Microbiology Final Pt.4

1. Bacteriostatic antibiotics are able to prevent growth of pathogens, facilitating the immune system to fight an infection

True

False

2. Disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans are called

Animal and human disease

Zoonoses

Communicable disease

Contagious disease

3. The most selective antibacterial agents are those that interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is because

Bacterial cell walls have a unique structure not found in eukaryotic host cells

Euk cells do not take up the drugs

Euk cells inactivate the drugs before they can do any damage

4. Selective toxicity

Harms the microbes without significantly harming the host

Causes host damage without causing a significant damage to the microbe

Is the maximum tolerable dose of a drug per kilogram of body weight

Is the same as spectrum of activity for any given drug

5. The ___ rate refers to the total number of individuals infected at any one time regardless of when the disease began

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

Index

6. The concentration of an antimicrobial drug that is reached in the body will depend on

The amount of drug administered

The route of administration and speed of uptake

The rate at which the drug is cleared or eliminated from the body

All of the above

7. The occurrence of endemic disease is characterized by

A relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval

The occasional occurrence at irregular intervals

A gradual increase in occurrence frequency below epidemic level

A sudden increase in frequency above expected number

8. Spectrum of activity in an antimicrobial drug refers to

How the antimicrobial agent will function against a pathogen

The range of pathogens susceptible to the antimicrobial agent

The different ways the drug can be delivered

None of the above

9. T cells attack

Host cells that have parasitized by microorganisms

Transplanted tissue cells from one host to another

Cancer cells

All the choices

10. The first case in an epidemic is called the

Break case

Index case

Prime case

Alpha case

Important case

11. Which of the following ais (are) used by microorganisms to become resistant to a particular drug

Enzymatic inactivation of the drug

Exclusion of the drug from the cell

An alternate metabolic pathway that bypasses the drug-sensitive step

All of the above

12. Which type of epidemic usually results from a single contaminated source such as food

Propagated

Common-source

Herd

Sporadic

13. Which of the following is the major reason why it has been difficult to treat viral infections with chemotherapeutic agents?

Viral metabolism resembles that of their hosts so there is no selective point of attack

Viruses use the metabolic machinery of their hosts which limits many of the potential points of attack

Viruses have no metabolism and therefore offer no selective point of attack

Actually, viruses are not difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents

14. The immune system normally discriminates between ____ antigens

Self and nonself

B and t cells

Humoral and cell-0mediated

Primary and secondary response

15. An epidemic is

A disease that maintains a steady low level frequency

When a disease occurs occasionally and at erratic intervals in the human population

A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level

A sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population

16. Which drug-resistance mechanism allows bacteria to become resistant to more than one drug at the same time

Drug efflux

Modification of the target

Bacteria do not become resistant to more than one drug

Modification of the drug

Inactivation of the drug

17. A ___ rate measures the number of individuals who become ill as a result of a specific disease within a suceptible population during a specific time period

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

Index

18. The mode of action of antibiotic agent refers to

Killing of all microorganisms

Inhibition of growth of bacteria

How it exerts its effects upon microorganisms

The broad spectrum of activity of the antimicrobial agent

The range of different microbes against which the antimicrobial agent acts

19. A(n) ____ is an increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world)

Epidemic

Pandemic

Endemic

Sporadic disease

20. Which of the following affects the size of the clear zone in a disk diffusion test of antimicrobial susceptibility

The initial concentration of the drug

The solubility of the drug

The diffusion rate of the drug

All of the above

21. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of new diseases

Rapid transportation systems and the mobility of the population

Ecological disruption such as the loss of predators and the destruction of rain forests

Increased drug usage and sexual promiscuity

All of the above

22. The first epidemiologist was

Robert koch

Louis pasteur

John snow

Edward jenner

23. Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection?

Treatment of sewage to reduce water contamination

Destruction of vectors by spraying insecticides

Destruction of an animal reservoir of the infectious agent

All of the choices are used to reduce o eliminate the source of an infection

24. Immunity that is mediated by T lymphocytes is characterized as

Cell-mediated

Antibody-mediated

Innate acquired

Innate natural

Humoral

25. Antibiotics that are given by injection are said to have a (n) ____ route of administration

Oral

Venal

Parenteral

Topical

26. ____ is the site of maturation of T cells

Bursa of fabricius

Thymus

Spleen

Bone marrow

Lymph nodes

27. Public health surveillance is the proactive evaluation of

Genetic background

Environmental conditions

Human behaviors and lifestyle choices

Emerging infectious agents

All of the above

28. Which of the following is likely to have the most toxic side effects to humans

Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

Disrupters of cell membrane structure

Inhibitors of DNA synthesis

29. Genes for drug resistance may be present

On the chromosome

On plasmids

On mitochondrial DNA

Both on the chromosome and on plasmids

Both on plasmids and on mitochondrial DNA

30. Which of the following is not a way to avoid the devlopment of drug resistance in microorganisms

Use of correct levels of antimicrobial agent in the patient

Taking antibiotics until the patient feels better

Taking two antibiotics synergistcally

Taking antibiotics only when essential

Taking antibiotics as prescribed

31. Which of the following is the major focus of epidemiologists

The discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence

The development of methods for disease prevention

Measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents

Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and the development of methods for disease prevention

Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents

32. ____ immunity is an epidemiological concept that explains the resitance of a population to infection and the spread of an infectious organism due to the immunity of a high percentage of the population

Natural

Experimental

Herd

Innate

33. Chemotherapeutic agents that are chemically modified natural products of microorganisms are most specifically referred to as ___

Antimicrobial agents

Synthetic drugs

Antibiotics

Semisynthetic drugs

34. Development of drug resistance is NOT discouraged by

Use of a high enough concentration of the drug to destroy any spontaneous resistant mutants that might arise

Use of two drugs simultaneously with the hope that each will prevent the emergence of resistance to the other

Avoidance of indiscriminate use of drugs

Widespread use of broad-spectrum drugs

35. Which of the folowing is not considered a mode of action by antibicrobial agents

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Alteration of membrane permeability

Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis

Disruption of selective toxicity

36. Which of the following statements about antimetabolite compounds is NOT correct

An antimetabolite blocks metabolic pathways

Antimetabolites resemble a metabolite

Antimetabolites compete for enzymes active site

Normally enzymes are able to recognize the antimetabolite and avoid it

37. Which type(s) of antigen-presenting cell can activate T cells?

Macrophages

B cells

Dendritic cells

All of the choices

38. Both humoral and cell0mediated immunity share the following attributes except

Distinguishes self from nonself

Specificity

Heterogeneity

Memory

First-line of defense

39. Type ___ hypersensitivity involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions

I

II

III

IV