Mid Year Unit Exam

Joseph Smith is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the founder of the Mormon Church. He was a religious leader and the first prophet of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Smith claimed to have had a vision in which he was visited by God and Jesus Christ, leading to the establishment of the church in 1830. He played a crucial role in translating the Book of Mormon, which is considered a sacred text by Mormons. Smith's teachings and leadership laid the foundation for the growth and development of the Mormon Church.

Jefferson Davis proved incapable of handling the Confederacy's homefront problems. This means that he was not able to effectively address and resolve the issues faced by the Confederacy within their own territory. Despite his role as a war leader, Davis was unable to effectively manage the challenges and difficulties that arose within the Confederacy's borders. This suggests that his leadership skills were lacking in terms of dealing with internal problems, which could have had negative implications for the overall success of the Confederacy during the war.

The correct answer is that the best land was on reservations for Native American reservations. This means that the land that was most suitable for farming and settlement was already designated for Native American reservations, making it unavailable for homesteaders. This limited the options for settlers and made it difficult for them to find suitable land to establish their farms and make a living.

Arizona is the correct answer because it existed as an independent nation called the "Republic of Arizona" from 1861 to 1872 before it was admitted to the Union as a state. During this period, Arizona declared its independence from the United States during the American Civil War and had its own government and flag.

The rallying cry "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" referred to the desired territory of Oregon. This slogan was used during the 1844 presidential campaign by James K. Polk, who advocated for the United States to claim the entire Oregon Country up to the 54°40' north latitude line, which included present-day Oregon, Washington, and parts of British Columbia. It represented the American desire for expansion and control over the region, which was disputed with Great Britain. Eventually, a compromise was reached, and the border was set at the 49th parallel, establishing the current boundary between the United States and Canada.

The factory system was characterized by the use of interchangeable parts, each product being produced by one worker, a supervised work force, and payment of cash wages. However, the work force being located in one place was not an essential feature of the factory system. In fact, the factory system allowed for the concentration of workers in a single location, which increased efficiency and productivity. This allowed for the division of labor and specialization, with workers focusing on specific tasks in the production process.

Sam Houston is the correct answer because he was the hero of the Battle of San Jacinto, which was a decisive battle in the Texas Revolution. After the battle, Texas gained independence from Mexico and became the Republic of Texas. As a result, Sam Houston was elected as the first president of the Texas Republic.

The correct answer is "worsened the already serious problems of the cities." This is because the arrival of large numbers of immigrants put additional strain on the already struggling cities, exacerbating the existing issues such as overcrowding, poverty, and inadequate infrastructure. The influx of immigrants often led to increased competition for jobs, housing, and resources, further worsening living conditions and social tensions in the cities.

Many German immigrants came to the United States to escape difficult economic conditions and poverty, commonly referred to as "hard times." Germany experienced economic hardships during the 19th century, including high unemployment rates, inflation, and limited opportunities for social mobility. These challenging circumstances pushed many Germans to seek better economic prospects in the United States, where they hoped to find employment and improve their living conditions.

The correct answer is Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith was the founder and leader of the Mormon religion. He led the Mormon trek to Utah, known as the Mormon pioneers, in the mid-19th century. Smith played a crucial role in the establishment of the Mormon settlement in Utah, which eventually became the headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His leadership and vision were instrumental in the successful migration of thousands of Mormons to Utah, where they sought religious freedom and a new home.

During the 1830s and 1840s, the American population moved westward due to various reasons. Economic opportunity was one of the main driving factors, as people sought new land and resources to build their livelihoods. A sense of adventure also motivated individuals to explore and settle in new territories. Religious freedom played a significant role, as people sought to establish communities where they could freely practice their faith. Fertile land was another crucial factor, as agricultural opportunities were abundant in the West. However, loyalty to Mexico and Great Britain did not drive the westward movement, as tensions and conflicts existed between these countries and the expanding United States.

The correct answer is the railroad. The development of the railroad in Kansas and Nebraska would have provided a significant economic stimulus. It would have facilitated transportation of goods and people, opening up new markets and opportunities for trade. The railroad would have also attracted new industries and investments to the region, leading to further economic growth and development.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act is the correct answer because it was a significant event that led to the formation of the Republican Party in the North. The act repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed for the expansion of slavery into new territories, which outraged many Northerners who opposed the spread of slavery. This act was seen as a betrayal by the Democratic Party and Whig Party, leading to the formation of the Republican Party as a platform to oppose the expansion of slavery and protect the rights of free labor.

Wilmot's Proviso was a proposal that aimed to prohibit slavery in any territory gained from Mexico. This was a significant development in the ongoing debate over the expansion of slavery in the United States. The proviso was introduced by Congressman David Wilmot in 1846, following the Mexican-American War. It sought to prevent the spread of slavery into newly acquired territories, such as California and New Mexico. Although the proviso was not ultimately passed into law, it did spark intense discussions and debates about the future of slavery in the United States.

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of legislative measures aimed at resolving the tensions between free and slave states in the United States. The key organizer of this compromise was Henry Clay. He was a prominent politician and statesman who played a crucial role in brokering the agreement. Clay's proposal included provisions such as the admission of California as a free state, the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act, and the organization of the territories of New Mexico and Utah. His efforts were instrumental in achieving a temporary balance between the North and South, although the compromise ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of the Civil War.

Johnson's Reconstruction plan failed to break the power of the antebellum planter elites. This can be inferred from the statement that the plan failed because the planters refused to accept his pardon. The antebellum planter elites were a powerful group in the South who held significant economic and political influence. Johnson's plan, which aimed to restore the Southern states to their pre-war status, did not challenge or dismantle this power structure, leading to its failure.

Lincoln proposed a plan for restoring Southern state governments based on 10 percent of the voting population of 1860 taking a loyalty oath to the Union. This means that in order for a Southern state to be restored to the Union, only 10 percent of the voting population needed to pledge loyalty to the Union. This plan was known as the Ten Percent Plan and aimed to quickly restore the Southern states and promote reconciliation between the North and South after the Civil War.

Horace Greely is the correct answer because he was a prominent writer and newspaper editor in the 1860s who famously used the phrase "Go west, young man" in an editorial. This phrase became a rallying cry for the idea of westward expansion and encouraged young people to seek opportunities in the growing western territories of the United States. Although the other writers listed were also active during the 1860s, there is no evidence to suggest that they specifically advocated for westward migration in the same way that Greely did.

During the 1830s and 1840s, there was a characteristic change in labor, which was the decline in working conditions. This implies that the conditions under which people worked worsened during this period. It suggests that workers faced harsher conditions, such as longer working hours, lower wages, and unsafe working environments. This change in labor conditions may have been a result of industrialization and the rise of factories, where workers were often subjected to exploitative practices by their employers.

The correct answer is the great potato famine. During the 1840s and 1850s, Ireland experienced a devastating potato blight, which led to the failure of potato crops, a staple food for the Irish population. This famine resulted in widespread hunger, poverty, and death, forcing many Irish people to emigrate in search of better opportunities and escape the dire conditions in their homeland. The potato famine was a significant factor that pushed Irish immigrants to seek a new life in the United States.

The correct answer is that shippers received financial incentives to stay with canal routes. This means that they were given monetary benefits or rewards to continue using the canals for transportation instead of shifting to railroads. This likely made it more economically advantageous for shippers to stick with the canals rather than taking the risk of switching to the railroads.

The correct answer is "peaks in immigration and the demand for labor" because the evidence of economics being a major motivation for immigration can be seen in the correlation between the increase in immigration and the need for labor. When there is a high demand for labor in a country, it attracts immigrants who are seeking job opportunities and better wages. Therefore, the peaks in immigration can be seen as a direct result of the economic factors driving individuals to migrate.

The correct answer is whether or not Scott was a citizen. In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court had to determine whether Scott, who was enslaved, could be considered a citizen of the United States. This question was crucial because if Scott was not considered a citizen, he would not have the right to bring a lawsuit in federal court. The court ultimately ruled that Scott, as a black person, could not be a citizen and therefore did not have the right to sue for his freedom. This decision had significant implications for the rights of enslaved individuals and the institution of slavery in the United States.

The correct answer is free labor. Republicans during the issue of slavery defended the rights of free labor, which refers to the belief that individuals should have the right to work for wages and have control over their own labor. This stance opposed the institution of slavery, as it denied individuals the freedom to choose their own work and receive fair compensation for their labor. Republicans advocated for the abolition of slavery and the promotion of free labor as a fundamental principle of a just society.

During the war, the North experienced a series of violent, antidraft riots. These riots were a significant problem for the North as they disrupted the war effort and caused further instability. The riots were a response to the draft, which many people in the North opposed. This led to violent clashes between the rioters and authorities, further exacerbating the challenges faced by the North during the war.

The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. This amendment was ratified in 1865, following the American Civil War. It states that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States." The Thirteenth Amendment was a significant milestone in the fight for civil rights and equality in the United States.

Manifest Destiny was a belief held by many Americans in the 19th century that it was their divine mission to expand and spread American culture and values across the continent. This belief was rooted in the idea that God was on their side, guiding and supporting their expansionist goals. It was seen as a moral and religious duty to expand westward and bring American civilization to the frontier. This belief in divine support and guidance played a significant role in justifying and motivating American territorial expansion, making it the correct answer.

The Irish immigrants to the United States settled in the Northeast and faced prejudice. This is because during the mid-19th century, a large number of Irish people migrated to the United States due to the Great Famine in Ireland. They settled primarily in cities like Boston and New York, where they faced discrimination and prejudice from the established Anglo-American population. The Irish immigrants were often seen as inferior and faced harsh living conditions, low wages, and limited job opportunities.

Millard Fillmore was not a presidential candidate in the 1860 election. The other four options - Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John Breckinridge, and John Bell - were all candidates in the 1860 election. Millard Fillmore was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 to 1853, but he did not run for re-election in 1852 or participate in the 1860 election.

James Polk went to war with Mexico to force the secession of New Mexico and California. This can be inferred from the fact that Polk had a strong desire to expand the territory of the United States, and he saw the acquisition of these territories as essential to achieving that goal. Additionally, Polk believed that by provoking a war with Mexico, he could create a situation where these territories would be more likely to break away from Mexican control and join the United States.

The correct answer is "none of the above." This means that none of the mentioned Mexican policies irritated the Anglo-American settlers of Texas in the early 1830s.

The correct answer is "were willing to have peace at any price." This suggests that the Copperheads, who were a faction of Democrats in the Northern United States during the American Civil War, were willing to make any compromise or concession in order to achieve peace, even if it meant compromising on important issues such as the Emancipation Proclamation or the growth of the federal government. This implies that they prioritized ending the war and restoring peace over other political objectives.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that Lincoln and Davis realized that in order for the war to be successful, it was necessary to have a strong and involved leader. This suggests that they understood the importance of active, executive leadership in making strategic decisions, coordinating military operations, and mobilizing resources effectively. This implies that they recognized the need for a centralized authority to guide and oversee the war effort, rather than decentralizing power or leaving decisions to popular vote. They also acknowledged that the president's powers and constraints in war are the same as during peacetime, indicating that they believed in upholding constitutional principles even in times of conflict.

The Confederate Constitution being surprisingly similar to the U.S. Constitution suggests that the Confederacy sought to establish a governmental framework similar to that of the United States. This implies that they aimed to maintain a similar system of governance, possibly to legitimize their secession from the Union. The similarity between the two constitutions may have been a strategic move to gain support and recognition from other nations, as it showcased a familiarity and adherence to established democratic principles.

The correct answer is "all of the above". Manifest Destiny was a belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory from coast to coast. This belief was based on the idea that population growth required new territories, as the growing population needed more land and resources. It was also believed that God supported American expansion, and that the United States had the right to freely develop and spread its democratic ideals. Therefore, all of these premises were important in the ideology of Manifest Destiny.

Cyrus McCormick is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the inventor of the mechanical reaper. The mechanical reaper revolutionized agriculture by automating the process of harvesting crops, significantly increasing efficiency and productivity. McCormick's invention had a profound impact on the agricultural industry, leading to increased food production and helping to fuel the growth of the United States as an agricultural powerhouse.

The Know-Nothings became popular because they developed a national platform that appealed to a broad cross section of Americans. This means that their policies and ideas resonated with a wide range of people in the country, making them attractive to a large number of voters.

During the Civil War, one of the South's greatest challenges was the reluctance of southern farmers to shift from cotton to foodstuffs. This posed a significant problem as the South heavily relied on cotton production for its economy. However, as the war progressed, it became increasingly difficult to maintain this agricultural focus due to the need for food supplies for the Confederate army and civilian population. The reluctance of farmers to shift their crops hindered the South's ability to sustain itself and exacerbated food shortages, contributing to the overall difficulties faced by the Confederate forces during the war.

South Carolina was the first Southern state to secede from the Union. This occurred on December 20, 1860, following the election of President Abraham Lincoln, who was viewed as a threat to the institution of slavery. South Carolina's secession led to the formation of the Confederate States of America and ultimately played a significant role in the outbreak of the American Civil War.

The diplomatic objective of the Union was to prevent European nations from recognizing the Confederacy. This means that the Union wanted to ensure that European countries did not acknowledge the Confederacy as a separate and legitimate nation. By preventing recognition, the Union aimed to isolate the Confederacy diplomatically and weaken its international standing. This would have made it more difficult for the Confederacy to gain support, resources, and legitimacy from European powers, ultimately working in favor of the Union's efforts to defeat the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

The correct answer is Fourteenth. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted civil rights and equal protection under the law to all individuals, including former slaves. It overturned the Dred Scott decision and aimed to ensure that all citizens, regardless of race or color, were treated equally by the law. The Fourteenth Amendment played a crucial role in the civil rights movement and continues to be a cornerstone of constitutional law.

The correct answer is that any state that denied the right to vote to African Americans would have its congressional representation proportionally reduced. This means that if a state discriminated against African American voters, it would have fewer representatives in Congress. This was a measure taken to ensure that states did not disenfranchise African American citizens and to promote equal representation.

During Johnson's Reconstruction plan, white Southerners had the most difficult time securing pardons. This is because they were seen as the primary supporters of the Confederacy and were heavily involved in the secession and the Civil War. Many white Southerners were required to take an oath of loyalty to the Union and apply for individual pardons, which made the process more challenging for them compared to other groups such as Confederate military officers or elected Confederate officials who were granted amnesty more easily.

James K. Polk was the winner of the election of 1844. He defeated his opponents, including Zachary Taylor, John Tyler, William Henry Harrison, and Martin Van Buren, to become the 11th President of the United States. Polk's victory in the election is significant because it marked the first time that a candidate from the Democratic Party won the presidency after two consecutive Whig Party administrations. Polk's presidency was notable for his successful expansionist policies, which resulted in the acquisition of vast territories, including California, Oregon, and New Mexico.

The Compromise of 1850 prohibited slavery in the New Mexico territory. This compromise was a series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress in an attempt to resolve the conflict between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. One of the provisions of the compromise was the establishment of the New Mexico territory, in which slavery was explicitly forbidden. This was seen as a concession to the North, as it limited the expansion of slavery into new territories.

Zachary Taylor was the winner of the election of 1848. He was a military hero known for his leadership during the Mexican-American War. Taylor ran as a Whig candidate and campaigned on a platform of preserving the Union and avoiding the issue of slavery. His victory in the election marked the first time a Whig candidate won the presidency. Taylor's presidency was short-lived, as he died in office after only serving for 16 months.

The failure of the political parties to develop distinctive issues in the election of 1852 led to voter disenchantment with the major parties. This means that voters were disappointed and disillusioned with the lack of clear differences between the parties, which resulted in them losing faith and trust in the major political parties. As a result, this dissatisfaction with the major parties could have potentially had a significant impact on the political system, as voters may have looked for alternative options or become more apathetic towards the political process.

Lewis Cass is the correct answer because he is widely credited with popularizing the concept of popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty is the idea that the people living in a territory should have the right to decide whether slavery would be allowed in that territory. Cass, a prominent politician and diplomat in the mid-19th century, advocated for this idea during the debates over the expansion of slavery in the United States. He argued that the residents of a territory, rather than the federal government, should have the power to determine their own laws and institutions, including the issue of slavery.

The Know-Nothing Party was a nativist third party that opposed immigration. They were active in the mid-19th century and sought to restrict immigration, particularly from Catholic countries. They believed that immigrants were taking jobs away from native-born Americans and were a threat to American society and culture. The party's name originated from the fact that its members, when asked about their activities, were instructed to say "I know nothing." The Know-Nothing Party was known for its secretive nature and anti-immigrant stance.

The second party system refers to the period in American politics from the 1820s to the 1850s, characterized by intense competition between the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. This era witnessed a significant shift in American politics as these two parties dominated the political landscape and engaged in vigorous competition for power. The Whigs and Democrats represented different ideologies and policies, leading to heated debates and elections during this time. This answer accurately captures the essence of the second party system by highlighting the competition between these two major political parties.

In the 1854 Kansas elections, popular sovereignty failed due to illegal voting by Missouri residents. These individuals, who were not legal residents of Kansas, participated in the elections and cast their votes unlawfully. This undermined the democratic process and the principle of popular sovereignty, which holds that the power to make decisions rests with the people of a territory. The illegal voting by Missouri residents skewed the election results and prevented the true voice of the Kansas residents from being heard.

The question asks for the option that was NOT a Union military advantage during the Civil War. The Union did have superior generals, which means they had skilled and experienced leaders in their military. Therefore, this option was indeed a Union military advantage and does not fit the criteria of the question.

During the war, many wealthy Northerners and Southerners avoided military service by furnishing hired substitutes. This means that they would pay someone else to serve in their place, allowing them to avoid the dangers and hardships of war. This practice was particularly common among the wealthy, who had the means to pay for a substitute. By doing so, they could fulfill their military obligations without actually having to risk their own lives on the battlefield.

In the Congressional elections of 1866, the Radical Republicans lost ground and were defeated. This can be inferred from the statement that Johnson's reelection campaign got a big boost. If Johnson's campaign received a boost, it indicates that the Radical Republicans, who were opposed to Johnson's policies, did not perform well in the elections. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Radical Republicans lost ground and were defeated in the elections.

Frederick Jackson Turner is known for being the historian who first developed the frontier thesis. This thesis, also known as the Turner Thesis, argued that the American frontier played a crucial role in shaping American society and democracy. Turner believed that the frontier experience of constantly moving westward and encountering new challenges and opportunities had a profound impact on American culture, individualism, and democracy. His thesis has had a significant influence on the study of American history and continues to be debated and analyzed by scholars today.

The controversy in Kansas refers to the events that occurred during the Kansas-Nebraska Act in the 1850s. This act allowed for popular sovereignty, which meant that the residents of these territories could decide whether to allow slavery or not. However, the intense conflict and violence that ensued in Kansas, known as "Bleeding Kansas," demonstrated that popular sovereignty was not a peaceful or effective solution to the problem of slavery. Instead, it further divided the nation and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War.

The Wilmot Proviso sought to guarantee the right of slavery in the territories. This means that it aimed to ensure that slavery could be practiced in the territories acquired from Mexico. The proviso was introduced in 1846 by David Wilmot, a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania, as an amendment to a bill pertaining to the Mexican-American War. It proposed that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free from slavery. However, the proviso was never passed into law, and its failure contributed to the growing tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

During the war, the Confederate economy experienced severe inflation. This means that the value of Confederate currency decreased significantly, leading to a rise in prices for goods and services. This inflationary pressure was likely due to the increased demand for resources and the difficulty of maintaining a stable economy during a time of conflict. As a result, the Confederate economy struggled to keep up with the rising costs, causing significant economic hardship for the Confederacy.

In the fall of 1861, John Slidell and James Mason, two Confederates, were seized by Union naval officers on board the British steamer Trent. This incident created a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Great Britain.

The opposition to Tyler's plan for the annexation of Texas primarily came from northern antislavery Whigs. This can be inferred from the context of the question, as the Whigs were known for their opposition to slavery. Given that Texas was a slave-holding territory, it is logical to assume that northern antislavery Whigs would oppose its annexation. The other options, such as southern agricultural interests, New England merchants, Mexican Catholics, and Great Britain, do not align with the historical context and do not have a direct connection to the issue of annexation.

The changing character of labor resulted in an upsurge of labor militancy. This means that as the nature of labor changed, there was a significant increase in labor activism and resistance. Workers became more assertive and organized in demanding their rights and better working conditions. This can be seen as a response to the exploitation and unfair treatment they faced in the changing labor landscape.

The Lecompton constitution cannot be an antislavery statement because it was actually a pro-slavery document. It proposed to admit Kansas as a slave state, which caused bitter debates in Congress. The constitution was rejected by Congress primarily because it did not allow for a popular vote on the issue of slavery, which went against the principles of popular sovereignty. Therefore, the correct answer cannot be "was an antislavery statement."

Joseph E. Johnston was not a Union general during the Civil War. He was a Confederate general who served in the Confederate Army. The other individuals listed, George McClellan, George Meade, Henry W. Halleck, and Ulysses S. Grant, were all Union generals who played significant roles in the war.

The Wade-Davis Bill did not embody presidential reconstruction. Instead, it proposed a more stringent plan for Reconstruction than President Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan. It required a majority of white male citizens in a state to take an oath of allegiance before they could establish a new state government. This bill was passed by Congress but was pocket vetoed by President Lincoln, who favored a more lenient approach to Reconstruction. Presidential reconstruction was actually embodied by President Andrew Johnson's policies, which aimed to quickly restore the Southern states to the Union with minimal requirements for readmission.

Robert Smalls is the correct answer because he was an escaped slave who successfully captured a Confederate steamship called the CSS Planter during the American Civil War. He later became a U.S. Congressman, serving from 1875 to 1887. This remarkable feat of bravery and intelligence, as well as his subsequent political career, made him a significant figure in American history.

John Tyler initiated the politics of Manifest Destiny to build a base for his reelection in 1844. This means that Tyler used the idea of Manifest Destiny, which was the belief in the expansion of the United States across the continent, as a political strategy to gain support and secure his reelection in 1844. By promoting the idea of westward expansion and the acquisition of new territories, Tyler aimed to appeal to voters and build a strong base of support for his campaign.

In the presidential election of 1844, James Polk identified himself with the most popular cause of the times. This suggests that Polk aligned himself with a cause that was widely supported and resonated with the majority of voters. By doing so, he was able to connect with the electorate and gain their support, ultimately leading to his victory in the election.

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 settled a boundary dispute between the United States and Canada over Maine and New Brunswick.

The election of James Buchanan in 1856 brought a temporary sense of relief to Southerners. This is because Buchanan, a Democrat, was seen as a supporter of southern interests and the institution of slavery. Southerners were relieved that a candidate who they believed would protect their rights and way of life had been elected. However, this relief would prove to be short-lived as tensions between the North and South continued to escalate, eventually leading to the outbreak of the Civil War.

In his debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln took a radical position on the issue of slavery. This can be inferred from the fact that Lincoln argued against the expansion of slavery into new territories, advocated for the eventual abolition of slavery, and emphasized the moral and ethical wrongs of the institution. His stance was considered radical at the time, as it challenged the prevailing views and norms regarding slavery.

The "free-state" capital of Kansas refers to the capital city during the time period when Kansas was embroiled in the conflict over slavery. Lawrence was known for being a stronghold of the anti-slavery movement, and it served as the unofficial capital for the free-state settlers. This is why Lawrence is the correct answer.

Lincoln's initial policy toward the Confederacy did not involve the deployment of troops along the "border states" to demonstrate a Union resolve to fight. This means that Lincoln did not intend to show military strength in those states as a way to deter the Confederacy. Instead, his policy focused on cautious and limited use of force, avoiding any hostile action, and buying time to resolve the conflict. Additionally, Lincoln aimed to make the Confederacy appear as the aggressor if war were to occur.

The attack on Fort Sumter united Northern opinion against the rebellion because it was seen as an act of aggression by the South. Prior to the attack, there were mixed opinions in the North about the secession movement and the war. However, the attack on Fort Sumter galvanized the North and created a sense of unity in opposition to the rebellion. This event marked a turning point in public opinion and increased support for the Union cause in the North.

The correct answer is a Confederate victory. The question is asking about the outcome of the first major battle of the war at Bull Run. This battle, also known as the First Battle of Manassas, took place on July 21, 1861, during the American Civil War. It was a significant battle and resulted in a Confederate victory. The Union forces, under the command of General Irvin McDowell, were initially successful but were ultimately pushed back by Confederate forces led by General P.G.T. Beauregard. This Confederate victory boosted their morale and demonstrated that the war would not be easily won by the Union.

In his response to the Wade-Davis Bill, Lincoln stopped it with a pocket veto. A pocket veto occurs when the President does not sign a bill into law within the ten-day period before Congress adjourns. In this case, Lincoln did not sign the Wade-Davis Bill, effectively stopping it from becoming law. This action suggests that Lincoln did not agree with the provisions of the bill and chose to use his veto power to prevent its implementation.

White planters were not part of the Southern coalition supporting Radical Reconstruction. This is because white planters were typically wealthy landowners who had benefitted from the pre-Civil War plantation system and were resistant to the changes brought about by Reconstruction. They often opposed the enfranchisement of African Americans and the redistribution of land. In contrast, the other groups mentioned - businessmen interested in government funding, "scalawags" (Southern whites who supported Reconstruction), newly enfranchised African Americans, and poor white farmers from upland regions - were more likely to support the goals of Radical Reconstruction.

The correct answer is joined the Democratic party. By the end of 1865, many freedmen had joined the Democratic party because they saw it as a means to protect their newly gained civil rights and to secure their freedom. The Democratic party was seen as more supportive of the rights of African Americans at the time, and many freedmen believed that aligning with the party would provide them with better opportunities for political and social advancement. This political affiliation was also influenced by the fact that the Republican party, which had been the party of abolition, was shifting its focus towards other issues, leading many freedmen to seek alternative political alliances.

The Indian Trading Posts scandal was not a scandal during the Grant administration. The Whiskey Ring scandal involved a group of government officials who were involved in a bribery and tax evasion scheme. The Teapot Dome scandal involved the illegal leasing of government oil reserves. The Credit Mobilier scandal involved corruption in the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. The Belknap "cover-up" scandal involved the Secretary of War accepting bribes for the appointment of military contracts.

The South's refusal to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment caused a thorough restructuring of Southern society. This refusal led to the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which divided the South into military districts and imposed military rule. This allowed the federal government to enforce the rights of freed slaves and ensure their political participation. The restructuring included measures such as the establishment of new governments, the enfranchisement of African Americans, and the redistribution of land. These changes aimed to dismantle the old social and political order in the South and create a more equitable society.