflammation can be alleviated, and further treatment options such as root canal treatment or extraction can be considered if necessary.

Pulp capping is a technique used to preserve the vitality of a potentially infected pulp. This involves placing a medicament or material over the exposed pulp to protect it from further infection and promote healing. It is commonly used in cases where the pulp is not yet necrotic or irreversibly inflamed, but there is a risk of infection. By preserving the vitality of the pulp, the goal is to avoid the need for root canal treatment or extraction.

CMC (Camphorate Parachlorophenol) is used as an antiseptic in endodontic procedures. It helps to disinfect the root canal system by killing bacteria and preventing their growth. This antiseptic has antimicrobial properties that make it effective in reducing the risk of infection during endodontic treatment.

The correct answer is "Ethylène Diamine Tetra Acetic Acide." This is because EDTA stands for Ethylène Diamine Tetra Acetic Acide.

The answer "All are corrects" means that all of the statements mentioned - "Open into pulp chamber," "Enlarge enough to have good file path," and "Maintain as much tooth structure as possible" - are correct in regards to access goals. This implies that when performing a dental procedure, it is important to open into the pulp chamber, create a sufficient file path, and preserve as much of the natural tooth structure as possible.

The correct answer is reversible pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis. Acute pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp, which can be caused by various factors such as tooth decay or trauma. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by temporary inflammation that can be resolved with appropriate treatment, while irreversible pulpitis is a more severe form that cannot be reversed and requires root canal therapy or tooth extraction. Hyperplastic pulpitis is not a type of acute pulpitis, making it an incorrect option.

The correct answer is that the film should be placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth and the X-ray should pass perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth. This technique ensures that the X-ray beam is directed straight through the tooth, providing an accurate image of the tooth's structure. Placing the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth helps to minimize distortion and overlapping of the tooth structures, while passing the X-ray perpendicular to the long axis allows for a clear and detailed image.

The contraindications of using a rubber dam include recently erupted teeth, grossly carious teeth, and patients with a small mouth. Recently erupted teeth may be sensitive and the use of a rubber dam can cause discomfort. Grossly carious teeth may be weak and brittle, making it difficult to properly place the rubber dam. Patients with a small mouth may have limited space, making it challenging to isolate the tooth with a rubber dam.

Root canal treatment is a dental procedure that involves removing the inflamed or infected pulp tissue from inside the canal of a tooth. After the pulp is removed, the canal is filled and sealed to prevent any further infection. This treatment is necessary when the nerve tissue has been taken out and the infection has been eliminated.

The root canal is a space inside the tooth that extends from the pulp chamber to the tip of the root. It is located at the bottom of the tooth, around 1/3 of the root, and ends at the apex. The orifice of the root canal is located underneath the cervical area of the tooth, which is about 1mm-2mm from the pulp chamber.

The orifice of the root canal is located below the cervical area of the tooth, which is the area near the gum line. It is typically found at the apex or the tip of the root. The orifice is the opening or entrance of the root canal, and it is situated at a constriction point. It is usually around 1mm-2mm in size.

The access cavity of the mandibular second molar is triangular in shape with the base toward the mesial and apex toward distal. This means that the access cavity has three sides, with one side being larger and facing the mesial direction, while the other two sides converge to form a point in the distal direction. This shape allows for better access to the pulp chamber and can facilitate effective cleaning and treatment of the tooth.

The correct answer is "Spontaneous pain." This is because spontaneous pain is one of the clinical signs of acute irreversible pulpitis. It refers to the pain that occurs without any external stimuli or triggers. Other symptoms mentioned in the question, such as percussion negative response, response with hot, and no spontaneous pain, may be associated with different dental conditions or may not be indicative of acute irreversible pulpitis.

The step back technique involves using instruments in a small to large sequence. This means that the dentist or surgeon starts with a smaller instrument and gradually progresses to larger ones. This technique is commonly used in procedures such as root canal treatment, where the dentist needs to progressively widen and shape the root canal. By starting with smaller instruments and gradually increasing the size, the dentist can ensure efficient and safe treatment while minimizing the risk of complications.

EDTA is a solution with chelating properties. It is effective in removing debris and is particularly beneficial when there is the presence of NaOCL, as it aids in the elimination of debris and enhances the pulp dissolution process in the canal.

The correct answer is "Small mechanical exposures less than 1mm." This is because direct pulp capping is indicated when there is a small mechanical exposure of the pulp, specifically those that are less than 1mm in size. Large pulp exposures, spontaneous pain, and small mechanical exposures less than 2mm are not indications for direct pulp capping.

The correct answer is "alive teeth nerve". This means that when the electric pulp tester is used and the patient feels an ache between 0-40, it indicates that the nerve in the tooth is still alive. This suggests that the tooth is not irreversibly damaged and may be able to be treated or saved.

The given answer, 800t/mn, is correct because it is one of the options provided for the speed of peeso. Since all the options are stated to be correct, it can be inferred that 800t/mn is one of the possible speeds for peeso.

The correct answer is "Large pulp exposure and Non-restorable tooth." Contraindications of direct pulp capping include situations where there is a large pulp exposure, meaning a significant portion of the pulp is exposed, and when the tooth is non-restorable, meaning it cannot be saved or restored to a functional state. These contraindications suggest that direct pulp capping may not be appropriate in these cases and alternative treatments should be considered. Small exposures less than 1mm may still be suitable for direct pulp capping.

The correct answer states that the duration for direct pulp capping is from 3 to 6 months, and after that, the tooth can be permanently sealed. This means that after performing direct pulp capping, the exposed pulp is covered with a protective material for a period of 3 to 6 months, allowing the pulp to heal and regenerate. Once this healing period is complete, the tooth can be sealed with a permanent restoration to prevent further infection or damage.

The correct answer is "Pulpitis, pulp necrosis, and abscess." This is the correct progression of tooth disease. Pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp, which is the innermost part of the tooth. If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to pulp necrosis, which is the death of the dental pulp. Finally, an abscess can form, which is a pocket of pus caused by a bacterial infection. Therefore, the correct order of events is pulpitis, pulp necrosis, and abscess.

The correct answer is "Oval is wider buccal-lingual." This means that the access cavity of the mandibular lateral incisor is shaped like an oval, with the wider part of the oval being in the buccal-lingual direction. This shape allows for better access and visibility during dental procedures.

Root canal treatment is the correct answer because chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, also known as pulp polyp, is a condition where the pulp tissue becomes inflamed and overgrows, leading to the formation of a polyp-like mass. This condition cannot be treated with pulp capping or pulpotomy, as they are more suitable for cases with reversible pulpitis or when the infection has not spread extensively. Removing the cause alone may not be sufficient to resolve the issue, as the overgrown pulp tissue needs to be removed and the root canal system needs to be cleaned and sealed to prevent further infection.

The correct answer is "The instruments are used in a large to small sequence." In the crown down technique, the instruments are used in a sequence starting with larger instruments and gradually progressing to smaller ones. This technique helps to remove debris and shape the root canal efficiently. By using larger instruments first, the canal is prepared and widened, allowing easier access for smaller instruments to clean and shape the canal further. This sequential approach ensures thorough cleaning and shaping of the root canal.

The advantage of the vertical condensation technique is that it allows for a good sealing of the canal apical, lateral, and accessory canals. This is important in endodontic treatment as it ensures that all areas of the root canal system are properly filled and sealed, preventing the ingress of bacteria and reducing the risk of reinfection.

The correct answer is "Strong but lingering irreversible" because it suggests that the thermal test results showed a strong and lasting effect that cannot be reversed. This implies that there may be a significant issue or damage that needs to be addressed.

To clean the root canal during endodontic treatment, NaOCL (sodium hypochlorite) is commonly used. Heating NaOCL to 60oC increases its effectiveness in dissolving organic debris and killing bacteria. This temperature enhances the antimicrobial activity of NaOCL, making it more efficient in disinfecting the root canal. Therefore, using NaOCL at a temperature of 60oC is the most suitable option for achieving a clean root canal.

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The correct answer is the diagnostic phase. This phase is the initial stage of treatment where the dentist gathers information about the patient's condition through various diagnostic tests and examinations. This includes taking X-rays, conducting a thorough examination of the teeth and gums, and discussing the patient's symptoms and medical history. The purpose of this phase is to accurately diagnose the problem and determine the most appropriate course of treatment.

The correct answer is "Before decay reaches the pulp." This means that in the early stages of pulp inflammation, the decay has not yet reached the innermost part of the tooth known as the pulp. This suggests that the inflammation may be caused by factors other than decay, such as gum disease or trauma to the tooth. It is important to address this inflammation early on to prevent further damage to the tooth and potential complications.

The correct answer is pulp horn, roof, and floor of the pulp chamber. The pulp chamber is located inside the tooth and contains the dental pulp, which consists of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. The pulp horn refers to the extensions of the pulp chamber that reach towards the cusps of the tooth. The roof and floor of the pulp chamber are the upper and lower boundaries of the chamber, respectively. These structures together make up the internal anatomy of the tooth and play important roles in maintaining the vitality and health of the tooth.

The explanation states that the size of the pulp chamber varies according to the age of the individual. In young children, the pulp chamber is small, while in older individuals, it is larger. This suggests that the size of the pulp chamber changes as a person grows older.

The step back technique has the advantage of keeping the apical preparation small in its original position using a gradual taper. This helps to maintain the integrity of the apical area and prevent over-enlargement of the canal. By gradually tapering the preparation, the chances of pushing debris into peri-radicular tissues are reduced. Additionally, as the canal curvatures are eliminated during the step back technique, the working length is likely to change, allowing for better cleaning and shaping of the canal. Finally, the step back technique makes it easier to remove debris from the canal.

Hydrogen peroxide 10 volume is used for treating granuloma.

Acute reversible pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp that can be reversed with appropriate treatment. Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is caused by the breakdown of tooth enamel due to bacteria and can lead to pulpitis. Cavity preparation, which involves removing decayed tooth material and preparing the tooth for a filling, can also cause pulpitis if the dental pulp is exposed or irritated during the procedure. Therefore, the etiology of acute reversible pulpitis is dental caries and cavity preparation. Crown fracture, while it can lead to pulpitis, is not mentioned as a cause in this question.

Lateral condensation is a technique used in root canal treatment to compact gutta-percha against the canal wall. This technique involves using a specialized instrument called a spreader to place the gutta-percha laterally into the root canal, creating a tight seal against the walls. This ensures that the canal is properly filled and sealed, preventing any leakage or reinfection. The other options mentioned, vertical root and horizontal root, do not accurately describe the technique of lateral condensation.

The average length of the mandibular central incisor is 20.7mm.

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The anatomical apex is located at the tip of the horn cementum of the root. The horn cementum is a hard tissue that covers the root of the tooth. The apex is the most distal point of the root and is important for the attachment of the tooth to the surrounding tissues.

The correct answer is Oval is wider buccal-palatal. This means that the access cavity of the maxillary second premolar is shaped like an oval, with the wider part of the oval being in the buccal-palatal direction.

The access cavity of the maxillary second molar is triangular in shape with the base toward the buccal and apex toward the palatal. This means that the access cavity has a triangular outline, with the wider part of the triangle facing the buccal (cheek) side and the narrower part of the triangle facing the palatal (tongue) side. This shape allows for better visualization and access to the pulp chamber and root canals during endodontic treatment.

The access cavity of a mandibular canine is described as oval and wider buccal-lingual. This means that the shape of the access cavity is elongated in the buccal-lingual direction, with the width being greater in this dimension compared to the mesial-distal dimension. This shape allows for better visualization and instrumentation of the root canal system during endodontic treatment of the mandibular canine.

The function of a finger spreader is to condense gutta-percha laterally in the canal during obturation. Gutta-percha is a material used in root canal treatment to fill and seal the canal. Condensing it laterally helps to ensure a tight and complete seal, preventing any bacteria or debris from entering the canal and causing infection or complications. Vertical condensation, on the other hand, refers to the technique of condensing gutta-percha vertically in the canal, which is not the function of a finger spreader.

An apex locator is a device used in dentistry to determine the distance to the apical foramen. The apical foramen is the opening at the tip of the tooth root where the nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth. By measuring the electrical resistance or impedance in the tooth, the apex locator can accurately determine the location of the apical foramen. This information is crucial for procedures such as root canal treatment, as it helps the dentist determine the correct length to which the root canal should be cleaned and filled.

Rubber dam templates are used to transfer the holes to the dam sheet. This means that the template is placed over the dam sheet and the holes on the template are marked onto the sheet. This helps in accurately placing the holes on the dam sheet, ensuring a proper fit and seal. It saves time as it eliminates the need for manually marking and measuring the holes. The other options, such as grossly carious teeth and psychology, are not relevant to the use of rubber dam templates.

The correct answer is necrosis and hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp). Chronic pulpitis refers to inflammation of the dental pulp that persists over a long period of time. Necrosis occurs when the dental pulp tissue dies, while hyperplastic pulpitis, also known as pulp polyp, is characterized by the overgrowth of granulation tissue in response to chronic inflammation. Swelling is not a type of chronic pulpitis, but rather a symptom that can occur as a result of the inflammation.

Tooth mobility can be caused by recent trauma and crown/root fracture. Trauma to the tooth can lead to damage to the supporting structures, causing the tooth to become loose. Additionally, a crown/root fracture can also result in tooth mobility as it compromises the integrity of the tooth and its attachment to the surrounding tissues. Tooth pain, although it can be a symptom of tooth mobility, is not a direct cause of it.

The correct answer is dental caries and traumatic occlusion. Dental caries refers to the decay of teeth caused by bacteria, leading to inflammation and infection of the dental pulp. Traumatic occlusion refers to excessive force or trauma on the teeth, which can also cause inflammation and damage to the pulp. Therefore, both dental caries and traumatic occlusion can contribute to the development of pulpitis, which is characterized by tooth pain.

The correct answer is "Pain at night and Excess bleeding at the exposure site." This is because pain at night and excess bleeding at the exposure site are both contraindications for direct pulp capping. These symptoms indicate that the pulp is inflamed or infected, and direct pulp capping should not be performed in such cases. Small exposures less than 1mm are not contraindications for direct pulp capping.

The correct answer is "Sharp, acute pulpal inflammation and Discoloration of tooth". Indirect pulp capping is a procedure used to treat deep caries lesions without exposing the dental pulp. However, it is contraindicated in cases of sharp, acute pulpal inflammation, as this indicates an active infection that may require more aggressive treatment. Discoloration of the tooth can also be a contraindication, as it may indicate irreversible damage to the pulp.

Endodontic treatment is indicated for traumatic pulp exposure due to dental work. This means that if the pulp of a tooth is exposed as a result of dental work, such as a cavity preparation or a dental trauma, endodontic treatment is necessary. This treatment involves removing the damaged pulp and replacing it with a filling material to restore the tooth's function and prevent further complications.

The correct answer is "Oval is wider buccal-lingual." This means that the access cavity of the mandibular second premolar is shaped like an oval, with the widest part being in the buccal-lingual direction. This shape allows for better visibility and access to the pulp chamber during a root canal treatment.

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Mobility tests in endodontic grade I refer to the amount of horizontal movement of a tooth in its socket. The correct answer states that noticeable horizontal movement is present in the socket. This means that there is some movement of the tooth, but it is not specified how much. The other options, within 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm of horizontal movement, provide specific measurements for the amount of movement, but they do not match the given correct answer.

The step back technique in endodontics involves removing the coronal portion of the canal first and then gradually working towards the apex. One of the disadvantages of this technique is that there is a higher chance of pushing debris into the peri-apical area. This can lead to inflammation, infection, and potential complications during the root canal treatment. Therefore, it is important to be cautious and take preventive measures to minimize the risk of pushing debris into the peri-apical area when using the step back technique.

Hydrogen peroxide 10 volume can be used with NaOCL, but cannot be used in cases of menstruation or if there are any wounds or sores.

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The advantage of the lateral condensation technique is that it prevents overfilling by allowing for length control during condensation. This means that the dentist can ensure that the filling material does not extend beyond the desired length, preventing any potential complications or discomfort for the patient. Additionally, this technique does not leave any space between the master cone and accessory cone, ensuring a tight seal. It can also effectively fill any irregularities in the canal, leading to a more successful and long-lasting filling. Lastly, the lateral condensation technique is known for being a time-saving method.

The correct answer is 3 ថ្ងៃម្តង. This is because antiseptics are substances that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue. They are typically applied to wounds or cuts to prevent infection. The effectiveness of an antiseptic is typically measured by its ability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms within a certain time frame. In this case, the antiseptic is considered to be most effective within 3 days, as it is able to effectively kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms during this time period.

Vertical condensation is a technique used to compact gutta-percha by using heat and a plugger. This technique involves heating the plugger and using it to vertically condense the gutta-percha against the canal wall. This helps to ensure a tight seal and fill any irregularities in the root canal system. The other options mentioned in the question are not correct explanations of vertical condensation.

The root canal of a mandibular second molar typically has two canals in the mesial root and one canal in the distal root. Therefore, the correct answer is "Mesial 2 - distal 1."

The disadvantage of clamp sensitivity refers to the fact that some patients may experience discomfort or pain when a rubber dam clamp is placed on their tooth. This can make the procedure more difficult and uncomfortable for the patient. It is important for the dentist to be aware of this sensitivity and take necessary measures to minimize any discomfort during the procedure.

The furcation canal is an additional canal that originates from the floor of the pulp chamber. It is separate from the main canals and provides an additional pathway for the nerves and blood vessels to exit the tooth. This canal is important to consider during root canal treatment to ensure complete cleaning and filling of all canals in the tooth.

The correct answer is "minor foramen & major foramen". The minor foramen and major foramen are both openings in the skull that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. The minor foramen is located towards the back of the skull, while the major foramen is located towards the front. These openings are important for the functioning of the nervous system and the circulation of blood throughout the body.

The function of a rubber dam punch is to make holes in the rubber dam sheet. This is necessary in order to properly anchor the dam to the tooth and aid in soft tissue retraction during dental procedures. By creating holes in the rubber dam, the punch allows for a secure and comfortable fit, maintaining the border of the dam and ensuring effective isolation of the treatment area.

This answer states that mobility tests in endodontic grade III involve horizontal movement greater than 1mm and/or vertical movement. This means that if there is any horizontal movement greater than 1mm or any vertical movement observed, it indicates endodontic grade III mobility.

The correct answer is 8000rm/mn. Compactors use low speed, and out of the given options, 8000rm/mn is the lowest speed mentioned.

The correct answer is that all of the options (irrigate, dressing, and pulp capping) are correct uses for Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2, also known as calcium hydroxide, is a versatile substance commonly used in dentistry. It can be used as an irrigant during root canal procedures to clean and disinfect the root canal system. It can also be used as a dressing material to promote healing and reduce inflammation in dental pulp. Additionally, Ca(OH)2 can be used in pulp capping procedures to stimulate dentin formation and protect the pulp from further damage.

The correct answer is "percussion is generally a negative response." In acute reversible pulpitis, the tooth pulp becomes inflamed but is still able to recover. This inflammation can cause spontaneous pain and tooth mobility. However, when percussion is performed (tapping on the tooth), there is usually no pain or discomfort, indicating that the inflammation is reversible and the tooth is not severely affected.

The average age of eruption for the maxillary first molar is 6-7 years. This means that most children will have their maxillary first molar erupt between the ages of 6 and 7. It is important to note that this is an average age and there can be individual variations where some children may experience eruption slightly earlier or later.

The contraindications of indirect pulp capping are prolonged night pain and definite pulp exposure. This means that if a patient experiences prolonged night pain or if there is definite pulp exposure, indirect pulp capping should not be performed. Indirect pulp capping is a procedure used to treat deep caries lesions where the pulp is not exposed. However, if there is already pulp exposure or if the patient is experiencing prolonged night pain, it indicates a more severe condition that may require a different treatment approach.

The average age of eruption for the mandibular first premolar is 10-12 years. This means that on average, children will start to see the eruption of this tooth between the ages of 10 and 12. It is important to note that this is an average range and individual variations can occur.

The electric pulp test is a procedure used to assess the vitality or health of the dental pulp. It involves applying an electric stimulus to the tooth and measuring the patient's response. If the pulp is healthy and vital, the patient should feel a sensation or discomfort. This test helps in diagnosing pulp-related conditions such as pulpitis or pulp necrosis. Therefore, the statement "Used to test the vitality of pulp" is a correct explanation of the function of the electric pulp test.

The correct answer is the Cementum-dentinal junction. The Cementum-dentinal junction refers to the boundary between the cementum (a layer of hard tissue that covers the root of a tooth) and the dentin (the hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth). This junction is important because it helps to anchor the tooth in the socket and provides a protective barrier against bacteria and other irritants.

The access cavity of a mandibular first premolar is oval and wider buccal-lingual. This means that the access cavity is shaped like an oval and is wider in the buccal-lingual direction compared to the mesial-distal direction. This shape allows for better access to the pulp chamber and facilitates the removal of decayed or damaged tissue during root canal treatment.

Root amputation is a surgical procedure performed in endodontics to remove a single root from a multi-rooted tooth. This procedure is usually done when one root of the tooth is severely damaged or infected, while the other roots are healthy. By removing the affected root, the dentist can preserve the remaining healthy roots and save the tooth from extraction. Root amputation is a viable option to retain a suitable restoration and maintain the functionality of the tooth.

The correct answer is "Is a single canal from the chamber to apex." This means that there is only one canal that runs from the chamber of the tooth to the apex (or tip) of the tooth. This configuration is common in certain teeth, such as incisors, where there is typically only one root and one canal.

The clinical signs of hyperplastic pulpitis include the presence of a red pinkish soft nodule that protrudes into the cavity. This nodule is typically seen in children and young adults. Additionally, the presence of a polyp gingival may also be observed in hyperplastic pulpitis.

Pulpitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the dental pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth. When bacteria invade the pulp, the body's natural defense mechanism is to initiate an inflammatory response, leading to pulpitis. Pulpitis can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the severity of the inflammation and the extent of damage to the pulp tissue. Pulp necrosis, on the other hand, refers to the death of the pulp tissue due to untreated or advanced pulpitis.