ორთოპედიული სტომატოლოგია (251-300)

ჰემართროზი refers to the process of blood clotting. In the context of the question, it is likely that the park mentioned is a place where blood donations are collected. Therefore, the correct answer is "ჰემართროზი" which means "hematrosis" or "blood clotting".

Hematomas are defined as the collection of blood outside of blood vessels. The answer "სისხლის ჩაღვრას ქსოვილებში" (the accumulation of blood in tissues) accurately represents the meaning of a hematoma. The other options do not accurately describe a hematoma.

The correct answer is "ლულისებრი ძვლების მოტეხილობა" which means "decalcification of bone tissue". This is the process of loss of calcium and other minerals from the bones, leading to weakened and brittle bones.

The correct answer is "ჯავზის კაკლისებური" სურათით. This is because the question asks for an explanation of the "ღვიძლის ქრონიკული ვენური შეგუბება" (chronic venous insufficiency of the liver) and the correct answer is a picture of "ჯავზის კაკლისებური" (hepatic vein thrombosis), which is a common cause of chronic venous insufficiency of the liver.

Melena is the term used to describe the passage of black, tarry stools that contain digested blood. This can occur due to bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach or small intestine. The phrase "სისხლიან განავალს" translates to "bloody bowel movement," which accurately describes the characteristic of melena. Therefore, the correct answer is "სისხლიან განავალს."

Metroragia is the term used to describe the condition of bleeding from the uterus outside of the normal menstrual period. This can include bleeding between periods, heavier or longer periods, or bleeding after menopause. The correct answer, "საშვილოსნოდან სისხლდენას" translates to "bleeding from the uterus," which accurately describes metroragia.

Hemopericardium refers to the accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac, which is the membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can occur due to trauma, rupture of blood vessels, or other underlying medical conditions. It is characterized by symptoms such as chest pain, difficulty breathing, and signs of cardiac tamponade. Treatment typically involves draining the accumulated blood and addressing the underlying cause.

The correct answer is "გულის უკმარისობა" which translates to "heart failure" in English. This is the most likely answer because heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be a leading cause of death and can be caused by various factors such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and heart muscle damage.

The correct answer is "მონაცრისფრო-თეთრი ფერის" which translates to "pearl-white color". This answer is correct because it accurately describes the color of the thrombi as pearl-white.

The correct answer is "ჰემორაგიული კრიზი; (აქ უნდა ეწეროს ჰიპერტენზიული კრიზი);" because it is the only option that mentions "ჰიპერტენზიული კრიზი" which means "hypertensive crisis" in English. The other options do not provide any information about the cause of the stroke.

The correct answer is "ანასარკა" because ascites refers to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is not related to generalized edema. Hematox is not a medical term, and hydroperitoneum is not a recognized condition. Hydrotorax refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, not generalized edema.

Epistaxis is the medical term for nosebleed, specifically referring to bleeding from the nose. The word "epistaxis" is derived from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" or "above" and "staxis" meaning "a dripping." Therefore, the correct answer "ცხვირიდან სისხლდენას" translates to "bleeding from the nose" in English, accurately describing the condition of epistaxis.

The given correct answer, "პეტექია" (petechiae), is a type of haemorrhage characterized by small, pinpoint-sized red or purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. Petechiae occur when tiny blood vessels called capillaries burst, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissues. This can be caused by various factors such as trauma, infection, or certain medical conditions that affect blood clotting or blood vessel integrity. Therefore, petechiae are a distinct type of haemorrhage compared to the other options listed, which involve different mechanisms or patterns of bleeding.

During internal bleeding, the type of blood clot formation that occurs in the serous membranes is called hemotracheosis.

During the process of blood clotting, the formation of a blood clot is called hemostasis. Hemostasis involves several steps, including the aggregation of platelets to form a platelet plug and the activation of the coagulation cascade. Hemorrhagic disorders refer to conditions where there is an abnormality in the blood clotting process, leading to excessive bleeding. Hemophilia is a specific hemorrhagic disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of specific clotting factors. Therefore, the correct answer is "ჰემოთორაქსი" which translates to "hemophilia" in English.

During a blood clotting process, the formation of blood is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the spongy tissue called hematopoietic tissue. Hemoperitoneum refers to the accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall. Therefore, the correct answer is "ჰემოპერიტონეუმი" which translates to "hemoperitoneum" in English.

The correct answer represents the size of a hematoma, which is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels. The answer states that a hematoma of size 1-2 cm is being described.

Medial hypertrophy refers to the thickening of the muscular layer of the blood vessel wall. This condition is commonly seen in pulmonary hypertension, where the blood vessels in the lungs become narrowed and the right side of the heart has to work harder to pump blood through them. The other options listed do not involve the thickening of the blood vessel wall and are not associated with thrombosis pathogenesis.

The term "თრომბოემბოლია" refers to the formation of a thrombus and its movement within the blood circulation. This answer choice specifically mentions the disintegration of the thrombus and its redistribution within the blood circulation. Therefore, it accurately describes the meaning of "თრომბოემბოლია".

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood. The answer choice "თრომბში ნაპრალების და არხების გაჩენას" translates to "the release of platelets and blood vessels in thrombus". This explanation accurately describes the process of thrombosis, where platelets and blood vessels are involved in the formation of a blood clot.

The correct answer means "thrombosis of the deep veins of the lower extremities." This is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins of the legs, which can lead to pain, swelling, and potentially life-threatening complications if the clot travels to the lungs.

The correct answer is "სისხლმილშიდა ჰიდროსტატიკური წნევის გაზრდა" which translates to "increase in hydrostatic pressure in the blood vessels". This is the most plausible explanation as the other options do not directly relate to the regulation of blood pressure.

Thromboembolism refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream, eventually blocking a blood vessel. This condition is relatively common and can occur in various forms, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. Thromboembolism is considered to be relatively rare compared to other forms of embolism, such as fat embolism or air embolism. Therefore, the correct answer is "თრომბოემბოლია" (thromboembolism).

The correct answer is that infarct, or necrosis, can be either white or red.

The correct answer is "Neurogenic and anaphylactic." This answer suggests that shock can be caused by neurogenic factors, such as damage to the nervous system, and anaphylactic factors, which refer to severe allergic reactions. These two types of shock are characterized by different underlying causes and mechanisms, making them distinct from the other options listed.

The correct answer suggests that the chronic venous stasis ulcer is caused by venous insufficiency, which refers to the impaired blood flow in the veins. This can occur due to various factors such as increased temperature, prolonged immobility, decreased air circulation, or by applying pressure on the affected area. The term "ციანოზური ინდურაციით" translates to "with ischemia," indicating that the ulcer is a result of inadequate blood supply to the tissues.

The correct answer is "გულის მარცხენა პარკუჭის უკმარისობა" which translates to "mitral valve incompetence" in English. This is a condition where the mitral valve, located on the left side of the heart, does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the left atrium. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.

Haemoptoe არის სიტყვა, რომელიც ნიშნავს სისხლის ნახველს.

Thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow. Endothelial damage is one of the main factors that can lead to the development of thrombosis. In this context, the answer "ანთების, ტრავმის გამო" (inflammation, trauma) suggests that inflammation or trauma to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel can cause damage, leading to thrombosis.

In the pathogenesis of thrombosis, the disruption of normal blood flow plays a crucial role. Stasis, turbulence, and endothelial injury are known as Virchow's triad, which are the three main factors that contribute to the formation of blood clots. Stasis refers to the slowing or stagnation of blood flow, while turbulence refers to the irregular or disturbed flow of blood. Both stasis and turbulence can lead to the formation of blood clots by promoting the activation of clotting factors and the aggregation of platelets. Therefore, the correct answer is stasis, turbulent blood flow.

The first step in the pathogenesis of thrombosis is a deficiency of Antithrombin III, a natural anticoagulant. Antithrombin III inhibits the activity of thrombin, a key enzyme in the clotting cascade. Without sufficient levels of Antithrombin III, there is an imbalance in the coagulation system, leading to hypercoagulability and an increased risk of thrombosis. Therefore, the initial hypercoagulability in thrombosis can be attributed to a deficiency of Antithrombin III.

The correct answer is "სხეულის ტემპერატურის მომატებით" which translates to "increase in body temperature". This option suggests that arteriolar hyperemia is characterized by an increase in body temperature. Arteriolar hyperemia refers to the dilation of arterioles, resulting in increased blood flow to a specific area of the body. This increased blood flow can lead to localized redness, warmth, and swelling, which can be associated with an increase in body temperature.

Haematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood. The term "haematemesis" specifically describes the act of vomiting blood, which can occur due to various medical conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, or trauma. It is important to distinguish haematemesis from other forms of blood in the vomit, such as blood that may come from the nose or throat. The term "haematemesis" focuses on the act of vomiting blood, rather than the source or cause of the bleeding.

The correct answer is "სოლისებრი, ან უსწორმასწორო" which means "correct or incorrect". This answer suggests that the information provided in the question may be either correct or incorrect.

The correct answer means that the term "პურპურა" represents a hemorrhage of more than 3 mm in size.

The correct answer implies that "1-2 სმ ზომის ჰემორაგიას" represents the size of a hemorrhage.

The correct answer is "წითელი ფერის" because the question asks for the color of a venous thrombus, which is a blood clot that forms within a vein. Venous thrombi are typically red in color due to the presence of oxygenated blood.

The correct answer is "სამეანო პროცედურები, პნევმოთორაქსი." This means "mediastinal procedures, pneumothorax." The other options mentioned, such as "blood clots in the lower extremities" and "dislocation of the ribs," are unrelated to the management of "ჰაეროვანი ემბოლიის" (pulmonary embolism). The correct answer refers to the possible complications or procedures involved in the management of pulmonary embolism, specifically mediastinal procedures and the potential development of pneumothorax.

The given answer states that "Kesonis, or postnatal depression" represents the sequence of "azotovani (nitrogen embolism) recovery". This suggests that postnatal depression is a part of the recovery process for nitrogen embolism.

The given options are all types of blood disorders. Hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, petechiae are small red or purple spots caused by bleeding into the skin, purpura is a condition characterized by purple-colored spots on the skin or mucous membranes, ecchymosis is a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body's small blood vessels. Among these options, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is the most relevant type of blood disorder in relation to the question.

DIC არის სისტემური გართულება, რომელიც ხდება დისემინირებულ სისხლმილში. თრომბოჰემორაგიულ მეორად გართულება არის DIC-ის ერთ-ერთი სიმპტომი, რომელიც შეიძლება გამოჩნდეს სისხლმილში მიმდინარე გართულების შემდეგ. თავისი სიმპტომები შეიძლება შეიცავდეს სისხლის გამოწვეულის გართულებას, მი

The correct answer is "სისხლის, ან პლაზმის დაკარგვა დიდი რაოდენობით" (Severe loss of blood or plasma). This is a possible cause of cardiogenic shock, as a significant loss of blood or plasma can lead to a decrease in cardiac output and inadequate perfusion to the organs.

The explanation for the given answer is that the lethal outcome of thrombosis is due to the infarction of myocardium caused by coronary thrombosis. This means that the blood clot blocks the blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to tissue death and ultimately resulting in death.

The correct answer is "ვენების დილატაცია" which means "dilation of veins" in English. The other options listed are related to different physiological processes such as increase in blood viscosity, dilation of arterioles, and obstruction of lymphatic vessels. However, the dilation of veins refers to the widening of veins, which can occur due to various reasons such as relaxation of smooth muscles in the vein walls or increased blood volume. This dilation allows for increased blood flow and can have various effects on the body depending on the location and extent of the dilation.

The occurrence of secondary hypercoagulation in thrombosis pathogenesis can be explained by the deficiency of Antithrombin III. Antithrombin III is a natural anticoagulant that inhibits the activity of coagulation factors, including thrombin. Therefore, its deficiency can lead to an imbalance in the coagulation system, resulting in hypercoagulation and an increased risk of thrombosis. This suggests that the deficiency of Antithrombin III contributes to the development of secondary hypercoagulation in thrombosis.