Mid Term Exam 2010-2011

Dalton's atomic theory was more important than Democritus's theory because it had evidence to support it. Evidence is crucial in scientific theories as it provides proof and credibility to the claims being made. Dalton's theory was supported by experimental data and observations, which made it more reliable and convincing. On the other hand, while Democritus's theory may have had some evidence, it was not as well-supported or widely accepted as Dalton's theory. Therefore, Dalton's theory was considered more significant in the development of atomic theory.

Science is based on observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, drawing conclusions, and developing theories. It is a systematic and evidence-based approach to understanding the natural world. Through careful observation and experimentation, scientists gather data, analyze it, and draw conclusions based on the evidence. They then develop theories to explain their findings and make predictions about future observations. This process is iterative and subject to revision as new evidence emerges. Religion, on the other hand, is based on faith, belief, and spiritual teachings rather than empirical evidence and the scientific method.

Religion is based on personal belief systems and does not require proof. It involves faith and spirituality, often centered around the worship of a higher power or deity. Unlike science, which relies on empirical evidence and experimentation, religion is subjective and varies from person to person. It encompasses moral values, rituals, and doctrines that guide individuals in their spiritual journey. Religion provides a framework for understanding the world, explaining the purpose of life, and offering comfort and solace in times of uncertainty.

The main purpose for showing the "We Are All Connected Video" in class multiple times is to demonstrate that we are composed of basic atoms and elements, similar to the stars in the cosmos. This suggests that there is a fundamental connection between all things in the universe, emphasizing our shared origins and interconnectedness.

Light is not considered matter because it does not have mass or occupy space. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. Light, on the other hand, is a form of energy that travels in waves and does not possess these physical properties. Therefore, light is not included in the category of matter.

It is possible to have strong scientific beliefs and maintain religious beliefs simultaneously because science and religion can be seen as addressing different aspects of human existence. Science focuses on empirical evidence and logical reasoning to understand the natural world, while religion deals with matters of faith, spirituality, and the meaning and purpose of life. Many individuals find that scientific discoveries enhance their understanding and appreciation of the complexity and beauty of the universe, while their religious beliefs provide them with moral guidance and a sense of connection to something greater than themselves. Therefore, one can hold both strong scientific and religious beliefs without contradiction.

The image is an example of scientific notation. Scientific notation is a way of expressing numbers that are very large or very small. It consists of a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by a power of 10. In the image, the number 2.5 is written as 2.5 x 10^6, indicating that it is multiplied by 10 raised to the power of 6. This notation is commonly used in scientific and mathematical calculations to represent numbers with many zeros or decimal places in a more concise and manageable form.

When we observe "Red Shifting" using the Hubble telescope, it indicates that the universe is expanding. Red shifting occurs when light from distant objects in space is stretched and shifted towards longer wavelengths, which suggests that these objects are moving away from us. This phenomenon provides evidence for the expansion of the universe and supports the theory of the Big Bang.

A solid is a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume. In a solid, the particles are closely packed together and have strong intermolecular forces, which prevent them from moving freely. This results in a fixed shape and volume for solids, as the particles are unable to move past each other.

The given electron configuration, 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1, corresponds to the electron configuration of lithium. This configuration indicates that lithium has 3 energy levels, with 2 electrons in the 1s orbital, 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 6 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 1 electron in the 3s orbital. Therefore, the correct answer is lithium.

Most atomic masses have a number that is not a whole number because it is an average of all the isotopes' atomic masses. Isotopes are variants of an element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Since different isotopes of an element have different atomic masses, the atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average of these masses, resulting in a decimal number.

By changing the temperature, the kinetic energy of particles will either increase or decrease, affecting their motion. Higher temperatures will increase the speed and random motion of particles, while lower temperatures will decrease their speed and motion. Changing the pressure can also affect the motion of particles. Increasing the pressure will result in the particles being more closely packed together, increasing the frequency of collisions and therefore affecting their motion. Decreasing the pressure will have the opposite effect, with particles being more spread out and having less frequent collisions.

The hardness of an object refers to its resistance to being scratched, dented, or deformed. It is a characteristic that can be measured and quantified, making it a physical property. Chemical properties, on the other hand, describe how a substance interacts with other substances and undergoes chemical reactions. Since hardness does not involve any chemical changes, it is considered a physical property.

Technology is indeed the application of science. Science involves the study and understanding of natural phenomena, while technology refers to the practical application of scientific knowledge to solve problems, create new products, and improve existing processes. Technology is built upon scientific principles and discoveries, using them to develop practical solutions and inventions that benefit society. Therefore, it can be concluded that technology is the application of science.

Scientific notation is important because it allows scientists to work with extremely large or small numbers in a more convenient and concise way. It simplifies calculations and makes it easier to express values that would otherwise involve many zeros. This notation is not the only way to solve problems, but it is a widely used and efficient method in scientific fields.

The statement contradicts historical facts. Humans did not always believe that planetary orbits were made of elliptical shapes. In ancient times, the prevailing belief was that planetary orbits were circular. It was not until Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion in the 17th century that the understanding of elliptical orbits became widely accepted. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The statement suggests that there is a connection between ourselves and the universe. By studying ourselves, we can gain insights and answers about the universe, and vice versa. This implies that there is a mutual relationship and understanding between the two.

Air is considered a mixture because it is composed of various gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. These gases are not chemically combined, but rather exist together in the same space. This can be observed through the fact that the composition of air can vary depending on factors such as location and altitude. Therefore, air does not meet the criteria of a pure substance, which consists of only one type of element or compound.

The answer "Science and Technology drive each other" implies that both science and technology are mutually dependent and influence each other's progress. Science provides the knowledge and understanding that forms the foundation for technological advancements. On the other hand, technology enables scientific research and experimentation, leading to new discoveries and innovations. This interdependence between science and technology creates a cycle of continuous development and improvement in both fields.

Observation is the correct answer because it refers to the process of gathering information through our senses, such as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. It involves directly perceiving and noticing things in our surroundings without making any assumptions or interpretations. In contrast, inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making assumptions based on observations and prior knowledge. Therefore, while inference may involve some information obtained through our senses, it is not directly obtained through the senses like observation.

The image shows a graph with distance on the x-axis and speed on the y-axis. As the distance increases, the speed also increases. This can be inferred from the upward trend of the plotted points on the graph. Therefore, the correct answer is "as the distance increases so does the speed."

When the volume of a substance is decreased, the particles in the substance become more crowded and have less space to move around. This leads to more frequent collisions between the particles and the container walls, resulting in an increase in the number of collisions per unit area. As a result, the pressure exerted by the substance increases.

The density of a solution is calculated by dividing the mass of the solution by its volume. In this case, the mass of the solution is given as 60.75 grams. The volume of the solution is not explicitly mentioned in the question. Therefore, without knowing the volume, it is not possible to calculate the density. Thus, an explanation cannot be provided for the given correct answer.

A stable atom of the element sodium (Na) has 11 electrons. Sodium has an atomic number of 11, which means it has 11 protons in its nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, so sodium also has 11 electrons. This configuration allows the atom to have a stable outer electron shell, which is important for its chemical properties.

Hydrogen is the correct answer because it is the most abundant element in the universe, making up approximately 99% of its composition. It is found in stars, gas clouds, and other celestial bodies. Hydrogen is also the primary fuel source for stars, including our sun. Its abundance and importance in the universe make it the correct answer to this question.

Two atoms of the same element can form a molecule through a process called covalent bonding. In this type of bonding, the atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This allows them to form a stable molecule, even though they are both the same element. This is commonly observed in diatomic molecules, such as oxygen (O2) or nitrogen (N2), where two atoms of the same element bond together to form a molecule. Therefore, the statement "Two atoms of the same element can form a molecule" is true.

The lab activity helped us understand the law of conservation of mass. This law states that in a closed system, mass cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred. Through the lab activity, we likely observed how mass remained constant throughout different reactions or processes, reinforcing this principle.

When something releases an odor, gives off heat, and changes color, it indicates that a chemical change has occurred. These characteristics are typical indicators of a chemical reaction taking place. In a chemical change, the substance undergoes a transformation at the molecular level, resulting in the formation of new substances with different properties. This is different from a physical change, where the substance may undergo a change in state or appearance, but its molecular structure remains the same.

Buoyancy is a physical property of an object. It refers to the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The buoyancy of an object depends on its volume, density, and the density of the fluid it is immersed in. Therefore, it is considered a physical property as it relates to the physical characteristics and behavior of the object in a fluid environment.

The neutron is the correct answer because it has no charge. Unlike protons and electrons, which are positively and negatively charged, respectively, neutrons are electrically neutral. This is why the cashier says "you have NO CHARGE" to the subatomic particle getting a gallon of milk, indicating that it has no electrical charge.

The given answer, "The study of plants and animals is called Biology," is not an example of how the history of science has led to where we are today. It is a statement of a scientific discipline, but it does not demonstrate how the history of science has contributed to our current state of knowledge or technology. The other options, on the other hand, show how scientific advancements and discoveries in the past have directly influenced and led to the development of modern technologies and understanding.

The scientific method involves a series of steps that scientists follow to investigate and understand natural phenomena. These steps include making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Inference, on the other hand, is not a step of the scientific method. Inference is the process of drawing logical conclusions based on available evidence or reasoning. While inference may be used in the scientific method to interpret data or draw conclusions, it is not one of the core steps of the method itself.

The number .0009890 has four significant figures. Significant figures are the digits that carry meaning in a number. In this case, all the digits after the leading zeros are significant, so the number has four significant figures.

Atoms are the smallest part of matter that we have the ability to observe. They are the basic building blocks of all elements and cannot be broken down further without losing their chemical properties. Elements are made up of only one type of atom, while molecules and compounds are made up of multiple atoms bonded together. Therefore, atoms are the correct answer as they are the fundamental units of matter that can be observed and studied.

Two atoms of the same element cannot form a compound because a compound is formed when different elements chemically combine. In a compound, atoms of different elements are bonded together to form a new substance with different properties. When two atoms of the same element come together, they form a molecule, not a compound. A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains its chemical properties and consists of two or more atoms bonded together. Therefore, the statement is false.

Section 3 is the correct answer because it is the only section where water is present in a liquid form. The other sections may contain water in different forms such as solid (ice) or gas (steam), but section 3 specifically refers to water in its liquid state.

The correct answer is Periodic Law. Periodic Law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. This means that elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals. The Periodic Law helps to explain the trends and patterns observed in the periodic table, such as the periodicity of atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity. It is a fundamental principle in chemistry that allows scientists to predict and understand the behavior of elements based on their position in the periodic table.

Sodium (Na) is an element with atomic number 11, which means it has 11 protons in its nucleus. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom, and since the question asks for the number of protons in sodium, the correct answer is 11.

Psychology is not considered a main branch of physical science because it focuses on the study of the mind and behavior, rather than the physical properties and interactions of matter and energy. The main branches of physical science include chemistry, biology, and physics, which all deal with the fundamental principles of the natural world and its physical processes.

The number 2056 has four significant figures because all non-zero digits are significant, and there are no trailing or leading zeros to indicate uncertainty or placeholders.

When heat is added to a substance, the particles within the substance gain energy and move faster, while removing heat causes the particles to lose energy and slow down. This phenomenon is known as the "Kinetic Theory of Particles." The fact that this behavior occurs consistently and predictably, regardless of who observes it, suggests that it is a well-established scientific theory. The demonstration with a blow torch and spoon in class likely illustrated this concept by showing how heat can affect the movement of particles.

The given number, 9,900,987.986, can be expressed in scientific notation as 9.9 X 10^6. In scientific notation, the number is written as a decimal between 1 and 10 (in this case, 9.9) multiplied by a power of 10 (in this case, 10^6). This means that the decimal point is moved 6 places to the right to obtain the original number.

The chemical formulas provided are typically used to represent a chemical reaction, with reactants on the left side and products on the right side. In this case, water is identified as a product, meaning it is one of the substances that is formed as a result of the chemical reaction.

When methane (CH4) reacts with oxygen (O2), one possible product of the reaction is water (H2O). Methane is a hydrocarbon, and when it undergoes combustion, it reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Therefore, in this reaction, methane reacts with oxygen to form water as a product.

Changing states of matter does not result in a loss of energy. When matter changes states, such as from solid to liquid or liquid to gas, energy is either absorbed or released, but the total energy of the system remains the same. This is known as the conservation of energy. Therefore, the statement that you lose a little bit of energy when changing states of matter is false.

Gravity is explained by the idea that everything with mass pushes on space, creating a warp. This warp causes smaller objects to orbit around larger objects. These smaller objects do not fall into the "hole" because of inertia, which keeps them on their current path.

Alkali metals are the most reactive family on the periodic table of elements. This is because they have only one valence electron, which is easily lost, leading to the formation of positive ions. The alkali metals readily react with water, oxygen, and halogens, and they are highly reactive and reactive enough to ignite in air. They have a strong tendency to form compounds and are known for their vigorous chemical reactions. Therefore, alkali metals are considered the most reactive family on the periodic table.

Halogens are unlikely to form cations because they have a high electronegativity and tend to gain electrons rather than lose them. Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons, resulting in a positive charge. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, on the other hand, have low electronegativity and readily lose electrons to form cations.

Noble gases will least likely go through ionization because they have a full outer electron shell, making them stable and unreactive. Ionization occurs when an atom gains or loses electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, but noble gases already have the maximum number of electrons in their outer shell, so they do not readily gain or lose electrons.

The correct answer is The Big Bang Theory. The pattern of heat signature across the entire universe, observed through the Cosmic Microwave Background, provides evidence for the Big Bang Theory. This theory suggests that the universe began with a massive explosion, and the observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background support this idea by showing remnants of the early stages of the universe's formation.