Revisión De Biologia Era

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  • 1/59 preguntas

    24- Sobre la bomba de Na + /K + :

    • A. Es un ejemplo de transporte activo
    • B. Es un sistema de cotransporte
    • C. No requiere energía para funcionar
    • D. Es un ejemplo de difusión facilitada
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  • 2. 

    49- El ADN mitocondrial humano se hereda solo por vía?

    • A. indistinto

    • B. materna

    • C. paterna

    • D. ambos

    Correct Answer
    A. B. materna
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. materna. Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited from the mother. This is because mitochondria, the organelles that contain mitochondrial DNA, are passed down from the mother to the offspring through the cytoplasm of the egg cell. Sperm cells do not usually contribute mitochondria to the fertilized egg, so the mitochondrial DNA comes exclusively from the mother.

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  • 3. 

    55- Los cofactores imprescindibles para la actividad enzimática comprenden enzimas y grupos  prostéticos. Como por ejemplo NAD+ y ?

    • A. FAD+

    • B. ADP

    • C. FAL

    • D. ATP

    Correct Answer
    A. A. FAD+
    Explanation
    The cofactors required for enzymatic activity include enzymes and prosthetic groups. NAD+ is mentioned as an example, indicating that another prosthetic group is being asked for. Among the options given, FAD+ is the most suitable choice as it is a common prosthetic group involved in many enzymatic reactions. ADP, FAL, and ATP are not mentioned in the question and are not commonly recognized as prosthetic groups.

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  • 4. 

    4-Las mitocondrias:

    • A. Su principal función es la síntesis de proteínas.

    • B. Son de mayor tamaño en células eucariotas que en procariotas.

    • C. Están presentes en células procariotas y eucariotas y virus.

    • D. Tienen adheridos ribosomas en su superficie.

    • E. Su principal función es la generación de energía (ATP).

    Correct Answer
    A. E. Su principal función es la generación de energía (ATP).
    Explanation
    The correct answer is e. Su principal función es la generación de energía (ATP). This statement accurately describes the main function of mitochondria, which is to generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce the majority of the cell's energy. This energy is essential for various cellular processes and functions, including metabolism, growth, and movement.

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  • 5. 

    15- El citoplasma de las células eucariontas NO contiene

    • A. Ribosomas

    • B. Enzimas

    • C. ADN circulante libre

    • D. Mitocondrias

    Correct Answer
    A. C. ADN circulante libre
    Explanation
    The correct answer is c. ADN circulante libre. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells does not contain freely circulating DNA. DNA is usually contained within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where it is organized into chromosomes. Some DNA may also be found in other organelles, such as mitochondria, but it is not freely circulating in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes, enzymes, and mitochondria are all commonly found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

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  • 6. 

    31- Los desmosomas:

    • A. Una unión de anclaje lateral

    • B. Son una diferenciación de la membrana

    • C. Una unión de comunicación basal

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Una unión de anclaje lateral
    Explanation
    Desmosomes are cell junctions that provide anchoring between cells. They are specialized structures of the cell membrane that form strong connections between adjacent cells, particularly in tissues that experience mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart. These junctions help to maintain the integrity and stability of tissues by preventing cells from separating under tension or shear forces. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Una unión de anclaje lateral, as it accurately describes the function of desmosomes.

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  • 7. 

    57- Los peroxisomas contienen:

    • A. Inclusiones cristalinas con enzimas

    • B. Citoesqueleto

    • C. Mitocondrias

    • D. ADN

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Inclusiones cristalinas con enzimas
    Explanation
    Peroxisomes are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes involved in various metabolic processes, particularly lipid metabolism and detoxification of harmful substances. These enzymes are stored in the peroxisomes in the form of crystalline inclusions. Therefore, option a, "Inclusiones cristalinas con enzimas," is the correct answer as it accurately describes the contents of peroxisomes.

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  • 8. 

    20- ¿Cuál es la propiedad común a todos los lípidos y que los definen como tales?

    • A. Son insolubles en agua.

    • B. Se ordenan en forma de bicapa en un medio acuoso.

    • C. Tienen un esqueleto de ciclopentanoperhidrofenantreno.

    • D. En su síntesis intervienen moléculas de ácidos grasos.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Son insolubles en agua.
    Explanation
    Lipids are defined by their insolubility in water. This means that lipids do not dissolve in water and instead form separate layers or droplets. This property is due to the hydrophobic nature of lipids, meaning that they are repelled by water molecules. This characteristic is important for the functions of lipids in the body, such as acting as a source of energy, providing insulation, and forming cell membranes.

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  • 9. 

    1-Un plásmido es ______presente en______.

    • A. Una molécula de ADN / algunas bacterias.

    • B. Una proteína / los virus.

    • C. Un cromosoma / todas las células eucariotas.

    • D. Un orgánulo / células eucariotas.

    • E. Un nucléolo / el núcleo de las células eucariotas.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Una molécula de ADN / algunas bacterias.
    Explanation
    A plasmid is a small, circular molecule of DNA that is present in some bacteria. Plasmids are separate from the bacterial chromosome and can replicate independently. They often carry genes that provide advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Una molécula de ADN / algunas bacterias.

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  • 10. 

    3-Acerca del ADN bacteriano, marcar la opción correcta:  Seleccione una:

    • A. Las bacterias no tienen cromosomas.

    • B. Las bacterias tiene un solo cromosoma circular.

    • C. Las bacterias tienen varios cromosomas.

    • D. Los cromosomas bacterianos son lineales.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Las bacterias tiene un solo cromosoma circular.
    Explanation
    Las bacterias tienen un solo cromosoma circular. Esto se debe a que el ADN bacteriano se encuentra en una estructura llamada nucleoide, que no está rodeada por una membrana nuclear como en las células eucariotas. En lugar de eso, el ADN bacteriano forma un cromosoma circular que se encuentra en el citoplasma de la bacteria. Esta estructura circular es característica de las bacterias y es diferente de los cromosomas lineales que se encuentran en las células eucariotas.

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  • 11. 

    22-Mecanismos de transporte de membrana:

    • A. El transporte activo es mediado por permeasas llamadas bombas

    • B. En el monotransporte se transportan dos tipos de solutos al mismo tiempo

    • C. Los iones no necesitan proteínas para atravesar las membranas

    • D. Las proteínas que permiten la difusión facilitada se llaman canales

    Correct Answer
    A. A. El transporte activo es mediado por permeasas llamadas bombas
    Explanation
    The correct answer states that active transport is mediated by permeases called pumps. This means that active transport, which requires energy, is facilitated by specific proteins called pumps or permeases. These proteins actively move molecules or ions across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This explanation highlights the role of permeases in active transport and provides a clear understanding of the concept.

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  • 12. 

    29- ¿Cómo se clasifica a los componentes del citoesqueleto? En función de su,,

    • A. función

    • B. ubicación en el citoplasma

    • C. diámetro

    • D. proteínas accesorias que participan en su función

    Correct Answer
    A. C. diámetro
    Explanation
    The components of the cytoskeleton are classified based on their diameter.

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  • 13. 

    37- ¿Qué es un polisoma?:

    • A. Inclusiones citoplasmáticas de sustancias de reserva.

    • B. Grupo de ribosomas unidos a una misma molécula de RNAm que la traducen simultáneamente.

    • C. Nombre que reciben los tilacoides de las bacterias

    • D. Estructura de la membrana citoplasmática donde se fija el cromosoma.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Grupo de ribosomas unidos a una misma molécula de RNAm que la traducen simultáneamente.
    Explanation
    A polisome is a group of ribosomes that are attached to the same mRNA molecule and translate it simultaneously.

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  • 14. 

    10- Una pared celular rica en peptidoglicano es característica de:

    • A. Los virus envueltos.

    • B. Bacterias Gram+.

    • C. Las células animales.

    • D. Las células eucariotas vegetales.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Bacterias Gram+.
    Explanation
    A peptidoglycan-rich cell wall is a characteristic feature of Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which helps provide structural support and protection. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. The presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall is a key characteristic used in the Gram staining method to differentiate between these two types of bacteria.

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  • 15. 

    23- Transporte de membrana:

    • A. La membrana plasmática es impermeable

    • B. La difusión simple requiere energía para producirse

    • C. En el cotransporte se transportan solutos en sentido contrario

    • D. Las membranas celulares tienen permeabilidad selectiva

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Las membranas celulares tienen permeabilidad selectiva
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d because it states that cell membranes have selective permeability. This means that they allow certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others. This is an important characteristic of cell membranes as it helps regulate the movement of molecules in and out of cells, allowing them to maintain homeostasis and control their internal environment.

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  • 16. 

    53- Para el ATP es un nucleótido con cuantos enlaces?

    • A. 1 de alta energía

    • B. 2 de alta energía

    • C. 1 de moderada energía

    • D. 3 de baja energía

    Correct Answer
    A. B. 2 de alta energía
    Explanation
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that contains two high-energy bonds. These high-energy bonds are located between the phosphate groups in the molecule. When these bonds are broken, energy is released, which can be used by the cell for various metabolic processes. Therefore, the correct answer is b. 2 de alta energía, indicating that ATP has two high-energy bonds.

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  • 17. 

    19- La distribución de lípidos en las membranas celulares varía en función de:

    • A. El tipo celular.

    • B. La monocapa interna y la monacapa externa de la membrana.

    • C. La organela.

    • D. Todas son correctas.

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Todas son correctas.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. Todas son correctas. This means that all of the options listed (a, b, and c) are correct explanations for the variation in lipid distribution in cell membranes. The distribution of lipids can vary depending on the type of cell, the composition of the inner and outer monolayers of the membrane, and the specific organelle within the cell. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in determining the lipid distribution in cell membranes.

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  • 18. 

    27- ¿Qué componente del citoesqueleto se encuentra implicado en la formación del uso mitótico?

    • A. Microfilamentos de actina

    • B. Microtúbulos

    • C. Filamentos de miosina

    • D. Filamentos intermedios

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Microtúbulos
    Explanation
    Microtúbulos se encuentra implicado en la formación del huso mitótico. El huso mitótico es una estructura formada por microtúbulos que se forma durante la división celular para ayudar a separar los cromosomas en las células hijas. Los microtúbulos se organizan en forma de huso y se unen a los cromosomas para asegurar su correcta segregación durante la mitosis. Por lo tanto, los microtúbulos son el componente del citoesqueleto que desempeña un papel clave en la formación del huso mitótico.

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  • 19. 

    11- Las organelas citoplasmáticas se hayas suspendidas en el citosol

    • A. no poseen membrana plasmática alrededor

    • B. mayormente, distribuidas en la region G (rígida)

    • C. de forma estática

    • D. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida)

    Correct Answer
    A. D. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. mayormente, distribuidas en la region Sol (fluida). This means that the cytoplasmic organelles are mostly distributed in the fluid region of the cytoplasm. This suggests that the organelles are not static but rather move freely within the cytosol. The term "region Sol" refers to the fluid portion of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended. This answer implies that the organelles do not have a rigid distribution pattern and can move throughout the cytoplasm.

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  • 20. 

    25- Mecanismos de transporte de membrana:

    • A. El transporte pasivo se realiza en contra del gradiente

    • B. El transporte activo no requiere energía para llevarse a cabo

    • C. La difusión simple está mediada por proteínas de membrana

    • D. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales

    Correct Answer
    A. D. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. La difusión facilitada de iones se lleva a cabo por canales. This is because facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that requires the assistance of specific transport proteins or channels to move ions across the cell membrane. These channels provide a pathway for ions to pass through the membrane, allowing them to move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy expenditure.

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  • 21. 

    14- Una proteína no funcional

    • A. será degradada por proteosomas

    • B. será excretada de la célula

    • C. se desnaturalizara espontáneamente

    • D. será reutilizada para otra función

    Correct Answer
    A. A. será degradada por proteosomas
    Explanation
    A non-functional protein will be degraded by proteasomes. Proteasomes are cellular structures responsible for breaking down proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. When a protein is non-functional, it is likely misfolded or damaged, and the cell recognizes this and targets it for degradation. The proteasomes will break down the protein into smaller peptides, which can then be recycled or used for other cellular functions.

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  • 22. 

    2-¿Cuáles de las siguientes estructuras están presentes tanto en una bacteria como en una célula  epitelial humana?

    • A. Ribosomas, lisosomas, ADN.

    • B. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática.

    • C. REG, mitocondrias, pared celular.

    • D. Ribosomas, plásmido, membrana plasmática.

    • E. Pared celular, membrana plasmática, citoplasma.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. ADN, ribosomas, membrana plasmática. This answer is correct because both bacteria and human epithelial cells have DNA (ADN), ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. DNA is the genetic material present in all living cells, ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. These structures are common to both bacteria and human epithelial cells.

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  • 23. 

    40- Cuando un gran número de ribosomas está unido a las membranas del retículo endoplasmático, es  señal de síntesis de:

    • A. triglicéridos.

    • B. enzimas citoplasmáticas.

    • C. proteínas de membrana.

    • D. hormonas esteroides.

    Correct Answer
    A. C. proteínas de membrana.
    Explanation
    When a large number of ribosomes are attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, it is a signal for the synthesis of membrane proteins.

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  • 24. 

    46- En la membrana mitocondrial interna se ubican la cadena respiratoria y...

    • A. ATP sintetasa

    • B. porinas

    • C. enzimas

    • D. nucleótidos

    Correct Answer
    A. A. ATP sintetasa
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. ATP synthase. ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is responsible for the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. It uses the energy from the electron transport chain to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. The other options, porins, enzymes, and nucleotides, may also be present in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but they are not specifically associated with the production of ATP.

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  • 25. 

    52- Con respecto a la respiración celular, indique cual NO corresponde:

    • A. Ciclo de Krebs

    • B. Glucolisis

    • C. Fosforilación oxidativa

    • D. Gluconeogénesis

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Gluconeogénesis
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. Gluconeogénesis. Gluconeogénesis is not a part of cellular respiration. It is a metabolic pathway that involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and glycerol. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, refers to the process by which cells convert glucose and other organic molecules into ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. The main steps of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

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  • 26. 

    30- De estos elementos, señale los que constituyen los filamentos intermedios

    • A. actina

    • B. distintas familias de proteínas

    • C. tubulina

    • D. miosina

    Correct Answer
    A. B. distintas familias de proteínas
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. distintas familias de proteínas. Filamentos intermedios consist of different families of proteins. This means that the filaments are made up of various types of proteins that come from different families. The other options, actina, tubulina, and miosina, are not associated with filamentos intermedios.

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  • 27. 

    43- Las vesículas con cubierta COP II seleccionan carga para el trafico desde...

    • A. el REG al Golgi.

    • B. el Golgi a M. Plasmática por la Vía regulada.

    • C. las vesículas endocíticas a los lisosomas.

    • D. el Golgi a los Lisosomas.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. el REG al Golgi.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. el REG al Golgi. This is because COP II-coated vesicles are responsible for transporting cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus.

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  • 28. 

    34- Corresponde a una diferenciación de la membrana

    • A. Cilias

    • B. Axonema 9+2

    • C. Contacto focal

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Cilias
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. Cilias. This means that the statement "Corresponde a una diferenciación de la membrana" is referring to cilias. Cilias are small, hair-like structures found on the surface of cells that help with movement and sensory functions. They are involved in various processes such as moving fluid and particles along the cell surface or detecting changes in the environment. The other options, b. Axonema 9+2 and c. Contacto focal, do not match the given statement and are therefore not the correct answers.

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  • 29. 

    28- ¿Cómo se denomina a la proteína actina polimerizada? Actina...

    • A. G

    • B. H

    • C. F

    • D. P

    Correct Answer
    A. C. F
    Explanation
    The correct answer is c. F. The question is asking for the name of the polymerized actin protein. The answer is "F" as it is the correct term used to refer to the polymerized form of actin.

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  • 30. 

    12- Los ribosomas libres citoplasmáticos

    • A. sintetizan a todas las proteínas

    • B. forman parte de la síntesis proteica y se asocian a chaperonas

    • C. migran al núcleo

    • D. son responsables de la síntesis de aminoácidos

    Correct Answer
    A. B. forman parte de la síntesis proteica y se asocian a chaperonas
    Explanation
    Los ribosomas libres citoplasmáticos forman parte de la síntesis proteica y se asocian a chaperonas. Esto significa que son responsables de la producción de proteínas en el citoplasma de la célula y se unen a las chaperonas, que son proteínas que ayudan en el plegamiento correcto de las proteínas recién sintetizadas.

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  • 31. 

    18- ¿Qué tipo de proteína de membrana son los receptores que utilizan los virus para infectar una  célula?

    • A. Transmembrana.

    • B. Los virus no necesitan de proteínas de la célula que infectan.

    • C. Asociada por interacciones electrostáticas con otras proteínas de membrana.

    • D. Asociada a lípidos de membrana.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Transmembrana.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. Transmembrana. Viruses use transmembrane proteins as receptors to infect cells. Transmembrane proteins span the entire cell membrane, with portions of the protein on both the inside and outside of the cell. These proteins play a crucial role in cell signaling and are often targeted by viruses as a way to gain entry into the cell. By binding to specific transmembrane receptors, viruses can initiate the process of infecting the cell and replicating within it.

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  • 32. 

    5- Los virus:

    • A. Tienen genoma, cápside y orgánulos.

    • B. Son bacterias de pequeño tamaño.

    • C. Están recubiertos por una pared celular.

    • D. Son los seres vivos más pequeños.

    • E. Infectan células eucariotas o procariotas para replicarse.

    Correct Answer
    A. E. Infectan células eucariotas o procariotas para replicarse.
    Explanation
    The correct answer states that viruses infect eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells in order to replicate. This is a characteristic feature of viruses, as they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate their genetic material and produce new virus particles. Viruses do not have their own cellular machinery for replication and therefore rely on hijacking the cellular machinery of the host cell. This answer accurately describes the reproductive strategy of viruses.

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  • 33. 

    13- Las inclusiones citoplasmáticas

    • A. son acumuladoras de toxinas

    • B. poseen membrana

    • C. son organelas

    • D. son depósitos de macromoléculas

    Correct Answer
    A. D. son depósitos de macromoléculas
    Explanation
    Las inclusiones citoplasmáticas son depósitos de macromoléculas. Esto significa que son estructuras dentro del citoplasma celular que almacenan grandes moléculas como lípidos, proteínas o carbohidratos. Estas inclusiones pueden tener diversas funciones, como el almacenamiento de nutrientes, la detoxificación de sustancias tóxicas o la regulación del metabolismo celular. No poseen membrana propia ni son consideradas organelas, ya que no realizan funciones metabólicas específicas como las mitocondrias o el aparato de Golgi.

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  • 34. 

    35- Los hemidesmosomas, se relacionan con el citoesqueleto con:

    • A. Actina

    • B. Microtúbulos

    • C. Keratina

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. C. Keratina
    Explanation
    Hemidesmosomes are cell adhesion structures that anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. They are connected to the cytoskeleton through intermediate filaments, specifically keratin filaments. Keratin is a structural protein found in epithelial cells and provides mechanical support and stability to the cells. Therefore, the correct answer is c. Keratina.

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  • 35. 

    42- Las proteínas glicosiladas con Manosa 6P. Son las ….

    • A. Chaperonas.

    • B. Enzimas lisosomales.

    • C. funcionales a pH 7.2 ( pH citosólico).

    • D. que se encuentran en la mitocondrias.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Enzimas lisosomales.
    Explanation
    Proteins glycosylated with Mannose 6P are enzymes that are targeted to the lysosomes. Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the degradation of cellular waste and foreign material. Enzymes within lysosomes help break down these substances, and proteins glycosylated with Mannose 6P are specifically recognized and transported to the lysosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Enzimas lisosomales.

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  • 36. 

    9- Los virus envueltos:

    • A. No producen enfermedades en humanos.

    • B. Tienen todos ADN como ácido nucleico.

    • C. Tienen core pero carecen de cápside.

    • D. Presentan una bicapa externa de lípidos y proteínas.

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Presentan una bicapa externa de lípidos y proteínas.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. Presentan una bicapa externa de lípidos y proteínas. This is because enveloped viruses have an outer layer made up of lipids and proteins, which helps them to enter and infect host cells. This outer layer, known as the envelope, is derived from the host cell's membrane during the process of viral replication. This characteristic is unique to enveloped viruses and distinguishes them from non-enveloped viruses.

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  • 37. 

    8- Con respecto a las siguientes opciones, indique la correcta:

    • A. Los virus son seres vivos.

    • B. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas.

    • C. La célula eucariota animal tiene pared celular.

    • D. Las células eucariotas tienen plásmidos.

    Correct Answer
    A. B. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. En las bacterias no hay endomembranas. This statement is true because bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus, which are present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria have a simpler structure and lack these internal membranes.

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  • 38. 

    36- Las enzimas para la síntesis de colesterol se encuentran en:

    • A. El aparato de Golgi.

    • B. El Citoplasma.

    • C. La envoltura nuclear.

    • D. El retículo endoplasmático liso.

    Correct Answer
    A. D. El retículo endoplasmático liso.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. El retículo endoplasmático liso. Enzymes for cholesterol synthesis are found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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  • 39. 

    59- La enzima catalasa

    • A. No se encuentra en peroxisomas

    • B. Elimina el peróxido de hidrogeno

    • C. Elimina el radical hidroxilo

    • D. Se encuentra también en mitocondrias

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Elimina el peróxido de hidrogeno
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. Elimina el peróxido de hidrogeno. This answer is correct because catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. It does not eliminate the hydroxyl radical or have any involvement in peroxisomes or mitochondria.

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  • 40. 

    21- Transporte a través de canales:

    • A. Los canales son túneles hidrofóbicos que atraviesan la membrana

    • B. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse

    • C. Un mismo canal sirve para transportar cualquier ion

    • D. Los canales iónicos están abiertos todo el tiempo

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. Los canales dependientes de ligando necesitan una sustancia inductora para abrirse. This means that channels dependent on ligands require an inducing substance to open. This suggests that these channels have a specific binding site for a ligand, such as a neurotransmitter or hormone, and only open when the ligand binds to the channel. This mechanism allows for precise control of ion transport across the membrane.

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  • 41. 

    26- ¿Qué significa que el microfilamento de actina posea polarización?

    • A. Que tiene carga

    • B. Que tienen un extremo dónde es más probable la polimerización y otro dónde es más probable la 

    • C. Que se encuentra polimerizado

    • D. Que es hidrofílico

    Correct Answer
    A. B. Que tienen un extremo dónde es más probable la polimerización y otro dónde es más probable la 
    Explanation
    The correct answer is b. Que tienen un extremo donde es más probable la polimerización y otro donde es más probable la despolimerización.

    This means that actin filaments have polarity, with one end called the "barbed end" where polymerization is more likely to occur, and the other end called the "pointed end" where depolymerization is more likely to occur. This polarity allows actin filaments to assemble and disassemble dynamically, which is important for their role in cell movement and shape changes.

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  • 42. 

    60- Las proteínas peroxisomales provienen de:

    • A. Lisosoma

    • B. Golgi

    • C. Del núcleo

    • D. Ribosomas libres del citosol

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Ribosomas libres del citosol
    Explanation
    Proteins in peroxisomes are synthesized by ribosomes that are free in the cytosol. This is because peroxisomes do not have their own ribosomes. The proteins are then imported into the peroxisomes from the cytosol.

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  • 43. 

    56- La biogénesis

    • A. Es un tipo de reproducción sexual

    • B. Es la biointegracion de enzimas

    • C. Es la formación de nuevos peroxisomas

    • D. Es la fusión o conjugación de material genético

    Correct Answer
    A. C. Es la formación de nuevos peroxisomas
    Explanation
    La biogénesis se refiere a la formación de nuevos peroxisomas en una célula. Los peroxisomas son orgánulos celulares encargados de diversas funciones metabólicas, como la descomposición de ácidos grasos y la desintoxicación de sustancias dañinas. La opción c es la única que menciona la formación de nuevos peroxisomas, por lo que es la respuesta correcta.

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  • 44. 

    50- Las mitocondrias contienen ribosomas 70S, ADN circular y cual ion positivo?

    • A. hierro

    • B. calcio

    • C. potasio

    • D. sodio

    Correct Answer
    A. B. calcio
    Explanation
    Mitochondrias contain 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, and calcium ions. Calcium ions play a crucial role in mitochondrial function, as they are involved in regulating various processes such as ATP production, cell signaling, and apoptosis. Additionally, calcium ions are essential for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is b. calcium.

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  • 45. 

    51- Un nucleótido esta formado por: BASE NITROGENADA con 3 FOSFATOS y que mas?

    • A. Manosa

    • B. Glucosa

    • C. Galactosa

    • D. Ribosa

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Ribosa
    Explanation
    A nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, three phosphates, and ribose. Ribose is a type of sugar that is a component of RNA molecules. It is a five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of the RNA molecule, connecting the nitrogenous bases together. The other options, manose, glucose, and galactose, are not components of a nucleotide. Therefore, the correct answer is d. Ribose.

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  • 46. 

    45- Lo correcto de las vesículas con cubierta con Clatrina es:

    • A. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales.

    • B. su contenido son proteínas citoplasmáticas.

    • C. intervienen en el trafico entre REG y Golgi.

    • D. reconocen organela destino.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. seleccionan enzimas Lisosomales. This means that vesicles with clathrin select lysosomal enzymes. This is important because lysosomal enzymes are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris. The clathrin-coated vesicles recognize these enzymes and transport them to the lysosomes for proper degradation.

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  • 47. 

    6- Paciente de 8 años con síndrome febril y sintomatología urinaria. En el urocultivo se observan  estafilococos Gram +.

    • A. Son células procariotas que forman racimos.

    • B. Son microorganismos alargados con forma de bastón.

    • C. Son bacterias con pared celular es muy rica en lípidos.

    • D. Son virus de forma esférica agrupados en cadena.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Son células procariotas que forman racimos.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. Son células procariotas que forman racimos. This is because the question mentions "estafilococos Gram +", which refers to Gram-positive cocci bacteria. Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci bacteria that are characterized by forming clusters or grape-like clusters, hence the term "racimos" (clusters) in the answer choice. Staphylococci are also prokaryotic cells, which further supports the correct answer.

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  • 48. 

    39- ¿Cuál de las siguientes proteínas debería tener un péptido señal?

    • A. Proteína carrier y enzimas lisosomales.

    • B. Las de membrana y las proteínas de los filamentos intermedios

    • C. Enzimas del ciclo de Krebs; histona y tubulina

    • D. Enzimas de la glucólisis, actina y miosina.

    Correct Answer
    A. A. Proteína carrier y enzimas lisosomales.
    Explanation
    Proteínas carrier y enzimas lisosomales deben tener un péptido señal.

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  • 49. 

    47- Las mitocondrias generan energía, en?

    • A. síntesis de lípidos

    • B. síntesis de glucosa

    • C. anaerobiosis

    • D. aerobiosis

    Correct Answer
    A. D. aerobiosis
    Explanation
    Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because they generate energy in the form of ATP through a process called aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and it occurs in the mitochondria. The other options, such as lipid synthesis, glucose synthesis, and anaerobiosis, do not accurately describe the main function of mitochondria, which is energy production through aerobic respiration.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Oct 22, 2020
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    Jonatha Navarro
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