Toughest Networking Trivia Questions Quiz! Practice Test

1. How many functional layers are in the OSI protocol model?

4

5

6

7

8

The OSI protocol model consists of seven functional layers. These layers are responsible for different tasks in the communication process, such as establishing connections, managing data, and ensuring reliable transmission. Each layer has its own specific functions and interacts with the layers above and below it to facilitate communication between network devices. The seven layers in the OSI model are the Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application layers.

Explanation

The OSI protocol model consists of seven functional layers. These layers are responsible for different tasks in the communication process, such as establishing connections, managing data, and ensuring reliable transmission. Each layer has its own specific functions and interacts with the layers above and below it to facilitate communication between network devices. The seven layers in the OSI model are the Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application layers.

2. Match the following

BroadCast

MultiCast

UniCast

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3. Referring to the IPv4 adapter configuration presented in the above image, what type of IPv4 the address will be assigned to the network adapter (static or dynamic)? Note: a static address is entered manually while the dynamic is obtained automatically via DHCP.

Based on the information provided, the IPv4 address assigned to the network adapter will be dynamic. This is because dynamic addresses are obtained automatically through DHCP, which stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In contrast, static addresses are manually entered. Since the question does not mention any manual input, it can be inferred that the address will be obtained automatically.

Explanation

Based on the information provided, the IPv4 address assigned to the network adapter will be dynamic. This is because dynamic addresses are obtained automatically through DHCP, which stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In contrast, static addresses are manually entered. Since the question does not mention any manual input, it can be inferred that the address will be obtained automatically.

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4. What is the process of enclosing a block of data in a protocol header and trailer called?

De-encapsulation

Decapsulation

Segmentation

Encapsulation

Registration

Encapsulation is the process of enclosing a block of data in a protocol header and trailer. This is done to ensure that the data can be transmitted over a network or communication channel. By encapsulating the data, it becomes organized and structured, allowing it to be properly interpreted and understood by the receiving end. Encapsulation also adds necessary information such as source and destination addresses, error checking, and other control information to the data, making it more reliable and secure during transmission.

Explanation

Encapsulation is the process of enclosing a block of data in a protocol header and trailer. This is done to ensure that the data can be transmitted over a network or communication channel. By encapsulating the data, it becomes organized and structured, allowing it to be properly interpreted and understood by the receiving end. Encapsulation also adds necessary information such as source and destination addresses, error checking, and other control information to the data, making it more reliable and secure during transmission.

5. An IPv4 address has how many octets?

An IPv4 address is made up of four octets. Each octet consists of 8 bits, allowing for a total of 32 bits in an IPv4 address. The four octets are separated by periods, and each octet can have a value ranging from 0 to 255. This format allows for a unique identification of devices connected to a network using IPv4 addressing scheme.

Explanation

An IPv4 address is made up of four octets. Each octet consists of 8 bits, allowing for a total of 32 bits in an IPv4 address. The four octets are separated by periods, and each octet can have a value ranging from 0 to 255. This format allows for a unique identification of devices connected to a network using IPv4 addressing scheme.

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6. Which Protocol is Connection-Oriented?

TCP

UDP

TLTP

FTP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol. It establishes a reliable, error-checked, and ordered communication channel between two devices before data transmission. TCP ensures that all sent packets are received and arranges them in the correct order. It also handles congestion control and flow control to optimize the data transfer process. UDP (User Datagram Protocol), on the other hand, is a connectionless protocol that does not establish a dedicated channel before transmission, making it faster but less reliable. TLTP and FTP are not widely recognized protocols, making TCP the correct answer.

Explanation

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol. It establishes a reliable, error-checked, and ordered communication channel between two devices before data transmission. TCP ensures that all sent packets are received and arranges them in the correct order. It also handles congestion control and flow control to optimize the data transfer process. UDP (User Datagram Protocol), on the other hand, is a connectionless protocol that does not establish a dedicated channel before transmission, making it faster but less reliable. TLTP and FTP are not widely recognized protocols, making TCP the correct answer.

7. What is Encapsulation?

It is the process of adding a protocol header and sometimes a trailer to a block of application data.

It is the process of obtaining a MAC addresses which corresponds to a given IP address.

It is the process of obtaining an IP addresses which corresponds to a given MAC address

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Explanation

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8. What is the purpose of the subnet mask in conjunction with an IP address?

To identify whether the address is public or private

To determine the subnet to which the host belongs

To uniquely identify a host on a network

To mask the IP address to outsiders

The purpose of the subnet mask in conjunction with an IP address is to determine the subnet to which the host belongs. The subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. By comparing the subnet mask with the IP address, the network can determine which part of the address represents the network and which part represents the host. This allows for efficient routing of data within the network and ensures that the host can communicate with other devices within the same subnet.

Explanation

The purpose of the subnet mask in conjunction with an IP address is to determine the subnet to which the host belongs. The subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. By comparing the subnet mask with the IP address, the network can determine which part of the address represents the network and which part represents the host. This allows for efficient routing of data within the network and ensures that the host can communicate with other devices within the same subnet.

9. From a command prompt window, you can determine the current network settings for your PC. Which of the following commands will display the IP addresses assigned to each NIC on your Windows laptop?

Ipconfig

Ipconfig /showdns

Netstat -r

The correct answer is "ipconfig". By running the "ipconfig" command in a command prompt window, you can view the current network settings for your PC, including the IP addresses assigned to each NIC (Network Interface Card) on your Windows laptop. This command provides detailed information about the IP configuration, subnet mask, default gateway, and other network settings for all active network interfaces on your computer.

Explanation

The correct answer is "ipconfig". By running the "ipconfig" command in a command prompt window, you can view the current network settings for your PC, including the IP addresses assigned to each NIC (Network Interface Card) on your Windows laptop. This command provides detailed information about the IP configuration, subnet mask, default gateway, and other network settings for all active network interfaces on your computer.

10. A network consists of end-devices, network devices and media. Select the end devices from the following list. (select three)

Router

Laptop Computer

Ethernet Switch

Printer

Wireless Phone

The end devices in a network are the devices that are used by the end users to access the network. These devices include laptops, printers, and wireless phones. Routers and Ethernet switches, on the other hand, are network devices that are used to connect different networks and manage network traffic. Therefore, the correct answer is Laptop Computer, Printer, and Wireless Phone.

Explanation

The end devices in a network are the devices that are used by the end users to access the network. These devices include laptops, printers, and wireless phones. Routers and Ethernet switches, on the other hand, are network devices that are used to connect different networks and manage network traffic. Therefore, the correct answer is Laptop Computer, Printer, and Wireless Phone.

Submit

11. Match the following

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Networking

Datalink

Physical

Submit

12. What is Message Segmentation?

Segmentation is the process of breaking the application data stream into pieces or blocks of data

Segmentation is the process where devices communicate in both directions at the same time.

Segmentation is the process which allows data to be delivered to a destination on a diﬀerent network.

Segmentation allows a server to determine which service the data should be directed to.

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Explanation

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13. What happens to an incoming frame if the Switch doesn't have an entry for the Destination Address in its MAC Address Table?

The frame is sent out all ports except the ingress port (original incoming port)

Switches populate the MAC Address Table by observing the Source MAC Address of all incoming frames.

The switch sends an ARP request and the device with the destination MAC address responds.

The frame is sent out all ports in an attempt to reach the destination device.

The frame is dropped until it learns the correct port from the source address of an incoming frame.

When a switch doesn't have an entry for the Destination Address in its MAC Address Table, it means that the switch doesn't know the port to which the frame should be forwarded. In this case, the switch will flood the frame out of all ports except the one it came from (the ingress port) in an attempt to reach the destination device. This is because flooding ensures that the frame reaches the correct destination, even if the switch doesn't have the necessary information in its MAC Address Table.

Explanation

When a switch doesn't have an entry for the Destination Address in its MAC Address Table, it means that the switch doesn't know the port to which the frame should be forwarded. In this case, the switch will flood the frame out of all ports except the one it came from (the ingress port) in an attempt to reach the destination device. This is because flooding ensures that the frame reaches the correct destination, even if the switch doesn't have the necessary information in its MAC Address Table.

14. Which command can be used to test connectivity between two computers that are a5ached to a network?

Ipconfig

Ping

Winipcfg

Ifconfig

Netstat -s

The correct answer is "ping". The ping command is used to test connectivity between two computers on a network by sending an ICMP echo request to the target computer and waiting for a response. If a response is received, it indicates that there is a network connection between the two computers. This command is commonly used to troubleshoot network connectivity issues and measure the round-trip time (RTT) between the sender and receiver.

Explanation

The correct answer is "ping". The ping command is used to test connectivity between two computers on a network by sending an ICMP echo request to the target computer and waiting for a response. If a response is received, it indicates that there is a network connection between the two computers. This command is commonly used to troubleshoot network connectivity issues and measure the round-trip time (RTT) between the sender and receiver.

15. What is the function of the Physical Layer Protocol?

It includes the user I/O devices such as keyboard and monitor

It opens, closes and manages sessions

It manages the network device to network device link connection

It performs formatting of data to the user

It is responsible for the transmission of bits on the physical medium.

The Physical Layer Protocol is responsible for the transmission of bits on the physical medium. This means that it handles the actual transfer of data between devices over the physical network. It ensures that the data is properly transmitted and received, managing aspects such as signal encoding, modulation, and synchronization. The Physical Layer Protocol is essential for establishing a reliable and efficient communication link between network devices.

Explanation

The Physical Layer Protocol is responsible for the transmission of bits on the physical medium. This means that it handles the actual transfer of data between devices over the physical network. It ensures that the data is properly transmitted and received, managing aspects such as signal encoding, modulation, and synchronization. The Physical Layer Protocol is essential for establishing a reliable and efficient communication link between network devices.

16. What is the Transport layer PDU called?

Packet

Frame

Segment

Block

The Transport layer PDU is called a segment. In computer networking, the Transport layer is responsible for breaking down the data received from the upper layers into smaller segments or chunks, which can then be transmitted over the network. These segments contain the necessary information for the network to properly deliver and reassemble the data at the receiving end. Therefore, the correct answer is segment.

Explanation

The Transport layer PDU is called a segment. In computer networking, the Transport layer is responsible for breaking down the data received from the upper layers into smaller segments or chunks, which can then be transmitted over the network. These segments contain the necessary information for the network to properly deliver and reassemble the data at the receiving end. Therefore, the correct answer is segment.

17. What message sequence does TCP use to establish a session?

Three-way handshake: syn, syn-ack, ack

Fin, ack, fin, ack

Four-way handshake: syn, syn-ack, syn, syn-ack

Three-way handshake: syn, syn-ack, syn, syn-ack

TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a session. This involves the following message sequence: the client sends a synchronization (SYN) message to the server, the server responds with a synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message, and finally, the client sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message to the server. This three-step process ensures that both the client and server agree on the initial sequence numbers and establish a reliable connection before data transmission begins.

Explanation

TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a session. This involves the following message sequence: the client sends a synchronization (SYN) message to the server, the server responds with a synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message, and finally, the client sends an acknowledgment (ACK) message to the server. This three-step process ensures that both the client and server agree on the initial sequence numbers and establish a reliable connection before data transmission begins.

18. Which field in the IPv4 header Is used to prevent a packet from traversing a network endlessly?

Time-to-Live

Sequence Number

Acknowledgment Number

Differentiated Services

The Time-to-Live field in the IPv4 header is used to prevent a packet from traversing a network endlessly. It is a counter that specifies the maximum number of network hops (routers) that the packet can pass through before being discarded. Each time the packet passes through a router, the TTL value is decremented by one. If the TTL reaches zero, the packet is discarded and an error message is sent back to the source. This mechanism helps to prevent packets from indefinitely circulating in a network and consuming network resources.

Explanation

The Time-to-Live field in the IPv4 header is used to prevent a packet from traversing a network endlessly. It is a counter that specifies the maximum number of network hops (routers) that the packet can pass through before being discarded. Each time the packet passes through a router, the TTL value is decremented by one. If the TTL reaches zero, the packet is discarded and an error message is sent back to the source. This mechanism helps to prevent packets from indefinitely circulating in a network and consuming network resources.

19. What is the value of TCP being connection-oriented?

It allows the two end points to manage the connection with such services as reliability and flow control.

It only allows each side to reference specific destination end-point.

It gives the connection, wire-connected properties to improve bandwidth.

It permits the end-user to be identified by a port number.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that allows the two end points to manage the connection with services such as reliability and flow control. This means that TCP ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct order, without errors, and with guaranteed delivery. It also manages the flow of data between the sender and receiver, preventing congestion and ensuring efficient transmission. This connection-oriented nature of TCP is what enables it to provide these services and make it a reliable and widely used protocol in network communication.

Explanation

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that allows the two end points to manage the connection with services such as reliability and flow control. This means that TCP ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct order, without errors, and with guaranteed delivery. It also manages the flow of data between the sender and receiver, preventing congestion and ensuring efficient transmission. This connection-oriented nature of TCP is what enables it to provide these services and make it a reliable and widely used protocol in network communication.

20. What is the format of a Broadcast MAC Address?

23-af-56-b4-9c-4e

FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

BR-OA-DC-AS-T0-00

00-00-00-00-00-00

The format of a Broadcast MAC Address is FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF.

Explanation

The format of a Broadcast MAC Address is FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF.

21. Which of the following correctly define what flags are used in a complete TCP connection setup?

SYN, SYN+ACK, ACK

ACK, ACK+SYN, SYN

SYN, SYN, ACK

SYN, ACK, FIN

ACK, ACK, SYN

During a complete TCP connection setup, the sender and receiver exchange certain control flags to establish the connection. The correct answer, SYN, SYN+ACK, ACK, accurately defines the sequence of flags used. The sender initiates the connection by sending a SYN (synchronize) flag. The receiver responds with a SYN+ACK (synchronize-acknowledge) flag to acknowledge the request and synchronize sequence numbers. Finally, the sender sends an ACK (acknowledge) flag to confirm the connection establishment. This three-way handshake ensures reliable communication between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins.

Explanation

During a complete TCP connection setup, the sender and receiver exchange certain control flags to establish the connection. The correct answer, SYN, SYN+ACK, ACK, accurately defines the sequence of flags used. The sender initiates the connection by sending a SYN (synchronize) flag. The receiver responds with a SYN+ACK (synchronize-acknowledge) flag to acknowledge the request and synchronize sequence numbers. Finally, the sender sends an ACK (acknowledge) flag to confirm the connection establishment. This three-way handshake ensures reliable communication between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins.

22. Convert the following binary number to decimal: 0101001

41

36

25

18

The given binary number, 0101001, can be converted to decimal by multiplying each digit by the corresponding power of 2 and adding the results. Starting from the rightmost digit, the calculation would be: 1*2^0 + 0*2^1 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^3 + 0*2^4 + 1*2^5 + 0*2^6 = 1 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 32 + 0 = 41.

Explanation

The given binary number, 0101001, can be converted to decimal by multiplying each digit by the corresponding power of 2 and adding the results. Starting from the rightmost digit, the calculation would be: 1*2^0 + 0*2^1 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^3 + 0*2^4 + 1*2^5 + 0*2^6 = 1 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 32 + 0 = 41.

23. Which of these are Intermediary Devices?

Switch

Router

PC

Tablet

VoiP Phone

Switches and routers are both examples of intermediary devices in computer networks. A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN) and forwards data packets between them. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. On the other hand, a router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together and forwards data packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Both switches and routers play crucial roles in directing network traffic and ensuring efficient communication between devices in a network.

Explanation

Switches and routers are both examples of intermediary devices in computer networks. A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN) and forwards data packets between them. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. On the other hand, a router is a networking device that connects multiple networks together and forwards data packets between them. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Both switches and routers play crucial roles in directing network traffic and ensuring efficient communication between devices in a network.

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24. Convert the host portion of this IP Address to binary: 25.125.32.235/24

00011001

01111101

:eb

11101011

The given IP address is 25.125.32.235 with a subnet mask of /24. The subnet mask of /24 means that the first 24 bits of the IP address represent the network portion, and the remaining 8 bits represent the host portion. To convert the host portion to binary, we need to convert the decimal number 235 to binary, which is 11101011. Therefore, the correct answer is 11101011.

Explanation

The given IP address is 25.125.32.235 with a subnet mask of /24. The subnet mask of /24 means that the first 24 bits of the IP address represent the network portion, and the remaining 8 bits represent the host portion. To convert the host portion to binary, we need to convert the decimal number 235 to binary, which is 11101011. Therefore, the correct answer is 11101011.

25. This picture is an example of ________ Duplex communication.

This picture is an example of full duplex communication. In full duplex communication, data can be transmitted in both directions simultaneously. This means that both parties can send and receive information at the same time, allowing for a more efficient and seamless exchange of data.

Explanation

This picture is an example of full duplex communication. In full duplex communication, data can be transmitted in both directions simultaneously. This means that both parties can send and receive information at the same time, allowing for a more efficient and seamless exchange of data.

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26. Given that IPv6 has a large address space, the IPv6 standard does not allow subnetting.

True

False

The given statement is false. IPv6, despite having a large address space, does allow subnetting. Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks, and it is a common practice in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. Subnetting helps in efficient allocation of addresses and allows for better network management and organization. Therefore, the statement that IPv6 standard does not allow subnetting is incorrect.

Explanation

The given statement is false. IPv6, despite having a large address space, does allow subnetting. Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks, and it is a common practice in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. Subnetting helps in efficient allocation of addresses and allows for better network management and organization. Therefore, the statement that IPv6 standard does not allow subnetting is incorrect.

27. Select the transport layer protocols (select 2).

Transmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol

Transport Layer Transfer Protocol

File Transfer Protocol

The correct answer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol that ensures the delivery of data packets in the correct order and without loss. UDP, on the other hand, is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that does not guarantee the delivery of data packets. Both TCP and UDP are widely used in network communication, with TCP being commonly used for applications that require reliable data transfer, such as web browsing and email, and UDP being used for real-time applications like video streaming and online gaming.

Explanation

The correct answer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol that ensures the delivery of data packets in the correct order and without loss. UDP, on the other hand, is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that does not guarantee the delivery of data packets. Both TCP and UDP are widely used in network communication, with TCP being commonly used for applications that require reliable data transfer, such as web browsing and email, and UDP being used for real-time applications like video streaming and online gaming.

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28. What is the difference between a dynamic IP address and a static IP address? Select the most correct answer.

A dynamic IP address requires the use of DNS whereas a static IP address requires the use of DHCP.

A dynamic IP address is always obtained from the connected router whereas a static IP address is manually configured.

A dynamic IP address is manually configured whereas a sta!c IP address is obtained from the DHCP server.

A dynamic IP address is obtained from a DHCP server whereas a static IP address is manually configured

A dynamic IP address is obtained from a DHCP server, which automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. This means that the IP address can change each time the device connects to the network. On the other hand, a static IP address is manually configured, meaning that it is set by the user and does not change. Static IP addresses are often used for devices that require a consistent and fixed IP address, such as servers or printers.

Explanation

A dynamic IP address is obtained from a DHCP server, which automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. This means that the IP address can change each time the device connects to the network. On the other hand, a static IP address is manually configured, meaning that it is set by the user and does not change. Static IP addresses are often used for devices that require a consistent and fixed IP address, such as servers or printers.

29. What is a LAN?

Local Area Networks are typically within a building and connect office workers to servers.

Local Area Networks typically connect users within a single room.

Local Area Networks are used to connect an organization's network segments which are located in diﬀerent cities.

Local Area networks cover a geographic area roughly the size of a city.

None of these answers are correct.

LAN stands for Local Area Network, which is a network that connects devices within a limited area such as a building or campus. It is used to connect office workers to servers, allowing them to share resources and communicate with each other. This answer accurately describes the purpose and scope of a LAN, making it the correct choice.

Explanation

LAN stands for Local Area Network, which is a network that connects devices within a limited area such as a building or campus. It is used to connect office workers to servers, allowing them to share resources and communicate with each other. This answer accurately describes the purpose and scope of a LAN, making it the correct choice.

30. Convert the following binary number to decimal: 11100111

125

231

236

118

The given binary number, 11100111, can be converted to decimal by multiplying each digit by its corresponding power of 2 and adding them together. Starting from the rightmost digit, the powers of 2 are 2^0, 2^1, 2^2, 2^3, 2^4, 2^5, 2^6, and 2^7. Multiplying each digit by its corresponding power of 2 and adding them together, we get: 1*(2^0) + 1*(2^1) + 1*(2^2) + 0*(2^3) + 0*(2^4) + 1*(2^5) + 1*(2^6) + 1*(2^7) = 231. Therefore, the correct answer is 231.

Explanation

The given binary number, 11100111, can be converted to decimal by multiplying each digit by its corresponding power of 2 and adding them together. Starting from the rightmost digit, the powers of 2 are 2^0, 2^1, 2^2, 2^3, 2^4, 2^5, 2^6, and 2^7. Multiplying each digit by its corresponding power of 2 and adding them together, we get: 1*(2^0) + 1*(2^1) + 1*(2^2) + 0*(2^3) + 0*(2^4) + 1*(2^5) + 1*(2^6) + 1*(2^7) = 231. Therefore, the correct answer is 231.

31. What is true concerning physical and logical topologies?

The logical topology is always the same as the physical topology

Physical topologies are concerned with how a network transfers frames.

Physical topologies display the IP addressing scheme of each network.

Logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices.

The correct answer explains that logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices. This means that logical topologies define the flow of data between devices in a network, including the paths and protocols used for data transfer. It is different from physical topologies, which describe the physical layout and connections of devices in a network. Therefore, the statement that logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices is true.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices. This means that logical topologies define the flow of data between devices in a network, including the paths and protocols used for data transfer. It is different from physical topologies, which describe the physical layout and connections of devices in a network. Therefore, the statement that logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices is true.

32. Using the network in the diagram, what would be the default gateway address for host A in the 192.133.219.0 network?

192.133.219.0

192.135.250.1

192.31.7.1

192.133.219.1

The default gateway address for host A in the 192.133.219.0 network would be 192.133.219.1.

Explanation

The default gateway address for host A in the 192.133.219.0 network would be 192.133.219.1.

33. The network diagram shows the simplified MAC address next to their respective interfaces. PCO sends a message to PC I. To which MAC Address does PCO send the frame?

00-01-0b

00-01-0c

00-01-0d

00-01-0e

00-01-0f

PCO sends the frame to the MAC address 00-01-0b.

Explanation

PCO sends the frame to the MAC address 00-01-0b.

34. Why do network devices need two layers of addressing, Data Link Layer Address (i.e. Ethernet) and a Network Layer Address (i.e. IP Address)?

Network devices need two layers of addressing, Data Link Layer Address (i.e. Ethernet) and a Network Layer Address (i.e. IP Address), because they serve different purposes. The Network Layer Address is used to route packets from one network segment to another, allowing communication between different networks. On the other hand, the Data Link Layer Address is used to direct frames within the same network segment, enabling communication between devices within the same network. Both addresses are necessary for efficient and effective network communication, with the Network Layer Address handling inter-network communication and the Data Link Layer Address handling intra-network communication.

Explanation

Network devices need two layers of addressing, Data Link Layer Address (i.e. Ethernet) and a Network Layer Address (i.e. IP Address), because they serve different purposes. The Network Layer Address is used to route packets from one network segment to another, allowing communication between different networks. On the other hand, the Data Link Layer Address is used to direct frames within the same network segment, enabling communication between devices within the same network. Both addresses are necessary for efficient and effective network communication, with the Network Layer Address handling inter-network communication and the Data Link Layer Address handling intra-network communication.

35. What is the purpose of the DNS application?

Translate a private IP address into a public IP address

Translate a private host name (ie URL) into a public host name (ie URL)

Translate a host name (ie URL) into an IP address

All of the above

The purpose of the DNS (Domain Name System) application is to translate a host name (URL) into an IP address. DNS allows users to access websites or other resources on the internet by using easy-to-remember domain names instead of typing in the numerical IP addresses. When a user enters a URL in their web browser, the DNS system translates that domain name into the corresponding IP address of the server where the website is hosted. This enables the browser to establish a connection with the correct server and retrieve the requested content.

Explanation

The purpose of the DNS (Domain Name System) application is to translate a host name (URL) into an IP address. DNS allows users to access websites or other resources on the internet by using easy-to-remember domain names instead of typing in the numerical IP addresses. When a user enters a URL in their web browser, the DNS system translates that domain name into the corresponding IP address of the server where the website is hosted. This enables the browser to establish a connection with the correct server and retrieve the requested content.

36. Running the command to find out what IP address has been assigned to your network adapter reveals an IP address of 169.254.10.22. Can you conclude that your network adaptor has successfully acquired an address from the DHCP server?

True

False

The IP address 169.254.10.22 is in the range of APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) which is assigned when a device is unable to acquire an IP address from a DHCP server. This indicates that the network adapter has not successfully acquired an address from the DHCP server. Therefore, the conclusion that the network adapter has successfully acquired an address from the DHCP server is false.

Explanation

The IP address 169.254.10.22 is in the range of APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) which is assigned when a device is unable to acquire an IP address from a DHCP server. This indicates that the network adapter has not successfully acquired an address from the DHCP server. Therefore, the conclusion that the network adapter has successfully acquired an address from the DHCP server is false.

37. What is the second host address for the following network address: 10.205.53.32/27?

10.205.53.33

10.205.53.31

10.205.53.34

10.205.53.32

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27. This means that the first 27 bits are the network address and the remaining 5 bits are for host addresses. To find the second host address, we increment the host address by 1. Therefore, the second host address would be 10.205.53.33. However, in the given options, the second host address is incorrectly listed as 10.205.53.34.

Explanation

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27. This means that the first 27 bits are the network address and the remaining 5 bits are for host addresses. To find the second host address, we increment the host address by 1. Therefore, the second host address would be 10.205.53.33. However, in the given options, the second host address is incorrectly listed as 10.205.53.34.

38. Convert /17 to decimal notation

The given answer, 255.255.128.0, is the decimal notation for the IP address /17. In IP address notation, the /17 indicates that the first 17 bits of the address are network bits, while the remaining 15 bits are host bits. In decimal notation, each octet represents 8 bits, so the first two octets, 255.255, represent the network bits. The third octet, 128, represents the first 7 host bits, and the fourth octet, 0, represents the remaining 8th host bit. Therefore, the decimal notation for /17 is 255.255.128.0.

Explanation

The given answer, 255.255.128.0, is the decimal notation for the IP address /17. In IP address notation, the /17 indicates that the first 17 bits of the address are network bits, while the remaining 15 bits are host bits. In decimal notation, each octet represents 8 bits, so the first two octets, 255.255, represent the network bits. The third octet, 128, represents the first 7 host bits, and the fourth octet, 0, represents the remaining 8th host bit. Therefore, the decimal notation for /17 is 255.255.128.0.

Submit

39. A PC sends a TCP segment to a Web application using source port=53000 and destination port=443. What destination port number does the Web server use on the reply?

53000

80

443

Random value

The Web server will use the same destination port number as the source port number of the TCP segment it received, which is 53000. This is because the destination port number in the TCP segment specifies the port on the receiving end where the data should be delivered. By using the same port number for the reply, the Web server ensures that the response is sent back to the correct source port on the PC that initiated the communication.

Explanation

The Web server will use the same destination port number as the source port number of the TCP segment it received, which is 53000. This is because the destination port number in the TCP segment specifies the port on the receiving end where the data should be delivered. By using the same port number for the reply, the Web server ensures that the response is sent back to the correct source port on the PC that initiated the communication.

40. What is the minimum size of an Ethernet frame?

56 bytes

64 bytes

128 bytes

1024 bytes

The minimum size of an Ethernet frame is 64 bytes. This is because the Ethernet protocol requires a minimum payload size of 46 bytes, and when headers and other necessary information are added, the total size of the frame becomes 64 bytes. Frames smaller than this minimum size are considered invalid and may be discarded by the network devices.

Explanation

The minimum size of an Ethernet frame is 64 bytes. This is because the Ethernet protocol requires a minimum payload size of 46 bytes, and when headers and other necessary information are added, the total size of the frame becomes 64 bytes. Frames smaller than this minimum size are considered invalid and may be discarded by the network devices.

41. What part of the URL, https://www.cisco.com/index.html, represents the top-level DNS domain?

.com

Www

Http

Index

The top-level DNS domain is represented by the ".com" part of the URL. The top-level domain (TLD) is the last part of a domain name and it indicates the type of organization or country associated with the website. In this case, ".com" is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) commonly used for commercial websites. The other options, "www", "http", and "index", do not represent the top-level DNS domain.

Explanation

The top-level DNS domain is represented by the ".com" part of the URL. The top-level domain (TLD) is the last part of a domain name and it indicates the type of organization or country associated with the website. In this case, ".com" is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) commonly used for commercial websites. The other options, "www", "http", and "index", do not represent the top-level DNS domain.

42. Which protocol implements the Media Access Control?

CSMA/CA

AXMA/CD

CSAM/CD

CSMA/CV

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is the protocol that implements the Media Access Control. This protocol is used in Ethernet networks to regulate access to the transmission medium. It allows multiple devices to share the same network by sensing if the medium is busy before transmitting data. If a collision is detected, the devices involved will wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting, reducing the chances of further collisions. CSMA/CD is widely used in traditional Ethernet networks, ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission.

Explanation

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is the protocol that implements the Media Access Control. This protocol is used in Ethernet networks to regulate access to the transmission medium. It allows multiple devices to share the same network by sensing if the medium is busy before transmitting data. If a collision is detected, the devices involved will wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting, reducing the chances of further collisions. CSMA/CD is widely used in traditional Ethernet networks, ensuring efficient and reliable data transmission.

43. What is the primary purpose of the ping utility? Select the most correct answer.

It is used to check if the default gateway has been configured.

It is used to test layer 3 connectivity to the interface on another network device.

It is intended to be used with Wireshark.

It is part of the ICMP suite of utilities

It is used to generate an alert tone on a remote device.

The primary purpose of the ping utility is to test layer 3 connectivity to the interface on another network device. Ping sends an ICMP echo request message to the destination device and waits for an ICMP echo reply message. This allows network administrators to verify if the destination device is reachable and measure the round-trip time for the packets.

Explanation

The primary purpose of the ping utility is to test layer 3 connectivity to the interface on another network device. Ping sends an ICMP echo request message to the destination device and waits for an ICMP echo reply message. This allows network administrators to verify if the destination device is reachable and measure the round-trip time for the packets.

44. What best describes the function of the Application Layer from the TCP/IP model?

Message routing.

Segmentation and reassembly of messages

Defines the content and formatting of client requests and server responses.

Media Access Control.

The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is responsible for defining the content and formatting of client requests and server responses. This layer ensures that the data sent by the application is properly formatted and understood by the receiving application. It also handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and authentication. By defining the structure and content of the data, the Application Layer enables communication between different applications and ensures that the data is interpreted correctly on both ends.

Explanation

The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is responsible for defining the content and formatting of client requests and server responses. This layer ensures that the data sent by the application is properly formatted and understood by the receiving application. It also handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and authentication. By defining the structure and content of the data, the Application Layer enables communication between different applications and ensures that the data is interpreted correctly on both ends.

45. Convert the following decimal number to Hex: 147 All answers shown are In Hex.

A6

9c

93

D4

The correct answer is 93 because when converting the decimal number 147 to hexadecimal, we divide it by 16 repeatedly until the quotient is 0. The remainders in each division are then converted to hexadecimal digits. In this case, 147 divided by 16 equals 9 with a remainder of 3. The remainder 3 corresponds to the hexadecimal digit 3. Therefore, the hexadecimal representation of 147 is 93.

Explanation

The correct answer is 93 because when converting the decimal number 147 to hexadecimal, we divide it by 16 repeatedly until the quotient is 0. The remainders in each division are then converted to hexadecimal digits. In this case, 147 divided by 16 equals 9 with a remainder of 3. The remainder 3 corresponds to the hexadecimal digit 3. Therefore, the hexadecimal representation of 147 is 93.

46. Why does TCP use a sequence number in its header?

To identify the application layer protocol

To reassemble the segments in the correct order

The sequence number is only used to initiate a TCP connection

To show the maximum number of bytes allowed during a session

To indicate the number of the next expected byte

TCP uses a sequence number in its header to reassemble the segments in the correct order. The sequence number helps in keeping track of the order in which the segments of data are sent and received. By using sequence numbers, TCP can ensure that the segments are reassembled in the correct order at the receiving end, thus ensuring reliable data transmission.

Explanation

TCP uses a sequence number in its header to reassemble the segments in the correct order. The sequence number helps in keeping track of the order in which the segments of data are sent and received. By using sequence numbers, TCP can ensure that the segments are reassembled in the correct order at the receiving end, thus ensuring reliable data transmission.

47. A PC sends a TCP Window size of 0. What does this mean?

The PC can receive unlimited data

The PC cannot receive any data.

The PC will stop sending a data.

The PC will send unlimited data.

When a PC sends a TCP Window size of 0, it means that the PC's receiving buffer is full and it cannot receive any more data at the moment. The TCP Window size is used to control the flow of data between the sender and receiver in a TCP connection. By setting the window size to 0, the PC is indicating that it cannot accept any more data until its buffer is freed up and more space becomes available. Therefore, the PC cannot receive any data until it increases its window size.

Explanation

When a PC sends a TCP Window size of 0, it means that the PC's receiving buffer is full and it cannot receive any more data at the moment. The TCP Window size is used to control the flow of data between the sender and receiver in a TCP connection. By setting the window size to 0, the PC is indicating that it cannot accept any more data until its buffer is freed up and more space becomes available. Therefore, the PC cannot receive any data until it increases its window size.

48. What is the first host address for the following network address: 10.205.53.32/27 ?

10.205.53.33

10.205.53.34

10.205.53.31

10.205.53.32

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means that the first 27 bits are the network address and the remaining 5 bits are for host addresses. Therefore, the first host address would be obtained by incrementing the last bit of the network address, which is 10.205.53.32, by 1. Hence, the first host address is 10.205.53.33.

Explanation

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means that the first 27 bits are the network address and the remaining 5 bits are for host addresses. Therefore, the first host address would be obtained by incrementing the last bit of the network address, which is 10.205.53.32, by 1. Hence, the first host address is 10.205.53.33.

49. How many usable host addresses are contained in this network address: 192.168.1.0/31?

4

0

2

8

The network address 192.168.1.0/31 has a subnet mask of 31. A subnet mask of 31 allows for only two usable host addresses. However, one of these addresses is reserved as the network address and the other as the broadcast address. Therefore, there are no usable host addresses available in this network address.

Explanation

The network address 192.168.1.0/31 has a subnet mask of 31. A subnet mask of 31 allows for only two usable host addresses. However, one of these addresses is reserved as the network address and the other as the broadcast address. Therefore, there are no usable host addresses available in this network address.

50. For the subnet ID 192.169.64.0/24, what is the directed broadcast address?

The directed broadcast address is the highest address in a subnet, where all the devices in that subnet can receive broadcast messages. In this case, the subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means the subnet has a range of 256 IP addresses. The directed broadcast address is calculated by setting all host bits to 1 in the subnet ID. Therefore, the directed broadcast address for this subnet is 192.169.64.255.

Explanation

The directed broadcast address is the highest address in a subnet, where all the devices in that subnet can receive broadcast messages. In this case, the subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means the subnet has a range of 256 IP addresses. The directed broadcast address is calculated by setting all host bits to 1 in the subnet ID. Therefore, the directed broadcast address for this subnet is 192.169.64.255.

Submit

51. Two devices are directly connected by an Ethernet link. Both devices can communicate with each other without collisions. The duplex setting of their link is.

The correct answer is "full". In full duplex mode, both devices can transmit and receive data simultaneously without any collisions. This means that they can communicate with each other without any interruptions or delays.

Explanation

The correct answer is "full". In full duplex mode, both devices can transmit and receive data simultaneously without any collisions. This means that they can communicate with each other without any interruptions or delays.

Submit

52. What happens to an incoming frame if the Switch doesn't have an entry for the Destination Address in its MAC Address Table?

The frame is sent out all ports except the ingress port (original incoming port)

The frame is dropped until it learns the correct port from the source address of an incoming frame.

The frame is sent out all ports in an attempt to reach the destination device

The switch sends an ARP request and the device with the destination MAC address responds

Switches populate the MAC Address Table by observing the Source MAC Address of all incoming frames

When a switch doesn't have an entry for the destination address in its MAC Address Table, it doesn't know which port to forward the frame to. In this case, the switch will flood the frame out of all ports except the one it received the frame from. This is because the switch assumes that the destination device is connected to one of the other ports and by flooding the frame, it increases the chances of reaching the correct destination device.

Explanation

When a switch doesn't have an entry for the destination address in its MAC Address Table, it doesn't know which port to forward the frame to. In this case, the switch will flood the frame out of all ports except the one it received the frame from. This is because the switch assumes that the destination device is connected to one of the other ports and by flooding the frame, it increases the chances of reaching the correct destination device.

53. Convert 255.255.255.192 to prefix/slash notation.

The given IP address 255.255.255.192 can be converted to prefix/slash notation by counting the number of network bits. In this case, the subnet mask 255.255.255.192 has 26 network bits, which means that the first 26 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network, while the remaining 6 bits are used for host addresses. Therefore, the correct answer is /26.

Explanation

The given IP address 255.255.255.192 can be converted to prefix/slash notation by counting the number of network bits. In this case, the subnet mask 255.255.255.192 has 26 network bits, which means that the first 26 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network, while the remaining 6 bits are used for host addresses. Therefore, the correct answer is /26.

Submit

54. What is the difference between a default gateway and default route?

An end device (i.e. PC) uses the default gateway whereas a router uses a default route.

An end device (i.e. PC) uses the default route whereas a router uses a default gateway.

Both terms are used inter-changeably.

An end device (i.e. PC) uses the default gateway whereas a router and an Ethernet Switch use a default route.

The correct answer is that an end device (i.e. PC) uses the default gateway whereas a router uses a default route. This is because a default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects a device to other networks, allowing it to send and receive data outside of its own network. On the other hand, a default route is a configuration on a router that specifies where to send packets that do not match any specific routes in the routing table. So, while both terms are related to routing, they are used differently depending on the device.

Explanation

The correct answer is that an end device (i.e. PC) uses the default gateway whereas a router uses a default route. This is because a default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects a device to other networks, allowing it to send and receive data outside of its own network. On the other hand, a default route is a configuration on a router that specifies where to send packets that do not match any specific routes in the routing table. So, while both terms are related to routing, they are used differently depending on the device.

55. How many bits and Hex digits does the MAC Address have?

48 bits (12 Hex digits)

48 bits (18 Hex digits)

MAC Addresses don't use Hex digits

24 bits (6 Hex digits)

32 bits (18 Hex digits)

A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. It consists of 48 bits, which can be represented by 12 hexadecimal (Hex) digits. Each hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits, so 12 digits are needed to represent 48 bits. Therefore, the correct answer is 48 bits (12 Hex digits).

Explanation

A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. It consists of 48 bits, which can be represented by 12 hexadecimal (Hex) digits. Each hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits, so 12 digits are needed to represent 48 bits. Therefore, the correct answer is 48 bits (12 Hex digits).

56. What is the network address for the following host address: 172.16.25.130 and mask: 255.255.255.128?

172.16.25.192

172.16.25.0

172.16.25.128

172.16.25.130

The network address is determined by performing a bitwise AND operation between the host address and the subnet mask. In this case, the network address is obtained by ANDing 172.16.25.130 with 255.255.255.128. The result is 172.16.25.128, which is the correct answer.

Explanation

The network address is determined by performing a bitwise AND operation between the host address and the subnet mask. In this case, the network address is obtained by ANDing 172.16.25.130 with 255.255.255.128. The result is 172.16.25.128, which is the correct answer.

57. Which switching method uses the CRC value in a frame?

Cut-through

Fast-forward

Fragment-free

Store-and-forward

Store-and-forward is a switching method that uses the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) value in a frame. In this method, the switch receives the entire frame before forwarding it to the destination. It checks the CRC value to ensure the integrity of the data. If the CRC value is incorrect, indicating an error in the frame, the switch discards the frame instead of forwarding it. This method ensures that only error-free frames are transmitted, improving the reliability of the network communication.

Explanation

Store-and-forward is a switching method that uses the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) value in a frame. In this method, the switch receives the entire frame before forwarding it to the destination. It checks the CRC value to ensure the integrity of the data. If the CRC value is incorrect, indicating an error in the frame, the switch discards the frame instead of forwarding it. This method ensures that only error-free frames are transmitted, improving the reliability of the network communication.

58. What is a Protocol Data Unit called at the network layer?

Segment

Packet

Frame

Block

Byte

At the network layer, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is called a packet. A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted over a network. It contains the necessary information, such as the source and destination addresses, to allow it to be routed through the network to its intended destination. Therefore, in the context of the network layer, the correct term for a PDU is a packet.

Explanation

At the network layer, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is called a packet. A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted over a network. It contains the necessary information, such as the source and destination addresses, to allow it to be routed through the network to its intended destination. Therefore, in the context of the network layer, the correct term for a PDU is a packet.

59. What is the OUI of this MAC Address: 00-18-23-1a-45-0b?

00-18-23

00-18-23-00-00-00

1a-45-0b

00-00-00-1a-45-0b

Option 5FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

The OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) of a MAC Address refers to the first three octets of the address. In this case, the MAC address is 00-18-23-1a-45-0b. The OUI is 00-18-23, which represents the unique identifier assigned to the organization that manufactured the device associated with this MAC address.

Explanation

The OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) of a MAC Address refers to the first three octets of the address. In this case, the MAC address is 00-18-23-1a-45-0b. The OUI is 00-18-23, which represents the unique identifier assigned to the organization that manufactured the device associated with this MAC address.

60. Match the following

HTTP

UDP

IPv6

Ethernet

UTP Cat 5e cables

Submit

61. What is the difference between the OSI Protocol Stack Model and the TCP/IP Stack Model?

The OSI Model has 4 layers whereas the TCP/IP Model has 7 layers.

The TCP/IP Model was developed for the TCP and IP protocols whereas the OSI Model is generic

The OSI Model was developed by the IETF whereas the TCP/IP Model was developed by the ITU standards body

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the TCP/IP Model was specifically designed for the TCP and IP protocols, which are the fundamental protocols used in the internet. On the other hand, the OSI Model is a generic model that can be used to understand and describe any network protocol. This key difference in the purpose of the two models highlights their different focuses and applications.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the TCP/IP Model was specifically designed for the TCP and IP protocols, which are the fundamental protocols used in the internet. On the other hand, the OSI Model is a generic model that can be used to understand and describe any network protocol. This key difference in the purpose of the two models highlights their different focuses and applications.

62. What is the first host address for the following network address: 10.23.100.64/26

10.23.100.193

10.23.100.63

10.23.100.64

10.23.100.65

The given network address is 10.23.100.64/26, which means that the first 26 bits are the network address and the remaining 6 bits are for hosts. In binary, the first 26 bits are 00001010 00010111 01100100 01. To find the first host address, we need to increment the last 6 bits by 1, so the binary representation becomes 00001010 00010111 01100100 01 + 1 = 00001010 00010111 01100100 10, which is equivalent to 10.23.100.65 in decimal. Therefore, the first host address for the given network is 10.23.100.65.

Explanation

The given network address is 10.23.100.64/26, which means that the first 26 bits are the network address and the remaining 6 bits are for hosts. In binary, the first 26 bits are 00001010 00010111 01100100 01. To find the first host address, we need to increment the last 6 bits by 1, so the binary representation becomes 00001010 00010111 01100100 01 + 1 = 00001010 00010111 01100100 10, which is equivalent to 10.23.100.65 in decimal. Therefore, the first host address for the given network is 10.23.100.65.

63. What type of Ethernet cable is used to connect the Linksys router to the Laptop computer?

Rollover Cable

Straight-through

Cross-over

Co-axial

A straight-through Ethernet cable is used to connect a Linksys router to a laptop computer. This type of cable has the same pin configuration on both ends, allowing for a direct connection between devices of the same type, such as a router and a computer. A straight-through cable is commonly used for connecting a router to a computer, switch, or hub, enabling communication between these devices.

Explanation

A straight-through Ethernet cable is used to connect a Linksys router to a laptop computer. This type of cable has the same pin configuration on both ends, allowing for a direct connection between devices of the same type, such as a router and a computer. A straight-through cable is commonly used for connecting a router to a computer, switch, or hub, enabling communication between these devices.

64. Convert this Subnet Mask to Dotted Decimal Notation: /27

255.255.255.192

255.255.255.128

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.224

The given subnet mask is in CIDR notation /27, which means that the first 27 bits of the subnet mask are set to 1 and the remaining bits are set to 0. In dotted decimal notation, the first three octets of the subnet mask are all set to 255 (binary: 11111111), indicating that all bits in those octets are set to 1. The fourth octet of the subnet mask is set to 224 (binary: 11100000), indicating that the first 5 bits are set to 1 and the remaining 3 bits are set to 0. Therefore, the dotted decimal notation for the given subnet mask /27 is 255.255.255.224.

Explanation

The given subnet mask is in CIDR notation /27, which means that the first 27 bits of the subnet mask are set to 1 and the remaining bits are set to 0. In dotted decimal notation, the first three octets of the subnet mask are all set to 255 (binary: 11111111), indicating that all bits in those octets are set to 1. The fourth octet of the subnet mask is set to 224 (binary: 11100000), indicating that the first 5 bits are set to 1 and the remaining 3 bits are set to 0. Therefore, the dotted decimal notation for the given subnet mask /27 is 255.255.255.224.

65. Why does HTTP have two well-known port numbers: 80 and 443?

Port 80 is used for secured data transfer while port 443 is used for unsecured data transfer

Port 80 is used for unsecured data transfer while port 443 is used for secured data transfer

Both ports are for unsecured data transfer but allow for two web servers to run on a server simultaneously.

Port 80 is the only well-known HTTP port number for the HTTP

The correct answer is that port 80 is used for unsecured data transfer while port 443 is used for secured data transfer. This is because port 80 is the default port for HTTP, which is the protocol used for unsecured communication over the internet. On the other hand, port 443 is the default port for HTTPS, which is the protocol used for secured communication using SSL/TLS encryption. The use of different ports allows for the separation of secured and unsecured traffic, ensuring that sensitive information is transmitted securely.

Explanation

The correct answer is that port 80 is used for unsecured data transfer while port 443 is used for secured data transfer. This is because port 80 is the default port for HTTP, which is the protocol used for unsecured communication over the internet. On the other hand, port 443 is the default port for HTTPS, which is the protocol used for secured communication using SSL/TLS encryption. The use of different ports allows for the separation of secured and unsecured traffic, ensuring that sensitive information is transmitted securely.

66. Which constructor of DatagramPacket class is used that it creates a datagram packet to send to a remote machine?

DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port);

DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length);

DatagramPacket()

None of these anwsers

The constructor DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port) is used to create a datagram packet that can be sent to a remote machine. This constructor takes in the data buffer, the length of the data, the IP address of the remote machine, and the port number to which the packet should be sent. This allows the packet to be properly addressed and sent to the intended destination.

Explanation

The constructor DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port) is used to create a datagram packet that can be sent to a remote machine. This constructor takes in the data buffer, the length of the data, the IP address of the remote machine, and the port number to which the packet should be sent. This allows the packet to be properly addressed and sent to the intended destination.

67. When an application passes a block of data to the network interface, it also selects whether to send the data using TCP or UDP. Which types of applications use UDP? (select 2)

Interactive applications including voice and video conferencing which are tolerant to small levels of loss

File transfer applications which require zero data loss and no disordering

Short session, transactional applications such DNS and DHCP where the application can recover from packet loss.

Applications which depend on the network for congestion and flow control

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not provide error checking or retransmission of lost packets. As a result, it is commonly used by interactive applications such as voice and video conferencing, which can tolerate small levels of packet loss without significant impact on the user experience. It is also suitable for short session, transactional applications like DNS and DHCP, where the application can recover from packet loss and does not require reliable data transfer.

Explanation

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not provide error checking or retransmission of lost packets. As a result, it is commonly used by interactive applications such as voice and video conferencing, which can tolerate small levels of packet loss without significant impact on the user experience. It is also suitable for short session, transactional applications like DNS and DHCP, where the application can recover from packet loss and does not require reliable data transfer.

Submit

68. A packet is sent from PCO to PC 1 with the TTL field set to 1. Where will the packet be dropped?

PC1

PC0

Switch0

Router1

Router0

The packet will be dropped at Router0. The TTL (Time to Live) field in a packet is used to limit the number of hops a packet can take before it is discarded. When the TTL field is set to 1, it means that the packet can only travel to the immediate next hop before being dropped. In this scenario, the packet is sent from PCO to PC1, but since the TTL is set to 1, it will be dropped at Router0, which is the first router it encounters.

Explanation

The packet will be dropped at Router0. The TTL (Time to Live) field in a packet is used to limit the number of hops a packet can take before it is discarded. When the TTL field is set to 1, it means that the packet can only travel to the immediate next hop before being dropped. In this scenario, the packet is sent from PCO to PC1, but since the TTL is set to 1, it will be dropped at Router0, which is the first router it encounters.

69. Which network device(s) break the collision domain?

Router and Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch only

Ethernet Switch and Hub

None of the above

Routers and Ethernet switches are the network devices that break the collision domain. A collision domain is a network segment where network devices share the same bandwidth and can potentially collide with each other when transmitting data. Routers break the collision domain by separating different networks or subnets, allowing for efficient communication between them. Ethernet switches, on the other hand, break the collision domain by creating separate collision domains for each port, ensuring that data transmitted on one port does not collide with data transmitted on another port.

Explanation

Routers and Ethernet switches are the network devices that break the collision domain. A collision domain is a network segment where network devices share the same bandwidth and can potentially collide with each other when transmitting data. Routers break the collision domain by separating different networks or subnets, allowing for efficient communication between them. Ethernet switches, on the other hand, break the collision domain by creating separate collision domains for each port, ensuring that data transmitted on one port does not collide with data transmitted on another port.

70. Which protocol implements a ping request and replies?

ICMP

IP

Echo Request / Echo Reply

Client / Server

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is the correct answer because it is the protocol that implements a ping request and replies. ICMP is used to send error messages and operational information about network conditions. Ping is a utility that uses ICMP to send a request to a remote host and waits for a reply, helping to determine if the remote host is reachable and measuring the round-trip time for the packets. Therefore, ICMP is the protocol responsible for handling ping requests and replies.

Explanation

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is the correct answer because it is the protocol that implements a ping request and replies. ICMP is used to send error messages and operational information about network conditions. Ping is a utility that uses ICMP to send a request to a remote host and waits for a reply, helping to determine if the remote host is reachable and measuring the round-trip time for the packets. Therefore, ICMP is the protocol responsible for handling ping requests and replies.

71. PC0 needs to send a frame to PC1. PC0 broadcasts an ARP request to learn the MAC address of which device?

Switch0

PC1

Router0

Router1

PC0 needs to send a frame to PC1, so it broadcasts an ARP request to learn the MAC address of PC1. This is because ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to map an IP address to a MAC address in a local network. By sending an ARP request, PC0 is asking for the MAC address of PC1 so that it can properly address and send the frame to the correct device.

Explanation

PC0 needs to send a frame to PC1, so it broadcasts an ARP request to learn the MAC address of PC1. This is because ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to map an IP address to a MAC address in a local network. By sending an ARP request, PC0 is asking for the MAC address of PC1 so that it can properly address and send the frame to the correct device.

72. How many host addresses are contained in this network address: 192.168.1.0/30 ?

1

2

3

4

The network address 192.168.1.0/30 has a subnet mask of 30 bits, which means that there are only 2 bits available for host addresses. With 2 bits, we can have 2^2 = 4 possible combinations. However, the first and last combinations are reserved for the network address and the broadcast address respectively, leaving us with only 2 usable host addresses. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

Explanation

The network address 192.168.1.0/30 has a subnet mask of 30 bits, which means that there are only 2 bits available for host addresses. With 2 bits, we can have 2^2 = 4 possible combinations. However, the first and last combinations are reserved for the network address and the broadcast address respectively, leaving us with only 2 usable host addresses. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

73. Given the network address 172.16.0.0 16, how many host bits need to be borrowed to create 8 subnets?

2

3

4

5

To create 8 subnets, we need to borrow enough host bits to accommodate 8 subnets. The network address 172.16.0.0/16 has 16 bits for the network portion. To determine how many host bits need to be borrowed, we need to find the smallest power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 8. In this case, 2^3 = 8, so we need to borrow 3 host bits to create 8 subnets.

Explanation

To create 8 subnets, we need to borrow enough host bits to accommodate 8 subnets. The network address 172.16.0.0/16 has 16 bits for the network portion. To determine how many host bits need to be borrowed, we need to find the smallest power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 8. In this case, 2^3 = 8, so we need to borrow 3 host bits to create 8 subnets.

74. You have just finished configuring the IP address on your workstation. Your gateway address is 172.16.255.254. What command would you enter to test that the gateway is reachable?

To test the reachability of the gateway address 172.16.255.254, you would use the "ping" command followed by the IP address. The "ping" command sends a small packet of data to the specified IP address and waits for a response. If the gateway is reachable, it will respond to the ping request, indicating that the connection is successful.

Explanation

To test the reachability of the gateway address 172.16.255.254, you would use the "ping" command followed by the IP address. The "ping" command sends a small packet of data to the specified IP address and waits for a response. If the gateway is reachable, it will respond to the ping request, indicating that the connection is successful.

Submit

75. What is the second last host address for the following network address: 10.205.53.32/27

10.205.53.63

10.205.53.61

10.205.53.64

10.205.53.62

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means it has a subnet mask of 27 bits. The subnet mask of 27 bits gives us a block size of 32 (2^5), so the network address is divided into blocks of 32 IP addresses. The second last host address in this network would be 10.205.53.61, as it falls within the range of the network address.

Explanation

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means it has a subnet mask of 27 bits. The subnet mask of 27 bits gives us a block size of 32 (2^5), so the network address is divided into blocks of 32 IP addresses. The second last host address in this network would be 10.205.53.61, as it falls within the range of the network address.

76. To reset a LinkSys E2500 SOHO router back to the factory default settings you need to:

Press the reset button on the back of the router (near the power connection) for a total of 30-60 seconds

Login into the router and enter a special password to reset it to factory defaults

This is a trick question. The router cannot be reset to factory defaults

Pressing and holding the reset button on the bottom of the router for 5-10 seconds until all the port lights flash at the same time is the correct way to reset a LinkSys E2500 SOHO router back to the factory default settings.

Explanation

Pressing and holding the reset button on the bottom of the router for 5-10 seconds until all the port lights flash at the same time is the correct way to reset a LinkSys E2500 SOHO router back to the factory default settings.

77. Why does FTP use two port numbers?

Port 21 is used for control traffic while port 20 is used for user data traffic

Port 21 is used for user data traffic while port 20 is used for control traffic

Two ports are used to increase the bandwidth of the connec!on

Port 21 is the only port used for FTP

FTP uses two port numbers because it uses a separate port for control traffic and user data traffic. Port 21 is used for control traffic, which includes commands and responses between the client and server to establish and manage the FTP session. Port 20 is used for user data traffic, which includes the actual data being transferred between the client and server. This separation allows for better organization and management of the FTP connection.

Explanation

FTP uses two port numbers because it uses a separate port for control traffic and user data traffic. Port 21 is used for control traffic, which includes commands and responses between the client and server to establish and manage the FTP session. Port 20 is used for user data traffic, which includes the actual data being transferred between the client and server. This separation allows for better organization and management of the FTP connection.

78. For the network diagram shown, the MAC Address Tables of the Switches are empty. What is the entry in the MAC address table of Switch1 after the message from PCO arrives at PC1?

Port=P0. MAC Address=00-01-0e

Port=P0, MAC Address=00-01-0a

Port=P0, MAC Address=00-01-0d

Port=P0, MAC Address=00-01-0a AND MAC Address=00-01-0e

Port=P1, MAC Address=00-01-Of

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

79. In IPv6, unicast, multicast and broadcast each have unique address formats.

True

False

In IPv6, unicast, multicast, and anycast each have unique address formats. Anycast is an addressing scheme that allows a message to be sent to any one of a group of computers, and it is different from unicast and multicast. Therefore, the statement that unicast, multicast, and broadcast each have unique address formats in IPv6 is false.

Explanation

In IPv6, unicast, multicast, and anycast each have unique address formats. Anycast is an addressing scheme that allows a message to be sent to any one of a group of computers, and it is different from unicast and multicast. Therefore, the statement that unicast, multicast, and broadcast each have unique address formats in IPv6 is false.

80. For the following network diagram, how many Destination Ethernet Addresses are required to send a message from PCO to PC1?

5

4

2

3

1

To send a message from PCO to PC1, three destination Ethernet addresses are required. This is because there are three devices (Switch 1, Switch 2, and Switch 3) between PCO and PC1. Each device has its own Ethernet address, and the message needs to pass through all three switches to reach PC1. Therefore, three destination Ethernet addresses are needed.

Explanation

To send a message from PCO to PC1, three destination Ethernet addresses are required. This is because there are three devices (Switch 1, Switch 2, and Switch 3) between PCO and PC1. Each device has its own Ethernet address, and the message needs to pass through all three switches to reach PC1. Therefore, three destination Ethernet addresses are needed.

81. Which constructor of DatagramPacket class is used that it creates a datagram packet to receive an incoming UDP packet from a remote machine?

DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port);

DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length);

DatagramPacket()

None of these anwsers

The constructor DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length) is used to create a datagram packet to receive an incoming UDP packet from a remote machine. This constructor takes in a byte array buffer to hold the incoming data and an integer length to specify the length of the buffer. This constructor does not require specifying the address and port of the remote machine as it is meant for receiving packets rather than sending them.

Explanation

The constructor DatagramPacket(byte[] buffer, int length) is used to create a datagram packet to receive an incoming UDP packet from a remote machine. This constructor takes in a byte array buffer to hold the incoming data and an integer length to specify the length of the buffer. This constructor does not require specifying the address and port of the remote machine as it is meant for receiving packets rather than sending them.

82. For the subnet ID 192.169.64.0/24 what is the last host address?

The given subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means it has a subnet mask of 24 bits or 255.255.255.0. In this case, the network address is 192.169.64.0, the broadcast address is 192.169.64.255, and the range of usable host addresses is from 192.169.64.1 to 192.169.64.254. Therefore, the last host address in this subnet is 192.169.64.254.

Explanation

The given subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means it has a subnet mask of 24 bits or 255.255.255.0. In this case, the network address is 192.169.64.0, the broadcast address is 192.169.64.255, and the range of usable host addresses is from 192.169.64.1 to 192.169.64.254. Therefore, the last host address in this subnet is 192.169.64.254.

Submit

83. To directly open the Windows Network Connections Control Panel you can use Start -> Run and enter _______ [command] into the dialog box.

To directly open the Windows Network Connections Control Panel, you can use the "ncpa.cpl" command in the Run dialog box. This command launches the "ncpa.cpl" file, which is the executable file for the Network Connections Control Panel. By entering this command, you can quickly access and manage your network connections without having to navigate through multiple menus or settings.

Explanation

To directly open the Windows Network Connections Control Panel, you can use the "ncpa.cpl" command in the Run dialog box. This command launches the "ncpa.cpl" file, which is the executable file for the Network Connections Control Panel. By entering this command, you can quickly access and manage your network connections without having to navigate through multiple menus or settings.

Submit

84. An interface on Router A is connected to an interface on Router B. What is Router A's default gateway? Select the most correct answer.

It is the IP address of Router B's connected interface.

It is the IP address of Router A's interface.

It is the IP Address of Router B

It is a Virtual Address used for Routing purposes

The default gateway is only used when the actual gateway has not been configured.

The default gateway for Router A is the IP address of Router B's connected interface because the default gateway is the IP address of the next hop device that is used to forward traffic to destinations outside of the local network. In this scenario, Router B is the next hop device for Router A, so the IP address of Router B's connected interface serves as the default gateway for Router A.

Explanation

The default gateway for Router A is the IP address of Router B's connected interface because the default gateway is the IP address of the next hop device that is used to forward traffic to destinations outside of the local network. In this scenario, Router B is the next hop device for Router A, so the IP address of Router B's connected interface serves as the default gateway for Router A.

85. A packet is sent from a PC in network segment A to a PC in network segment B. Answer the following two questions: i) Does the network layer destination address change or stay the same as the packet moves across the network? ii) Does the data link layer destination address change or stay the same as it moves across the network?

I) change ii) change

I) stay the same ii) change

I) change ii) stay the same

I) stay the same ii) stay the same

The network layer destination address stays the same as the packet moves across the network because it identifies the specific destination device or host on the network. However, the data link layer destination address changes as it moves across the network because it identifies the specific network interface or MAC address of the next hop or destination device in the network.

Explanation

The network layer destination address stays the same as the packet moves across the network because it identifies the specific destination device or host on the network. However, the data link layer destination address changes as it moves across the network because it identifies the specific network interface or MAC address of the next hop or destination device in the network.

86. For the subnet ID 192.169.64.0/24 what is the first host address?

The given subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means that it has a subnet mask of 24 bits. This subnet mask allows for 256 IP addresses in the subnet. The first address in the subnet is always the network address, which in this case is 192.169.64.0. The second address is typically assigned to the first host, which is 192.169.64.1. Therefore, the first host address in this subnet is 192.169.64.1.

Explanation

The given subnet ID is 192.169.64.0/24, which means that it has a subnet mask of 24 bits. This subnet mask allows for 256 IP addresses in the subnet. The first address in the subnet is always the network address, which in this case is 192.169.64.0. The second address is typically assigned to the first host, which is 192.169.64.1. Therefore, the first host address in this subnet is 192.169.64.1.

Submit

87. What is the purpose of the Offer message in the DHCP sequence?

The DHCP server offers an IP address to prevent other servers from making another offer using the same IP address

The DHCP server offers an IP address to prevent other servers from making another offer

The requesting node offers an IP address that it would like to receive

The DHCP server offers an IP address to the requesting node

The purpose of the Offer message in the DHCP sequence is for the DHCP server to offer an IP address to the requesting node. This allows the server to allocate an available IP address to the node and inform it of the offered IP address. This ensures that the node receives a unique IP address and prevents other servers from making another offer using the same IP address.

Explanation

The purpose of the Offer message in the DHCP sequence is for the DHCP server to offer an IP address to the requesting node. This allows the server to allocate an available IP address to the node and inform it of the offered IP address. This ensures that the node receives a unique IP address and prevents other servers from making another offer using the same IP address.

88. Which class is message that can be sent or received. If you send multiple packet, it may arrive in any order , Moreover, packet delivery is not guaranteed?

DatagramPacket

DatagramSocket

Both A & B

None of these anwsers

A DatagramPacket is a class that can be used to send or receive messages. It is used for sending packets of data over a network, where the packets may arrive in any order and there is no guarantee of delivery. Therefore, the correct answer is DatagramPacket.

Explanation

A DatagramPacket is a class that can be used to send or receive messages. It is used for sending packets of data over a network, where the packets may arrive in any order and there is no guarantee of delivery. Therefore, the correct answer is DatagramPacket.

89. What is a "socket" in the context of networking?

Combination of IP address and port number.

Combination of source and destination port numbers.

For TCP only, it is a combination of IP address and port number

A "socket" in the context of networking refers to the combination of an IP address and a port number. This combination is used to establish a connection between two devices over a network. The IP address identifies the specific device, while the port number identifies the specific application or service running on that device. By using sockets, data can be sent and received between devices, allowing for communication and data transfer over a network.

Explanation

A "socket" in the context of networking refers to the combination of an IP address and a port number. This combination is used to establish a connection between two devices over a network. The IP address identifies the specific device, while the port number identifies the specific application or service running on that device. By using sockets, data can be sent and received between devices, allowing for communication and data transfer over a network.

90. Which of these package contains classes and interfaces for networking?

Java.io

Java.util

Java.net

Java.network

The package "java.net" contains classes and interfaces for networking in Java. This package provides functionality for network operations such as creating and managing network connections, sending and receiving data over networks, and working with URLs. It includes classes like URL, URLConnection, HttpURLConnection, and Socket, which are essential for networking tasks in Java programming.

Explanation

The package "java.net" contains classes and interfaces for networking in Java. This package provides functionality for network operations such as creating and managing network connections, sending and receiving data over networks, and working with URLs. It includes classes like URL, URLConnection, HttpURLConnection, and Socket, which are essential for networking tasks in Java programming.

91. After PCO sends the message to PC1 in the following diagram, what is the entry in PCO's ARP Table?

IP Addr=192.168.3.2; MAC-Addr=00-01-0f

IP Addr=192.168.1.2; MAC-Addr=00-01-0b

IP Addr=192.168 1 2; MAC-Addr=00-01-0a

IP Addr=192.168.1 1; MAC-Addr=00-01-0b

IP Addr=192.168.1.1; MAC-Addr=00-01-0b AND IP Addr=192.168.3.2; MAC-Addr=00-01-0f

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

92. URL is an acronym for?

Uniform Resource Locator

Unified Resource Locator

Uniform Restore Locator

Unified Restore Locator

A URL, which stands for Uniform Resource Locator, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on the internet. It is used to access various resources such as web pages, images, videos, etc. The term "uniform" implies that URLs follow a standardized format, allowing them to be universally recognized and accessed. The term "resource" refers to any entity that can be identified and accessed via a URL. Therefore, the correct answer is Uniform Resource Locator.

Explanation

A URL, which stands for Uniform Resource Locator, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on the internet. It is used to access various resources such as web pages, images, videos, etc. The term "uniform" implies that URLs follow a standardized format, allowing them to be universally recognized and accessed. The term "resource" refers to any entity that can be identified and accessed via a URL. Therefore, the correct answer is Uniform Resource Locator.

93. What is the basic operation of an Ethernet Switch?

All the above are variations of the correct basic operation

The correct answer is that after a frame arrives at a switch port, the switch looks up the destination MAC address in the MAC Address Table to determine on which port to send the frame and then sends the frame. This is the basic operation of an Ethernet switch. The switch uses the MAC Address Table to keep track of which devices are connected to which ports, allowing it to efficiently forward frames to the correct destination. The other options mentioned in the question are not the correct basic operation of an Ethernet switch.

Explanation

The correct answer is that after a frame arrives at a switch port, the switch looks up the destination MAC address in the MAC Address Table to determine on which port to send the frame and then sends the frame. This is the basic operation of an Ethernet switch. The switch uses the MAC Address Table to keep track of which devices are connected to which ports, allowing it to efficiently forward frames to the correct destination. The other options mentioned in the question are not the correct basic operation of an Ethernet switch.

94. How does the Switch learn on which port a device is connected?

This is usually done by the network administrator by statically adding the information to the MAC Address Table

The correct answer is that when a device sends a frame via a Switch, the Switch reads the Source MAC Address of the frame and enters it into the MAC Address Table together with the physical port number on which the frame arrived. This allows the Switch to learn the association between the MAC Address and the port, enabling it to efficiently forward future frames to the correct destination.

Explanation

The correct answer is that when a device sends a frame via a Switch, the Switch reads the Source MAC Address of the frame and enters it into the MAC Address Table together with the physical port number on which the frame arrived. This allows the Switch to learn the association between the MAC Address and the port, enabling it to efficiently forward future frames to the correct destination.

95. For the network diagram and routing information, what path is taken by a message traveling from PCO to PC1? All Masks are 255.255.255.0.

Router0, Router2, Router3, PC1

Router0, Router1, Router3, PC1

Router0, Router1, Router2, Router3, PC1

Router3 goes back to Router1 so the packet will loop

The message traveling from PC0 to PC1 takes the path Router0, Router1, Router3, PC1. This is because the routers are connected in a sequential manner, and the message needs to pass through each router in order to reach its destination. The given routing information and network diagram do not indicate any loops or alternative paths, so the message follows the straightforward path from Router0 to Router1, then to Router3, and finally to PC1.

Explanation

The message traveling from PC0 to PC1 takes the path Router0, Router1, Router3, PC1. This is because the routers are connected in a sequential manner, and the message needs to pass through each router in order to reach its destination. The given routing information and network diagram do not indicate any loops or alternative paths, so the message follows the straightforward path from Router0 to Router1, then to Router3, and finally to PC1.

96. For the subnet ID 192.168.12.0/26, how many hosts addresses are available?

The given subnet ID 192.168.12.0/26 has a subnet mask of 26 bits, which leaves 6 bits for host addresses. With 6 bits, there are 2^6 (64) possible combinations. However, the first and last addresses in the subnet are reserved for network and broadcast addresses respectively, leaving 62 usable host addresses.

Explanation

The given subnet ID 192.168.12.0/26 has a subnet mask of 26 bits, which leaves 6 bits for host addresses. With 6 bits, there are 2^6 (64) possible combinations. However, the first and last addresses in the subnet are reserved for network and broadcast addresses respectively, leaving 62 usable host addresses.

Submit

97. Select the IPv6 link local address

Fe80::2001:fe6c:1/64

2001:db8:0:aa20:5b6e::1/64

Fe80::4f20:0:hf6c:1/64

Fe80/10

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

98. What information is stored in the Switch's MAC Address Table? (Select two)

Current Date and Time

Switch Port Number

Attached Device's IP Address

Attached Device's MAC Address

Attached Device Type (i.e. PC, VoIP, Video)

The Switch's MAC Address Table stores the Switch Port Number and the Attached Device's MAC Address. The MAC Address Table is used by the switch to make forwarding decisions by associating the MAC addresses of devices connected to each switch port. By storing the Switch Port Number and the Attached Device's MAC Address in the MAC Address Table, the switch can efficiently forward incoming packets to the correct destination device.

Explanation

The Switch's MAC Address Table stores the Switch Port Number and the Attached Device's MAC Address. The MAC Address Table is used by the switch to make forwarding decisions by associating the MAC addresses of devices connected to each switch port. By storing the Switch Port Number and the Attached Device's MAC Address in the MAC Address Table, the switch can efficiently forward incoming packets to the correct destination device.

Submit

99. What Application Layer protocol is being sent in frame #4?

IP

TCP

DNS

HTTP

In frame #4, the Application Layer protocol being sent is DNS (Domain Name System). DNS is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses. It allows users to access websites by using easy-to-remember domain names instead of complicated IP addresses. In this case, frame #4 is specifically carrying DNS data, indicating that a DNS request or response is being transmitted at the Application Layer.

Explanation

In frame #4, the Application Layer protocol being sent is DNS (Domain Name System). DNS is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses. It allows users to access websites by using easy-to-remember domain names instead of complicated IP addresses. In this case, frame #4 is specifically carrying DNS data, indicating that a DNS request or response is being transmitted at the Application Layer.

100. What is the last host address for the following network address: 10.205.53.32/27?

10.205.53.62

10.205.53.63

10.205.53.64

10.205.53.61

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means it has a subnet mask of 27 bits. In a /27 subnet, there are 32 host addresses available. The last host address in this case would be the highest address within the range of available host addresses, which is 10.205.53.62.

Explanation

The given network address is 10.205.53.32/27, which means it has a subnet mask of 27 bits. In a /27 subnet, there are 32 host addresses available. The last host address in this case would be the highest address within the range of available host addresses, which is 10.205.53.62.

101. What is the purpose of the link local address?

It is only used in a network segment and is non routable.

It is a unique address which is routable.

It is only used in a network segment and is routable.

This is equivalent to the IPv4 address 168.254.0.0.

The purpose of the link local address is to provide a unique identifier for devices within a specific network segment. This address is not routable, meaning it cannot be used to communicate outside of the local network. It is typically used for communication and configuration purposes within the immediate network environment. The link local address is not equivalent to the IPv4 address 168.254.0.0, which is a specific range of addresses reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) in IPv4 networks.

Explanation

The purpose of the link local address is to provide a unique identifier for devices within a specific network segment. This address is not routable, meaning it cannot be used to communicate outside of the local network. It is typically used for communication and configuration purposes within the immediate network environment. The link local address is not equivalent to the IPv4 address 168.254.0.0, which is a specific range of addresses reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) in IPv4 networks.

102. What is the purpose of the Network Layer?

Routing: Determine the path to reach relevant destination networks.

Forwarding: Move an incoming packet to the next hop Router interface.

Switching: Move an incoming frame to the outgoing interface.

ACK/NACK: Send an acknowledgment when a packet is received.

Reordering: ensure that packets arrive in the same order they were sent.

The purpose of the Network Layer is to determine the path to reach relevant destination networks, which is known as routing. It also involves moving an incoming packet to the next hop Router interface, which is called forwarding. This layer is responsible for making decisions on how to best route data packets across different networks to reach their intended destinations.

Explanation

The purpose of the Network Layer is to determine the path to reach relevant destination networks, which is known as routing. It also involves moving an incoming packet to the next hop Router interface, which is called forwarding. This layer is responsible for making decisions on how to best route data packets across different networks to reach their intended destinations.

Submit

103. Match the following

Network

Appliction

Transport

Datalink

Physical

Submit

104. Consider the Switch and its MAC Address Table shown in the Figure. PC-A sends a frame to PC-B. How does the Switch know on which port to send the frame?

The Switch does not know where to send the frame and drops it until it can learn the correct port.

The MAC Address Table must be statically configured with the correct information.

The Switch broadcasts the frame on all ports except the one connected to PCA.

The switch broadcasts the frame on all ports except the one connected to PCA. This is because the switch does not have the MAC address of PC-B in its MAC Address Table, so it does not know which port to send the frame to. By broadcasting the frame on all ports except the one connected to PCA, the switch ensures that PC-B will receive the frame and be able to respond with an ARP reply. Once the switch receives the ARP reply, it will learn the MAC address of PC-B and update its MAC Address Table accordingly.

Explanation

The switch broadcasts the frame on all ports except the one connected to PCA. This is because the switch does not have the MAC address of PC-B in its MAC Address Table, so it does not know which port to send the frame to. By broadcasting the frame on all ports except the one connected to PCA, the switch ensures that PC-B will receive the frame and be able to respond with an ARP reply. Once the switch receives the ARP reply, it will learn the MAC address of PC-B and update its MAC Address Table accordingly.

105. Which two definitions accurately describe the associated application layer protocol? (Choose two.)

SMTP - transfers web pages from web servers to clients

Telnet - provides remote access to servers and networking devices

DNS - resolves Internet names to IP addresses

FTP - transfers email messages and attachments

HTTP - enables devices on a network to obtain IP addresses

Telnet is an application layer protocol that allows remote access to servers and networking devices. It provides a command-line interface for users to remotely control and manage these devices.

DNS, on the other hand, is responsible for resolving Internet names to their corresponding IP addresses. It translates human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses (such as 192.0.2.1), allowing devices to locate and communicate with each other on the Internet.

Explanation

Telnet is an application layer protocol that allows remote access to servers and networking devices. It provides a command-line interface for users to remotely control and manage these devices.

DNS, on the other hand, is responsible for resolving Internet names to their corresponding IP addresses. It translates human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses (such as 192.0.2.1), allowing devices to locate and communicate with each other on the Internet.

Submit

106. Which layer encapsulates the Network Layer PDU?

Data Link

Transport

Physical

Application

Network

The Data Link layer encapsulates the Network Layer PDU. This layer is responsible for providing error-free transmission of data frames over the physical network. It takes the packets received from the Network Layer and adds a header and trailer to create a frame. The frame contains the necessary information for data link control, such as source and destination MAC addresses. The Data Link layer then transmits the frame to the physical network.

Explanation

The Data Link layer encapsulates the Network Layer PDU. This layer is responsible for providing error-free transmission of data frames over the physical network. It takes the packets received from the Network Layer and adds a header and trailer to create a frame. The frame contains the necessary information for data link control, such as source and destination MAC addresses. The Data Link layer then transmits the frame to the physical network.

107. In the context of the protocol stack, what is a peer-level conversation?

There is no such concept.

It is the conversation between the sender and receiver

It is the communication between two peer layers of the protocol stack.

It refers to peer-to-peer computing as distinct from client-server computing

It is the communication between adjacent layers of the protocol stack

A peer-level conversation refers to the communication between two peer layers of the protocol stack. In the protocol stack, each layer interacts with its corresponding layer on the receiving end. This communication between the peer layers allows for the exchange of data and control information to ensure the proper functioning of the network. Unlike client-server computing, where there is a clear distinction between the client and server roles, peer-to-peer communication involves equal participation and cooperation between the layers.

Explanation

A peer-level conversation refers to the communication between two peer layers of the protocol stack. In the protocol stack, each layer interacts with its corresponding layer on the receiving end. This communication between the peer layers allows for the exchange of data and control information to ensure the proper functioning of the network. Unlike client-server computing, where there is a clear distinction between the client and server roles, peer-to-peer communication involves equal participation and cooperation between the layers.

108. What PDU is encapsulated at the Network Layer?

A Segment is encapsulated at the Network Layer.

A Packet is encapsulated at the Network Layer.

Frame is encapsulated at the Network Layer

Data is encapsulated at the Network Layer.

At the Network Layer, the correct PDU (Protocol Data Unit) that is encapsulated is a Segment. This layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data packets across different networks. Segments are created by the Transport Layer and are further encapsulated into packets at the Network Layer. The packets then undergo routing and are forwarded to the appropriate destination. Therefore, a Segment is the correct answer for the PDU encapsulated at the Network Layer.

Explanation

At the Network Layer, the correct PDU (Protocol Data Unit) that is encapsulated is a Segment. This layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data packets across different networks. Segments are created by the Transport Layer and are further encapsulated into packets at the Network Layer. The packets then undergo routing and are forwarded to the appropriate destination. Therefore, a Segment is the correct answer for the PDU encapsulated at the Network Layer.

109. Why is UDP best suited for real-!me, interactive applications such as voice and video?

The TCP features introduce delay and retransmission which adds impairment to interactive communication and UDP does not.

TCP is always the preferred protocol to use because of the features that make it robust.

Because the UDP header is smaller which makes it faster to process.

UDP includes features to synchronize the voice and video frames

UDP is best suited for real-time, interactive applications such as voice and video because it does not introduce delay and retransmission like TCP does. The delay and retransmission features of TCP can impair interactive communication, causing interruptions and delays in the transmission of voice and video data. UDP, on the other hand, does not have these features, making it more suitable for applications that require real-time, uninterrupted communication.

Explanation

UDP is best suited for real-time, interactive applications such as voice and video because it does not introduce delay and retransmission like TCP does. The delay and retransmission features of TCP can impair interactive communication, causing interruptions and delays in the transmission of voice and video data. UDP, on the other hand, does not have these features, making it more suitable for applications that require real-time, uninterrupted communication.

110. What is the purpose of the Sequence Number and Acknowledgement Numbers in the UDP protocol?

Reliable, Ordered Delivery

Bandwidth Measurement

None

Track Bytes Transferred

The purpose of the Sequence Number and Acknowledgement Numbers in the UDP protocol is to provide reliable, ordered delivery of data packets. These numbers help in tracking the order of packets and ensure that they are received correctly by the destination. However, since the correct answer given is "none," it suggests that the UDP protocol does not use Sequence Number and Acknowledgement Numbers for reliable, ordered delivery. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets, making it suitable for applications where speed and efficiency are more important than reliability.

Explanation

The purpose of the Sequence Number and Acknowledgement Numbers in the UDP protocol is to provide reliable, ordered delivery of data packets. These numbers help in tracking the order of packets and ensure that they are received correctly by the destination. However, since the correct answer given is "none," it suggests that the UDP protocol does not use Sequence Number and Acknowledgement Numbers for reliable, ordered delivery. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets, making it suitable for applications where speed and efficiency are more important than reliability.

111. What are the reasons a network administrator might want to create subnets?

Simplifies network design

Improves network performance

Easier to implement security policies

Reduction in the number of switches needed

Reduction in the number of routers needed

Creating subnets can improve network performance by reducing network congestion and improving overall network efficiency. By dividing a large network into smaller subnets, network traffic can be distributed more effectively, reducing bottlenecks and improving response times. Additionally, creating subnets makes it easier to implement security policies. By isolating different parts of the network into separate subnets, administrators can apply specific security measures to each subnet, enhancing network security overall.

Explanation

Creating subnets can improve network performance by reducing network congestion and improving overall network efficiency. By dividing a large network into smaller subnets, network traffic can be distributed more effectively, reducing bottlenecks and improving response times. Additionally, creating subnets makes it easier to implement security policies. By isolating different parts of the network into separate subnets, administrators can apply specific security measures to each subnet, enhancing network security overall.

Submit

112. Uncompress the following IPv6 address: 2001:0:0:aa20::1/64. Include the mask information?

The given IPv6 address is already in its uncompressed form. It consists of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The address is 2001:0000:0000:aa20:0000:0000:0000:0001, and the /64 at the end indicates the subnet mask length.

Explanation

The given IPv6 address is already in its uncompressed form. It consists of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons. The address is 2001:0000:0000:aa20:0000:0000:0000:0001, and the /64 at the end indicates the subnet mask length.

Submit

113. Given 210.10.10.121 and a subnet mask with 28 bits, find the subnet number to which the host belongs.

10

9

7

6

8

The given IP address is 210.10.10.121 and the subnet mask has 28 bits. The subnet mask with 28 bits means that the first 28 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network and the remaining 4 bits are used to identify the host within that network.

To find the subnet number to which the host belongs, we need to look at the last 4 bits of the IP address. In this case, the last 4 bits are 1101.

Converting this binary number to decimal gives us 13. Therefore, the subnet number to which the host belongs is 13, which corresponds to option 7.

Explanation

The given IP address is 210.10.10.121 and the subnet mask has 28 bits. The subnet mask with 28 bits means that the first 28 bits of the IP address are used to identify the network and the remaining 4 bits are used to identify the host within that network.

To find the subnet number to which the host belongs, we need to look at the last 4 bits of the IP address. In this case, the last 4 bits are 1101.

Converting this binary number to decimal gives us 13. Therefore, the subnet number to which the host belongs is 13, which corresponds to option 7.

114. Which class can be used to create a server socket. This object is used to establish communication with the clients?

ServerSocket

Socket

Both A & B

None of these anwsers

The correct answer is ServerSocket. The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket, which is used to establish communication with clients. This class provides methods for binding to a specific port and listening for incoming client connections. Once a connection is accepted, a Socket object is returned, which can be used for further communication with the client. Therefore, ServerSocket is the correct choice for creating a server socket and establishing communication with clients.

Explanation

The correct answer is ServerSocket. The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket, which is used to establish communication with clients. This class provides methods for binding to a specific port and listening for incoming client connections. Once a connection is accepted, a Socket object is returned, which can be used for further communication with the client. Therefore, ServerSocket is the correct choice for creating a server socket and establishing communication with clients.

115. Which classes are used for connection-less socket programming? (choose the best answer)

DatagramSocket

DatagramPacket

Both A & B

None of these answers

Both classes, DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket, are used for connection-less socket programming. DatagramSocket is used to create a socket for sending and receiving datagram packets, while DatagramPacket is used to represent a datagram packet containing data and information about the destination address. Therefore, both classes are required for connection-less socket programming.

Explanation

Both classes, DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket, are used for connection-less socket programming. DatagramSocket is used to create a socket for sending and receiving datagram packets, while DatagramPacket is used to represent a datagram packet containing data and information about the destination address. Therefore, both classes are required for connection-less socket programming.

116. What is the second last host address for the following network address: 10.23.100.64/26

10.23.100.193

10.23.100.125

10.23.100.64

10.23.100.65

.

Explanation

.

117. Subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 was created by borrowing two bits. The mask already includes the borrowed bits. What is the subnet 3 ID.

The given subnet ID is 10.5.22.0/26, which means that the network address is 10.5.22.0 and the subnet mask is /26. By borrowing two bits, the subnet mask is already including the borrowed bits. Therefore, the next subnet ID would be obtained by incrementing the last octet of the given subnet ID, which is 192. Hence, the subnet ID would be 10.5.22.192/26.

Explanation

The given subnet ID is 10.5.22.0/26, which means that the network address is 10.5.22.0 and the subnet mask is /26. By borrowing two bits, the subnet mask is already including the borrowed bits. Therefore, the next subnet ID would be obtained by incrementing the last octet of the given subnet ID, which is 192. Hence, the subnet ID would be 10.5.22.192/26.

Submit

118. Convert the host portion of this IP Address to binary: 25.125.32.119/24

00011001

01111101

01110111

None of these

To convert the host portion of the IP address 25.125.32.119/24 to binary, we first need to identify the host portion.

In an IP address with a /24 subnet mask, the first 24 bits represent the network portion, and the remaining 8 bits represent the host portion.

The IP address 25.125.32.119 can be divided as follows:

Network portion: 25.125.32

Host portion: 119

We need to convert the host portion (119) to binary. Here’s the step-by-step conversion:

Find the binary representation of 119.

Each decimal digit is converted to an 8-bit binary number.

Let's convert 119 to binary:

119 in decimal to binary:

119 / 2 = 59 remainder 1

59 / 2 = 29 remainder 1

29 / 2 = 14 remainder 1

14 / 2 = 7 remainder 0

7 / 2 = 3 remainder 1

3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1

1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1

So, writing the remainders from bottom to top, we get: 01110111

Explanation

To convert the host portion of the IP address 25.125.32.119/24 to binary, we first need to identify the host portion.

In an IP address with a /24 subnet mask, the first 24 bits represent the network portion, and the remaining 8 bits represent the host portion.

The IP address 25.125.32.119 can be divided as follows:

Network portion: 25.125.32

Host portion: 119

We need to convert the host portion (119) to binary. Here’s the step-by-step conversion:

Find the binary representation of 119.

Each decimal digit is converted to an 8-bit binary number.

Let's convert 119 to binary:

119 in decimal to binary:

119 / 2 = 59 remainder 1

59 / 2 = 29 remainder 1

29 / 2 = 14 remainder 1

14 / 2 = 7 remainder 0

7 / 2 = 3 remainder 1

3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1

1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1

So, writing the remainders from bottom to top, we get: 01110111

119. Which compression rule is correct?

One set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon.

All sets of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon.

The first set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon.

The longest set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon

The correct answer is "One set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon." This is the correct compression rule for representing IPv6 addresses. In IPv6, consecutive groups of zeros can be replaced with a double colon (::) to shorten the address. However, this can only be done once in an address. Therefore, only one set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double colon.

Explanation

The correct answer is "One set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double-colon." This is the correct compression rule for representing IPv6 addresses. In IPv6, consecutive groups of zeros can be replaced with a double colon (::) to shorten the address. However, this can only be done once in an address. Therefore, only one set of contiguous hextets of zeros can be replaced with a double colon.

120. Which three statements describe a DHCP Discover message? (Choose three.)

The source MAC address is 48 ones (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF).

The destination IP address is 255.255.255.255.

The message comes from a server offering an IP address.

The message comes from a client seeking an IP address.

All hosts receive the message, but only a DHCP server replies.

Only the DHCP server receives the message.

A DHCP Discover message is sent by a client seeking an IP address. The destination IP address for this message is 255.255.255.255, which is the broadcast address, ensuring that all hosts on the network receive the message. However, only a DHCP server will reply to the client's request.

Explanation

A DHCP Discover message is sent by a client seeking an IP address. The destination IP address for this message is 255.255.255.255, which is the broadcast address, ensuring that all hosts on the network receive the message. However, only a DHCP server will reply to the client's request.

Submit

121. A standard global unicast IPv6 address has the following parameters: Global Routing Prefix=2001:acad:0:, an Interface ID=d5 and a subnet ID=1. Enter the uncompressed IPv6 address including the mask information.

The given answer is correct because it follows the standard format for a global unicast IPv6 address. The global routing prefix is "2001:acad:0:", the subnet ID is "1", and the interface ID is "d5". The address is uncompressed and includes the mask information "/64", which indicates the network prefix length.

Explanation

The given answer is correct because it follows the standard format for a global unicast IPv6 address. The global routing prefix is "2001:acad:0:", the subnet ID is "1", and the interface ID is "d5". The address is uncompressed and includes the mask information "/64", which indicates the network prefix length.

Submit

122. Refer to the exhibit. A company uses the address block of 128.107.0.0/16 for its network. What subnet mask would provide the maximum number of equal size subnets while providing enough host addresses for each subnet in the exhibit?

255.255.255.240

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.224

255.255.255.128

255.255.255.192

The subnet mask 255.255.255.128 would provide the maximum number of equal size subnets while providing enough host addresses for each subnet in the exhibit. This is because a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 creates subnets with a block size of 128, allowing for a maximum of 2^7 or 128 subnets. Additionally, each subnet can accommodate 2^(32-25) or 2^7 or 128 host addresses, which is sufficient for the company's needs.

Explanation

The subnet mask 255.255.255.128 would provide the maximum number of equal size subnets while providing enough host addresses for each subnet in the exhibit. This is because a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 creates subnets with a block size of 128, allowing for a maximum of 2^7 or 128 subnets. Additionally, each subnet can accommodate 2^(32-25) or 2^7 or 128 host addresses, which is sufficient for the company's needs.

123. Which topology scenarios may result in multiple MAC addresses being assigned to one Switch Port in the MAC Address Table? (select two)

Multiple devices are connected to the same physical switch port.

Two switches are connected together.

This impossible and it means that there has been a MAC Address Table error

An Ethernet hub is connected to a Switch port.

A router is connected to a Switch port.

When two switches are connected together, they form a trunk link which allows multiple VLANs to pass through the link. Each VLAN has its own MAC address table, so when a frame is received from one switch, the MAC address of the sending switch is added to the MAC address table of the receiving switch. This can result in multiple MAC addresses being assigned to one switch port in the MAC address table. Similarly, when an Ethernet hub is connected to a switch port, it allows multiple devices to be connected to that port, each with its own MAC address. Therefore, multiple MAC addresses can also be assigned to one switch port in this scenario.

Explanation

When two switches are connected together, they form a trunk link which allows multiple VLANs to pass through the link. Each VLAN has its own MAC address table, so when a frame is received from one switch, the MAC address of the sending switch is added to the MAC address table of the receiving switch. This can result in multiple MAC addresses being assigned to one switch port in the MAC address table. Similarly, when an Ethernet hub is connected to a switch port, it allows multiple devices to be connected to that port, each with its own MAC address. Therefore, multiple MAC addresses can also be assigned to one switch port in this scenario.

Submit

124. Match the following

Network Access

Internet

Application

Transport

Submit

125. Subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 was created by borrowing two bits. The mask already includes the borrowed bits. What is the subnet 0 ID.

The subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 was created by borrowing two bits, which means that the subnet mask includes those borrowed bits. Therefore, the subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 is the subnet 0 ID itself.

Explanation

The subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 was created by borrowing two bits, which means that the subnet mask includes those borrowed bits. Therefore, the subnet ID 10.5.22.0/26 is the subnet 0 ID itself.

Submit

126. For the subnet ID 192.169.44.0/24, what is the second last host address?

To find the second last host address in the subnet 192.169.44.0/24, we first need to determine the range of host addresses within the subnet.

The subnet mask /24 indicates that the first 24 bits are used for the network portion of the address, leaving 32 - 24 = 8 bits for host addresses. With 8 bits for host addresses, there are 2^8 - 2 = 254 possible host addresses in the subnet (minus 2 for the network address and broadcast address).

Since the subnet starts at 192.169.44.0 and ends at 192.169.44.255, the second last host address would be 192.169.44.254.

Therefore, the second last host address in the subnet 192.169.44.0/24 is 192.169.44.254.

Explanation

To find the second last host address in the subnet 192.169.44.0/24, we first need to determine the range of host addresses within the subnet.

The subnet mask /24 indicates that the first 24 bits are used for the network portion of the address, leaving 32 - 24 = 8 bits for host addresses. With 8 bits for host addresses, there are 2^8 - 2 = 254 possible host addresses in the subnet (minus 2 for the network address and broadcast address).

Since the subnet starts at 192.169.44.0 and ends at 192.169.44.255, the second last host address would be 192.169.44.254.

Therefore, the second last host address in the subnet 192.169.44.0/24 is 192.169.44.254.

Submit