Mic 541 Exam 4 - Virology - Part 1

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  • 1/58 Questions

    The virus' structure is a:

    • Dodecahedron.
    • Icosahedron.
    • Square.
    • Tetrakaidecagon.
    • Tetradecagon.
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About This Quiz

Covers the first 100 powerpoint slides from the virology lectures for Micro exam #4.

Exams Quizzes & Trivia

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  • 2. 

    Transmission of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) can be direct, oral contact and contamination with saliva

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement is true because the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) can be transmitted through direct contact, oral contact, and contamination with saliva. This means that the virus can be spread through activities such as kissing, sharing utensils or drinks, and even through coughing or sneezing. Saliva plays a significant role in the transmission of EBV, as it contains the virus and can easily be transferred from one person to another. Therefore, it is important to practice good hygiene and avoid close contact with infected individuals to prevent the spread of EBV.

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  • 3. 

    Viruses can replicate in the:

    • Cytoplasm

    • Nucleus

    • Both cytoplasm and nucleus.

    Correct Answer
    A. Both cytoplasm and nucleus.
    Explanation
    Viruses can replicate in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Some viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, where they use the host cell's machinery to produce viral proteins and replicate their genetic material. Other viruses, particularly DNA viruses, can enter the nucleus of the host cell and replicate their genetic material there. This allows them to take advantage of the host cell's transcription and replication machinery. Therefore, viruses have the ability to replicate in both cellular compartments, depending on their specific characteristics and the type of host cell they infect.

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  • 4. 

    What enzyme is used in the replication of progeny genomic RNA molecules?

    • Viral specific RNA ligase

    • Viral specific RNA polymerase

    • Bacterial specific RNA polymerase

    • Bacterial specific DNA ligase

    Correct Answer
    A. Viral specific RNA polymerase
    Explanation
    Viral specific RNA polymerase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for replicating progeny genomic RNA molecules. This enzyme is specific to viruses and plays a crucial role in the viral replication process. It catalyzes the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template, allowing the virus to produce multiple copies of its genomic RNA for the replication of its progeny.

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  • 5. 

    Replication of DNA viruses typically occurs in the:

    • Golgi

    • Cytoplasm

    • Nucles

    • ER

    Correct Answer
    A. Nucles
    Explanation
    DNA viruses typically replicate in the nucleus of the host cell. This is because the host cell's nucleus contains the necessary enzymes and machinery required for DNA replication. The viral DNA enters the nucleus and hijacks the host cell's replication machinery to replicate its own DNA. Once replication is complete, the newly synthesized viral DNA can be used to produce viral proteins and assemble new virus particles. Replication in the nucleus allows the virus to take advantage of the host cell's resources and ensure efficient replication and production of progeny viruses.

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  • 6. 

    Herpesviruses are large enveloped icosahedral dsDNA

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement is true because herpesviruses are indeed large enveloped icosahedral dsDNA viruses. This means that they have a large size, with an envelope surrounding their protein capsid, and their genetic material is double-stranded DNA.

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  • 7. 

    Viruses can result in acute death of the host.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Pathogenesis can range from asymptomatic to acute death.

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  • 8. 

    Enveloped viruses may enter the host cell through:

    • Fusion with plasma membrane.

    • Penetration through plasma membrane.

    Correct Answer
    A. Fusion with plasma membrane.
    Explanation
    Enveloped viruses are a type of virus that have an outer lipid membrane derived from the host cell. This membrane allows the virus to fuse with the host cell's plasma membrane, enabling the virus to enter the cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane is a common mechanism used by enveloped viruses to gain entry into the host cell and initiate infection. Penetration through the plasma membrane refers to the entry of non-enveloped viruses, which do not have a lipid membrane, and is not applicable to enveloped viruses.

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  • 9. 

    Non-enveloped viruses may enter the host cell through:

    • Fusion with plasma membrane.

    • Penetration through plasma membrane.

    Correct Answer
    A. Penetration through plasma membrane.
    Explanation
    Non-enveloped viruses are characterized by their lack of an outer lipid envelope. Unlike enveloped viruses, they do not have the ability to fuse with the host cell's plasma membrane. Instead, non-enveloped viruses rely on other mechanisms to enter the host cell, such as penetrating through the plasma membrane. This means that they directly enter the cell by crossing the cell membrane, often using specialized viral proteins or by creating pores in the membrane.

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  • 10. 

    Antigenic SHIFT (recombination of whole genes or DNA segments) is what causes pandemics with Influenza A

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Antigenic shift refers to the recombination of whole genes or DNA segments in the influenza A virus. This process can lead to the emergence of new strains that are significantly different from previous strains, making them more likely to cause pandemics. Therefore, the statement that antigenic shift causes pandemics with Influenza A is true.

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  • 11. 

    Viruses can survive outside of the cell.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens. They lack metabolic and protein synthesis machinery.

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  • 12. 

    How do most viruses acquire membranes/envelopes?

    • By the host cell phagocytizing the virus.

    • By generating it themselves.

    • Through glycosylation.

    • By budding through a host cell membrane.

    Correct Answer
    A. By budding through a host cell membrane.
    Explanation
    Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi aparatus, or nuclear membrane.

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  • 13. 

    Which type of virus fusion/entry is defined as: internalized into endosome - pH changes causes conformation change in envelope proetin and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol?

    Correct Answer
    Endocytosis, endocytosis
    Explanation
    Endocytosis is a process by which cells internalize molecules or particles by engulfing them into a vesicle formed from the cell membrane. In this case, the virus is internalized into an endosome through endocytosis. The change in pH within the endosome triggers a conformational change in the envelope protein of the virus, allowing it to fuse with the endosomal membrane and release its genetic material into the cytosol of the host cell. This mechanism of virus fusion/entry is known as endocytosis.

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  • 14. 

    Which of the following is not a herpesvirus?

    • Herpes simplex 1

    • Herpes simplex 2

    • Adenovirus

    • Varicella zoster virus

    • Epstein-Barr virus

    • Roseola

    Correct Answer
    A. Adenovirus
    Explanation
    Adenovirus is not a herpesvirus. Herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus are all types of herpesviruses. Roseola is caused by human herpesvirus 6 or 7. Adenovirus is a separate type of virus that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections.

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  • 15. 

    Replication of RNA viruses typically occurs in the:

    • Nucleus

    • Golgi

    • ER

    • Cytoplasm

    Correct Answer
    A. Cytoplasm
    Explanation
    may involve specialized "replication complexes"

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  • 16. 

    Hep A, B and C are all RNA viruses.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Only Hep A and Hep C are RNA viruses. Hep B is a DNA virus.

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  • 17. 

    The virus that causes influenza is a DNA virus.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Influenza - Enveloped Segmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

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  • 18. 

    What is the core?

    • Nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell.

    • Major protein component of the shell of the core.

    • Single virus particle.

    • Membrane surrounding virus core.

    Correct Answer
    A. Nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell.
    Explanation
    The core refers to the nucleic acid and the surrounding protein shell. This means that the core of a virus consists of genetic material (nucleic acid) enclosed within a protective protein coat. The nucleic acid contains the instructions for viral replication and the protein shell provides stability and protection to the genetic material. This explanation is supported by the fact that the other options (major protein component of the shell, single virus particle, and membrane surrounding virus core) do not fully encompass the concept of the core as described.

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  • 19. 

    Parvoviruses only cause disease in animals.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Causes distemper in cats, enteric disease in dogs, fatal cardiac infection in puppies
    B19 cause of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease); rash of childhood

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  • 20. 

    What is the envelope?

    • Nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell.

    • Major protein component of the shell of the core.

    • Single virus particle.

    • Membrane surrounding virus core.

    Correct Answer
    A. Membrane surrounding virus core.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Membrane surrounding virus core." This answer is supported by the statement "Membrane surrounding virus core" in the given options. It suggests that the envelope refers to the protective membrane that surrounds the virus core. This explanation aligns with the context of the question, which is asking for the definition or description of the envelope.

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  • 21. 

    Which Influenza Envelope Proteins facilitate binding to host cells and fusion

    • Hemagglutinin (H)

    • Neuraminidase (N)

    • M2

    Correct Answer
    A. Hemagglutinin (H)
    Explanation
    Hemagglutinin (H) is the correct answer because it is an influenza envelope protein that facilitates binding to host cells and fusion. Hemagglutinin allows the virus to attach to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells, which is the first step in the viral entry into the cell. It also mediates the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter the cell and initiate infection. Neuraminidase (N) is involved in the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells, while M2 is a proton channel protein that plays a role in viral replication.

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  • 22. 

    Match the following types of persistent infections with the definitions below: Chronic infections, latent infections.1. Virus is detectable in tissue samples, multiplying at a slow rate; symptoms mild or absent.2. After a lytic cycle, virus enters a dormant phase; generally not detectable, no symptoms; can reactivate and result in recurrent infections.

    • Chronic infections = 1, Latent infections = 2.

    • Latent infections = 1. Chronic infections =2.

    • The definitions given do not match the terms given.

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic infections = 1, Latent infections = 2.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is Chronic infections = 1, Latent infections = 2. This is because chronic infections are characterized by the virus being detectable in tissue samples and multiplying at a slow rate, while the symptoms are mild or absent. On the other hand, latent infections occur after a lytic cycle, where the virus enters a dormant phase and is generally not detectable, with no symptoms. However, it can reactivate and result in recurrent infections.

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  • 23. 

    Herpesviruses replicates

    • In the cytoplasm

    • Within the nucleus

    • In a plasmid

    Correct Answer
    A. Within the nucleus
    Explanation
    Herpesviruses replicate within the nucleus. This means that the replication process of herpesviruses occurs inside the nucleus of the host cell. This is a characteristic feature of herpesviruses, as they utilize the host cell's machinery and resources within the nucleus to replicate their genetic material and produce new viral particles. Replication within the nucleus allows the virus to efficiently utilize the cellular machinery and ensure successful reproduction.

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  • 24. 

    What is a virion?

    • Nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell.

    • Major protein component of the shell of the core.

    • Single virus particle.

    • Membrane surrounding virus core.

    Correct Answer
    A. Single virus particle.
    Explanation
    A virion refers to a single virus particle. It is the complete infectious form of a virus that consists of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell called the capsid. The virion is the fully formed and matured virus particle that is capable of infecting a host cell and replicating its genetic material.

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following small poxes is most viruletn

    • Variola major

    • Variola minor

    • Neither they have the same virulency

    Correct Answer
    A. Variola major
    Explanation
    Variola major – highly virulent, caused toxemia, shock, and intravascular coagulation

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  • 26. 

    Which treatment option is specifically activated by HSV induced thymidine kinase enzyme

    • Acyclovir

    • Famciclovir

    • Penciclovir

    • Valacyclovir

    • Topical medications

    Correct Answer
    A. Acyclovir
    Explanation
    Acyclovir is specifically activated by the HSV induced thymidine kinase enzyme. This enzyme is produced by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and is responsible for converting acyclovir into its active form. Once activated, acyclovir inhibits viral DNA replication and prevents the spread of the virus. Famciclovir, penciclovir, and valacyclovir are also antiviral medications used to treat HSV infections, but they are not specifically activated by the HSV induced thymidine kinase enzyme. Topical medications may be used to relieve symptoms but do not specifically target the viral replication process.

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  • 27. 

    Which of the following are unique viral enzymes that are targeted for treatment?

    • Interferons.

    • Reverse transcriptases.

    • Kinases.

    • Polyglycols.

    Correct Answer
    A. Reverse transcriptases.
    Explanation
    Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) reverse transcriptase and herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase.

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  • 28. 

    By mid-life, 90-95% of all people are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The given statement states that by mid-life, 90-95% of all people are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). This means that a large majority of individuals are infected with EBV by the time they reach middle age. This suggests that EBV is a highly prevalent virus that is commonly transmitted among the population.

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  • 29. 

    HBV has an unusual genome containing both double- and single-stranded DNA

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    HBV, or Hepatitis B virus, is known for having a unique genome that consists of both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. This is unlike most other viruses, which typically have either double-stranded or single-stranded genomes. The presence of both types of DNA in the HBV genome allows for its replication and transcription processes to occur in a complex manner. This characteristic of HBV's genome plays a significant role in its life cycle and pathogenesis.

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  • 30. 

    The majority of viruses are life-threatening.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    It is likely that the majority of viruses cause no disease.

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  • 31. 

    HSV-2 can only be spread when lesions are visible.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    active lesions most significant source; genital herpes can be transmitted in the absence of lesions

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  • 32. 

    Poxviruses replicate

    • On a plasmid

    • In the Cytoplasm

    • With in the nucleus

    Correct Answer
    A. In the Cytoplasm
    Explanation
    Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm. This means that the replication process of these viruses occurs outside the nucleus of the host cell. Unlike most other viruses that replicate within the nucleus, poxviruses have the ability to replicate in the cytoplasm due to their large genome size and complex replication machinery. This allows them to evade certain host defense mechanisms and carry out their replication cycle independently in the cytoplasmic compartment of the infected cell.

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  • 33. 

    Which Influenza Envelope Proteins  assist in viral budding and release

    • Hemagglutinin (H)

    • Neuraminidase (N)

    • M2

    Correct Answer
    A. Neuraminidase (N)
    Explanation
    Neuraminidase (N) is the correct answer because it is an influenza envelope protein that plays a crucial role in viral budding and release. Neuraminidase helps the newly formed influenza virus particles to detach from the infected host cell surface by cleaving sialic acid residues on the cell surface. This allows the virus to spread and infect other cells. Hemagglutinin (H) is responsible for binding the virus to the host cell, while M2 is involved in the uncoating of the virus inside the host cell.

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  • 34. 

    Match the following terms with the definitions below: Host Range, Susceptibility.1. The capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication - qualitatative measurement - number of receptor molecules and ability of host cell to support virus replciation.2. The cells, tissues, species that a virus can productively infect - absolute measurement - determined by receptor availability for virus binding/entry and presence of intracellular cell factors to support virus replication.

    • Host Range = 1, Susceptibility = 2.

    • Susceptibility = 1, Host Range = 2.

    • The definitions provided do not match the terms given.

    Correct Answer
    A. Susceptibility = 1, Host Range = 2.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is Susceptibility = 1, Host Range = 2. This is because the definition provided for Susceptibility matches the term "The capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication," which is given for Host Range. Similarly, the definition provided for Host Range matches the term "The cells, tissues, species that a virus can productively infect," which is given for Susceptibility. Therefore, the definitions and terms are correctly matched in this answer.

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  • 35. 

     Which of the following has the largest genome of all human viruses

    • Poxvirus

    • Herpesvirus

    • Hepadnavirus

    • Adenovirus

    Correct Answer
    A. Poxvirus
    Explanation
    single linear dsDNA molecule of 130-300 kb with hairpins at either end

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  • 36. 

    Humans are susceptible to monkeypox, mousepox, and cowpox

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Humans are susceptible to monkeypox and cowpox

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  • 37. 

    Which HSV-1 produces fever blisters, cold sores and is the most common recurrent HSV-1 infection

    • Herpes labialis

    • Herpetic gingivostomatitis

    • Herpetic keratitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Herpes labialis
    Explanation
    Herpetic gingivostomatitis – infection of oropharynx in young children; fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
    Herpetic keratitis – ocular herpes – inflammation of eye; gritty feeling in the eye, conjunctivitis, sharp pain, and sensitivity to light

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  • 38. 

    What is a capsid?

    • Nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell.

    • Single virus particle.

    • Major protein component of the shell of the core.

    • Membrane surrounding virus core.

    Correct Answer
    A. Major protein component of the shell of the core.
    Explanation
    A capsid is the major protein component of the shell of the core of a virus. It is responsible for protecting the nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of the virus. The capsid is made up of repeating protein subunits called capsomeres, which come together to form a symmetrical structure. The capsid provides structural integrity to the virus and plays a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect host cells. It also helps in the attachment of the virus to the host cell surface.

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  • 39. 

    Which of the following is not an enveloped DNA virus?

    • Herpes viruses

    • Pox viruses

    • Hepadnaviruses

    • Adenoviruses

    Correct Answer
    A. Adenoviruses
    Explanation
    adenoviruses are DS NONenveloped!

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  • 40. 

    What is the best target for the treatment of viral diseases?

    • Infected animals.

    • Unique viral enzymes.

    • Unique viral DNA.

    • Infected host sells.

    Correct Answer
    A. Unique viral enzymes.
    Explanation
    Unique viral enzymes are the best target for the treatment of viral diseases because these enzymes play a crucial role in the replication and survival of the virus. By targeting these enzymes, it is possible to disrupt the virus's life cycle and inhibit its ability to spread and cause harm. Additionally, unique viral enzymes offer a specific target that can be selectively targeted without affecting the host cells, minimizing potential side effects of the treatment.

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  • 41. 

    All HPV types increase risk for developing reproductive cancer

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Nine HPV types increase risk for developing reproductive cancer
    2 account for 70% of metastatic tumors

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  • 42. 

    Which type of influenza only undergoes antigenic drift and is not known to undergo antigenic shift

    • A

    • B

    • C

    Correct Answer
    A. B
    Explanation
    Type B influenza only undergoes antigenic drift and is not known to undergo antigenic shift. Antigenic drift refers to small changes in the virus's surface proteins, allowing it to evade the immune system and cause repeated infections. On the other hand, antigenic shift is a major change in the virus's surface proteins, resulting in the emergence of a new strain that can cause pandemics. Type B influenza typically causes milder illness compared to type A, and its genetic changes are more gradual, leading to the absence of antigenic shift events.

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  • 43. 

    For enveloped viruses, assembly typically occurs at the site of replication.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    For enveloped viruses, assembly typically occurs at the site of membrane acquisition - nucleus, ER/golgi, plasma membrane.

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  • 44. 

    Antigenic SHIFT in Influenza A is what causes the new seasonal strains we see most years

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Antigenic DRIFT (random DNA mutations) in Influenza A is what causes the new seasonal strains we see most years

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  • 45. 

    Orthomyovirus (RNA virus that causes influenza)replication occurs in the cytoplasm.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    orthomyovirus (RNA virus that causes influenza)replication occurs in the nucleus, not the cytoplasm.

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  • 46. 

    Which of the following is true regarding virus binding?

    • Requires specific protein receptors.

    • Requires specific lipids.

    • Requires specific carbohydrates.

    • Requires specific vitamins.

    • May limit host-cell range AND susceptibility.

    • May limit host-cell range but NOT susceptibility.

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Requires specific protein receptors.
    A. May limit host-cell range AND susceptibility.
    Explanation
    Specific/non-specific lipids, specific/non-specific carbohydrates. May limit host-cell range AND susceptibility.

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  • 47. 

    Single Stranded, enveloped DNA viruses cause infections in humans.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    DS Enveloped
    SS nonenveloped
    DS Noneveloped all do

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  • 48. 

    Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) is transmitted by

    • Respiratory droplets

    • Oral-fecal route

    • Direct contact

    • Sexual transmission

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Respiratory droplets
    A. Direct contact
    Explanation
    Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. Respiratory droplets are tiny particles that are released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can be inhaled by others. Direct contact refers to touching the fluid from the rash of an infected person or coming into contact with their saliva or mucus. These modes of transmission allow the virus to easily spread from person to person. Other routes mentioned, such as oral-fecal route and sexual transmission, are not associated with the transmission of VZV.

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  • 49. 

    What are the possible mechanisms for virus fusion/entry into the host cell?

    • Phagocytosis.

    • Endocytosis.

    • Fusion with nuclear membrane.

    • Penetration through plasma membrane.

    • Fusion with plasma membrane.

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Endocytosis.
    A. Penetration through plasma membrane.
    A. Fusion with plasma membrane.
    Explanation
    Fusion with plasma membrane (enveloped) - receptor binding causes conformation change in envelope resulting in fusion with cell membrane. Endocytosis - internalized into endosome - pH changes causes conformation change in envelope protein and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol. Penetration through plasma membrane - non-enveloped viruses.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
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