Mic 541 Exam 4 - Virology - Slides 100-150
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IV drug abusers can be HIV carriers.
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True
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False
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MIC 541 Exam 4 - Virology - Slides 100-150 focuses on diagnosing and treating H1N1. It covers serological testing, symptom control, and medication effectiveness against influenza strains. Essential for students in medical and health-related fields, enhancing understanding of virological practices.
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- 2.
HIV is a human retrovirus.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
genus Lentivirus - other human retroviruses = T-cell lymphotropic viruses I and II, leukemia and lymphoma.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Can false negatives occur in HIV testing/diagnosis?
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Yes
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No
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Persons who may have been exposed should be tested a second time 3-6 months later.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The measles virus is very contagious.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Transmitted by respiratory aerosols.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which antiretroviral drug class is described as: compounds that interact and inhibit RT but are not nucleoside analogs.
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Non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs)
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Nucleoside inhibitors (NIs)
Correct Answer
A. Non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs)Explanation
Non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs that interact with and inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme crucial for the replication of the HIV virus. Unlike nucleoside inhibitors (NIs), NNIs do not function as nucleoside analogs. Instead, they bind to a different site on the RT enzyme, causing a conformational change that prevents the enzyme from functioning properly. This inhibition of RT activity helps to suppress viral replication and slow down the progression of HIV infection.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Flu vaccines are 100% efficacious.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Efficacy ranges from 60-90%. Older adults = 50-60%. Nursing homes = 20-45%.Rate this question:
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- 7.
With regard to arboviruses, controlling the vector controls the disease.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Controlling the vector, which refers to the organism that transmits the virus, is an effective way to control the spread of arboviruses. Arboviruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, ticks, or other vectors. By implementing measures to control these vectors, such as using insecticides, eliminating breeding sites, and implementing personal protective measures, the transmission of arboviruses can be significantly reduced. Therefore, the statement "With regard to arboviruses, controlling the vector controls the disease" is true.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which set of diseases are caused by Arenaviruses?
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California encephalitis, Rift Valley fever; Korean hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.
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Lassa fever; Argentine hemorrhagic fever; Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; and Lympthocytic choriomeningitis.
Correct Answer
A. Lassa fever; Argentine hemorrhagic fever; Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; and Lympthocytic choriomeningitis.Explanation
The set of diseases caused by Arenaviruses includes Lassa fever, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, and Lympthocytic choriomeningitis.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Only one test is necessary to diagnose an HIV infection.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Testing based on detection of antibodies specific to the virus in serum or other fluids; done at 2 levels. Initial screening - ELISA, latex agglutination, and rapid antibody tests (rapid results but may result in false positives). Follow up with Western blot analysis to rule out false positives.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which clinical phase of rabies is described as: agitation, disorientation, seiqures, twitching, hydrophobia.
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Prodromal phase.
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Dumb phase.
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Furious phase.
Correct Answer
A. Furious phase.Explanation
The correct answer is the Furious phase. This phase of rabies is characterized by symptoms such as agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, and hydrophobia. During this phase, the infected individual may exhibit aggressive behavior, become hypersensitive to stimuli, and have difficulty swallowing due to muscle spasms in the throat. These symptoms are a result of the virus affecting the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Coronaviruses are:
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DNA viruses.
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RNA viruses.
Correct Answer
A. RNA viruses.Explanation
Relatively large RNA viruses with distinctively spaced spikes on their envelopes.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Amantadine and rimantadine are effective against which strain(s) of influenza:
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Influenza A
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Influenza B
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Influenza C
Correct Answer
A. Influenza AExplanation
M2 ion channel blockers - effective against influenza A but not B and C.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The measles virus is the same as German measles.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Different from German measles. The Measles Virus is also known as red measles and rubeola.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Are retroviruses enveloped?
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Yes
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No
Correct Answer
A. YesExplanation
Retroviruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they have a lipid membrane surrounding their protein coat. This membrane is derived from the host cell's plasma membrane as the virus buds out of the cell during the replication process. The envelope plays a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect host cells and evade the immune system.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Place the following steps in order for pathogenesis and virulence of HIV:1. HIV attaches to CD4 and coreceptor, and fuses with cell membrane.2. Can produce a lytic infection or remain latent.3. HIV enters through mucous membrane or skin and travels to dendritic phagocytes beneath the epithelium, multiplies, and is shed.4. Reverse transcriptase makes a DNA copy of RNA.5. Virus is taken up and amplified by macrophages in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood.6. Viral DNA is integrated into host chromosome.
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3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6
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3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2
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1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
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5, 3, 2, 6, 1, 4
Correct Answer
A. 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2 -
- 16.
Which clinical phase of rabies is described as: fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue; some experience pain, burning, tingling sensations at site of wound.
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Furious phase.
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Prodromal phase.
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Dumb phase.
Correct Answer
A. Prodromal phase.Explanation
The prodromal phase of rabies is characterized by symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, and fatigue. Some individuals may also experience pain, burning, and tingling sensations at the site of the wound. This phase occurs before the onset of the more severe symptoms associated with the furious or dumb phases of rabies.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Another name for Rubella is:
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Measles.
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Mumps.
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Influenza.
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Chicken pox.
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German measles.
Correct Answer
A. German measles.Explanation
Rubella is commonly known as German measles. It is a contagious viral infection that causes a rash and fever. The term "German measles" is used to differentiate it from regular measles, which is caused by a different virus. Rubella is characterized by a mild illness, but it can be dangerous for pregnant women as it can cause birth defects.Rate this question:
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- 18.
How long can HIV remain asymptomatic?
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1 month
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1 year
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2-15 months
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2-15 years
Correct Answer
A. 2-15 yearsExplanation
HIV can remain asymptomatic for a period of 2-15 years. During this time, individuals infected with HIV may not exhibit any visible symptoms of the infection. However, it is important to note that even in the absence of symptoms, the virus is still active and can be transmitted to others. Regular testing and early diagnosis are crucial in order to manage the infection effectively and prevent its spread.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which set of diseases are caused by Bunyaviruses?
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California encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.
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Lassa fever; Argentine hemorrhagic fever; Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
Correct Answer
A. California encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome.Explanation
California encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, and Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome are all diseases caused by Bunyaviruses. Bunyaviruses are a group of RNA viruses that are transmitted to humans through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms including fever, encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and respiratory distress. Therefore, the set of diseases listed in the answer are all caused by Bunyaviruses.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which family/genus applies to Rabies?
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Family = Rhabdovirus, Genus = Lyssavirus.
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Family = Lyssavirus, Genus = Rhabdovirus.
Correct Answer
A. Family = Rhabdovirus, Genus = Lyssavirus.Explanation
The correct answer is Family = Rhabdovirus, Genus = Lyssavirus. This means that Rabies belongs to the Rhabdovirus family and the Lyssavirus genus. The family classification is higher than the genus classification, so it is more specific. In this case, Rhabdovirus is the family to which Lyssavirus belongs, making it the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 21.
HIV can survive for extended periods of time outside the body.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
HIV cannot survive for extended periods of time outside the body. The virus is very fragile and cannot survive for long outside of a host. It requires a specific environment with the right temperature, moisture, and pH levels to remain viable. Once outside the body, the virus quickly becomes inactive and unable to infect new cells. Therefore, the statement that HIV can survive for extended periods of time outside the body is false.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which pattern of transmission is properly matched with its hosts?A. humans and mosquitoesB. forest monkeys and mosquitoes
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A = Urban cycle, B = Sylvan cycle.
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A = Slyvan cycle, B = Urban cycle.
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None of the above.
Correct Answer
A. A = Urban cycle, B = Sylvan cycle.Explanation
The correct answer is A = Urban cycle, B = Sylvan cycle. This means that humans and mosquitoes are properly matched with the urban cycle, while forest monkeys and mosquitoes are properly matched with the sylvan cycle. This suggests that humans and mosquitoes are more likely to be involved in transmission in urban areas, while forest monkeys and mosquitoes are more likely to be involved in transmission in forested areas.Rate this question:
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- 23.
T-cell numbers remain relatively normal until the later phases of HIV disease and full-blown AIDS.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
T-cell numbers, specifically CD4+ T-cells, play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to fight off infections. In the later phases of HIV disease and full-blown AIDS, the virus has significantly damaged the immune system, leading to a decline in T-cell numbers. However, in the earlier stages of HIV, T-cell numbers may still be relatively normal. Therefore, the statement that T-cell numbers remain relatively normal until the later phases of HIV disease and full-blown AIDS is true.Rate this question:
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- 24.
In regard to HIV, in vaginal sex there is a higher transmission rate:
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From women to men.
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From men to women.
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HIV is not transmitted sexually.
Correct Answer
A. From men to women.Explanation
The correct answer is from men to women. This is because during vaginal sex, the virus can enter the woman's bloodstream through small tears or abrasions in the vaginal lining, making it easier for HIV to be transmitted from an infected man to an uninfected woman. However, it is important to note that HIV can also be transmitted from women to men during vaginal sex, although the transmission rate is generally lower.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which antiretroviral drug class is described as: analogs that are incorporated by RT and block elongation. First anti-HIV drug - AZT.
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Non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs)
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Nucleoside inhibitors (NIs)
Correct Answer
A. Nucleoside inhibitors (NIs)Explanation
Nucleoside inhibitors (NIs) are antiretroviral drugs that are analogs incorporated by reverse transcriptase (RT) and block elongation. The first anti-HIV drug, AZT, belongs to this class. NIs work by inhibiting the replication of the virus by interfering with the reverse transcription process. They act as false building blocks, preventing the virus from synthesizing its genetic material correctly. This ultimately leads to the inhibition of viral replication and the control of HIV infection.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The goal of treatment for H1N1 is:
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To eradicate the disease.
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To cure the patient.
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To control the symptoms.
Correct Answer
A. To control the symptoms.Explanation
The goal of treatment for H1N1 is to control the symptoms. This means that the focus is on managing and alleviating the symptoms experienced by the patient, rather than completely eradicating the disease or curing the patient. Treatment options for H1N1 typically include rest, fluids, over-the-counter medications for symptom relief, and in some cases, antiviral medications. By controlling the symptoms, the patient's discomfort can be minimized, and their recovery can be facilitated.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What is the most serious complication of Measles Virus?
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Sore throat.
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Conjunctivitis.
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
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Lymphadenitis.
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Koplik spots.
Correct Answer
A. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).Explanation
Complications include: sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever, Koplik spots (oral lesions). Most serious complication is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive neurological degneration of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and brain stem.Rate this question:
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- 28.
There is no cure for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Treatment with interferon and ribavirin to lessen liver damage; no cure. No vaccine.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Rubella was eliminated in the US in 1966.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
However, outbreaks still occur among groups that refuse vaccination.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Babies can be infected with HIV before or during birth but not from breast feeding.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Babies can be infected before or during birth and from breast feeding.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What do the Rabies virions look like?
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Enveloped, bullet-shaped virions.
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Non-enveloped, bullet-shaped virions.
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Enveloped, cocci-shaped virions.
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Non-enveloped, cocci-shaped virions.
Correct Answer
A. Enveloped, bullet-shaped virions.Explanation
Rabies virions are enveloped, bullet-shaped particles. This means that they have a lipid envelope surrounding their nucleocapsid, which gives them a rounded shape with pointed ends resembling a bullet. The envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and contains viral glycoproteins that are important for attachment and entry into host cells. The bullet shape is characteristic of the rabies virus and is often used to identify it under electron microscopy.Rate this question:
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- 32.
How is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) acquired?
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Respiratory droplets.
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Blood contact.
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Fecal/oral route.
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Sexually.
Correct Answer
A. Blood contact.Explanation
Blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Match the following paramyxoviruses with their more common names:A. ParamyxovirusesB. MorbillivirusC. Pneumovirus
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A = parainfluenza, mumps virus, B = respiratory syncytia virus, C = measles virus
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A = measles virus, B = parainfluenza, mumps virus, C = respiratory syncytia virus
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A = parainfluenza, B = measles virus, C = respiratory syncytia virus
Correct Answer
A. A = parainfluenza, B = measles virus, C = respiratory syncytia virusExplanation
The correct answer is A = parainfluenza, B = measles virus, C = respiratory syncytia virus. This is because parainfluenza is caused by paramyxoviruses, measles virus is a type of morbillivirus, and respiratory syncytia virus is a type of pneumovirus.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which clinical phase is described as: paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous; progress to coma phase, resulting in death.
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Dumb phase.
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Furious phase.
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Prodromal phase.
Correct Answer
A. Dumb phase.Explanation
The correct answer is "Dumb phase." The description provided in the question matches the symptoms of the dumb phase of clinical rabies. During this phase, the individual may experience paralysis, disorientation, and stupor, which can progress to a coma and eventually lead to death. The dumb phase is characterized by a lack of the characteristic aggressive and hyperactive behavior seen in the furious phase of rabies.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Where is the major site of HIV replication?
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Blood
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Liver
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Spleen
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Lymph nodes
Correct Answer
A. Lymph nodesExplanation
The major site of HIV replication is in the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are located throughout the body and play a crucial role in filtering and trapping foreign substances, including viruses like HIV. HIV primarily infects and replicates in immune cells called CD4 T cells, which are abundant in the lymph nodes. Therefore, the lymph nodes serve as a major reservoir for HIV replication and contribute to the spread of the virus throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 36.
How long after exposure to HIV do the antibodies appear in serum?
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1 month.
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1 year.
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2-15 months.
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2-15 years.
Correct Answer
A. 1 month.Explanation
After exposure to HIV, antibodies typically appear in the serum within 1 month. This is known as the seroconversion period, during which the immune system produces antibodies to fight against the virus. It is important to note that this timeline can vary slightly from person to person, but on average, antibodies can be detected within a month of exposure.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Parainfluenza virus is seen mostly in:
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The elderly.
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Teenage girls.
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College students.
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Children.
Correct Answer
A. Children.Explanation
Widespread as influenza but more benign, respiratory transmission, seen mostly in children, minor cold, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, croup, no specific treatment available; supportive therapy.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Treatment for rabies includes:
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Autopsy.
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Infuse the wound with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and globulin.
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Vaccination with an activated vaccine.
Correct Answer
A. Infuse the wound with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and globulin.Explanation
Infuse the would with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and globulin; vaccination with human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), an INactivated vaccine given in 6 doses with 2 boosters.Rate this question:
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- 39.
HIV can infect all host cells.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
HIV can only infect host cells that have the required CD4 marker plus a coreceptor.Rate this question:
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- 40.
How are Zanamivir and Oseltamivir administered?
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Zanamivir is administered orally, oseltamivir nasally.
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Both are administered orally.
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Both are administered nasally.
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Zanamivir is administered nasally, oseltamivir orally.
Correct Answer
A. Zanamivir is administered nasally, oseltamivir orally.Explanation
Zanamivir is administered nasally, meaning it is inhaled through the nose. On the other hand, oseltamivir is administered orally, which means it is taken by mouth.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Opitimal efficacy of zanamivir and oseltamivir is achieved only if administered:
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>5 hours after infection
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>30 hours after infection
Correct Answer
A. -
- 42.
Possible medications for controlling the symptoms of H1N1 include:
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Amantadine
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Tetracycline
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Rifampin
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Rimantadine
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Zanamivir
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Oseltamivir
Correct Answer(s)
A. Amantadine
A. Rimantadine
A. Zanamivir
A. OseltamivirExplanation
Amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir are possible medications for controlling the symptoms of H1N1. These medications are antiviral drugs that can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms caused by the H1N1 virus. Amantadine and rimantadine are antiviral drugs that specifically target influenza A viruses, including H1N1. Zanamivir and oseltamivir are neuraminidase inhibitors that can be used to treat both influenza A and B viruses, including H1N1. These medications work by inhibiting the replication of the virus and can be effective in reducing the symptoms and complications associated with H1N1 infection.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The flu virus has developed a high rate of resistance to which of the following drugs used to control the symptoms:
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Amantadine and rimantadine
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Rimantadine and zanamivir
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Zanamivir and oseltamivir
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Oseltamivir and amantadine
Correct Answer
A. Amantadine and rimantadineExplanation
The correct answer is amantadine and rimantadine. These two drugs, known as adamantanes, were previously used to treat and control symptoms of the flu virus. However, over time, the flu virus has developed a high rate of resistance to these drugs, rendering them less effective. As a result, they are no longer recommended for the treatment of flu.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Which of the following is true of the mumps virus?
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Live attenuated vaccine = influenza vaccine.
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Humans and animals are the only reservoirs.
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Epidemic parotitis; self-limited.
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Associated with painful swelling of lymph nodes.
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3000 cases in the US/year.
Correct Answer
A. Epidemic parotitis; self-limited.Explanation
Epidemic parotitis; self-limited, associated with painful swelling of parotid salivary glands, humans are the only reservoir, 40% of infections are subclinical; long-term immunity, 300 cases in US/year, incubation 2-3 weeks fever, muscle pain and malaise, classic swelling of one or both cheeks, usually uncomplicated invasion of other organs; in 20-30% of infected adult males, epididymis and testes become infected; sterility is rare, symptomatic treatment, live attenuated vaccine MMR.Rate this question:
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- 45.
What are the hallmarks of retroviruses?
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Little to no virulence.
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Reverse transcription.
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Integration into host genome.
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Composed of DNA and RNA.
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Mimic the host's cells.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Reverse transcription.
A. Integration into host genome.Explanation
Reverse transcription - high error rate = rapid evolution, RT>RNA pol > DNA pol. Integration into host genome - markers of evolution, insertional activation of oncogenes, gene delivery vectors.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Select the components of flu vaccines:
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Influenza A subtype - H1N1
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Influenza C subtype - H1N1
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Influenza A subtype H3N2
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Influenza B virus
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Infuenza E virus
Correct Answer(s)
A. Influenza A subtype - H1N1
A. Influenza A subtype H3N2
A. Influenza B virusExplanation
The correct answer includes the components of flu vaccines that are commonly used. Influenza A subtype - H1N1, influenza A subtype H3N2, and influenza B virus are all strains of the influenza virus that are known to cause illness in humans. These strains are included in flu vaccines to provide protection against the most common and potentially dangerous types of influenza. Influenza C subtype - H1N1 and influenza E virus are not commonly included in flu vaccines as they are less common and less likely to cause severe illness.Rate this question:
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- 47.
How many cases of Measles Virus are seen in the US each year?
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1,500
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Less than 20
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Less than 100
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10,000
Correct Answer
A. Less than 100Explanation
The correct answer is "less than 100" because the question asks for the number of cases of Measles Virus seen in the US each year. Since the answer options are in decreasing order, the option "less than 100" is the most appropriate choice as it indicates a smaller number of cases compared to the other options.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following are symptoms of Hemorrhagic Fevers?
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Acute fever
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Headache
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Muscle pain
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Oral hemorrhage
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Jaundice
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Liver and kidney damage
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Death
Correct Answer(s)
A. Acute fever
A. Headache
A. Muscle pain
A. Oral hemorrhage
A. Jaundice
A. Liver and kidney damage
A. DeathExplanation
Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by various symptoms including acute fever, headache, muscle pain, oral hemorrhage, jaundice, liver and kidney damage, and even death. These symptoms are commonly observed in individuals affected by hemorrhagic fevers.Rate this question:
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- 49.
What purpose does the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme serve?
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Permanently integrates the viral genes into host DNA.
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Lyses the host cells for virla spread.
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Destroys the host's reverse transcriptase.
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Makes a double stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA genome.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Permanently integrates the viral genes into host DNA.
A. Makes a double stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA genome.Explanation
The HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme serves two purposes. First, it makes a double stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA genome of the virus. This is a crucial step in the replication of the virus. Second, it permanently integrates the viral genes into the host DNA. This allows the virus to become a part of the host's genetic material and ensures its persistence within the host's cells.Rate this question:
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