Medieval Practice Test (600-1450)

Neumes are included in the very early development of a system of notation in the medieval era. Neumes were the earliest form of musical notation used in Western music during the Middle Ages. They consisted of small symbols placed above the text to indicate the pitch and shape of the musical notes. Neumes were used to aid singers in remembering the melodies and rhythms of chants. Over time, neumes evolved into the staff notation system that is used today.

The correct answer is Messe de Notre Dame. This is the earliest surviving setting of a complete polyphonic mass ordinary by Guillaume de Machaut. It is a significant work in the history of Western music and showcases Machaut's mastery of polyphonic composition. The mass consists of five movements: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei. Messe de Notre Dame is known for its complex and intricate harmonies, expressive melodies, and innovative use of rhythm.

Organum is the correct answer because it refers to the early polyphonic music style that emerged during the Medieval period. Organum involved adding additional melodic lines to an existing chant, creating a polyphonic texture. It was an important development in Western music history and laid the foundation for later polyphonic styles. Melisma and Cantus Firmus are also musical terms, but they do not specifically refer to early polyphonic music as Organum does.

The most important type of dance music of the medieval era was called Estampie. Estampie was a lively and rhythmic dance form that originated in the 13th century. It was characterized by a strong beat and repetitive melodies, often played on instruments like the lute or the harp. Estampie was popular throughout Europe during the medieval period and was often performed at courtly gatherings and social events. It was an important precursor to later dance forms and had a significant influence on the development of Western music.

In secular music, dance songs belonged to the type called ballade.

The correct answer is "Ars Nova Trestise." The Council of Constance and the Council of Trent were both church councils that dealt with religious matters and had no connection to notating complex rhythms. However, the Ars Nova Trestise was a treatise written in the 14th century by Philippe de Vitry that introduced new methods of notating complex rhythms, marking a significant development in music notation.

The correct answer is Jewish heritage because the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, contains numerous references to music being used in worship within the Jewish tradition. For example, the Book of Psalms is a collection of songs and hymns that were sung during religious ceremonies. Additionally, there are mentions of musical instruments being played during worship, such as the harp, lyre, and trumpet. Therefore, the presence of music in worship is an integral part of the Jewish heritage as depicted in the Bible.

Guillaume de Machaut is associated with composing 23 motets all in three-part voices.

The Greeks had the most influence on music theory development from its inception. The ancient Greeks made significant contributions to the understanding and study of music theory. They developed the concept of the octave, identified different musical scales, and explored the mathematical and philosophical aspects of music. Greek philosophers like Pythagoras and Plato laid the foundation for the mathematical understanding of music, which greatly influenced later developments in music theory. Additionally, Greek musicians and composers like Aristoxenus and Aristides Quintilianus further expanded and documented their knowledge of music theory, making it a crucial part of Western music education and practice.

Perotin is the correct answer because he is known for expanding early polyphony to include organum triplum and quadruplum. He was a French composer who lived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and was a prominent figure in the Notre Dame School of polyphony. Perotin's compositions were characterized by complex rhythmic patterns and multiple voices, which pushed the boundaries of polyphonic music during that time period.

Aristotle defined music as consisting of words, melody, and rhythm. This means that according to Aristotle's definition, music involves the combination of these three elements. Words provide the lyrics or text, melody refers to the tune or sequence of musical notes, and rhythm is the pattern or arrangement of beats and accents. Together, these elements form the basis of music as defined by Aristotle.

The Estampie in dance music is composed of a series of paired parallel phrases called "Puncta." These Puncta are the building blocks of the Estampie, creating a rhythmic and melodic pattern that repeats throughout the composition. The use of paired parallel phrases adds a sense of symmetry and balance to the music, enhancing its overall structure and coherence.

Gothic thinking refers to a philosophical and intellectual movement that emerged during the Middle Ages. It was characterized by an emphasis on reason, logic, and the pursuit of knowledge. The establishment of the university around 1150 can be attributed to the influence of this Gothic thinking. The movement promoted the idea of higher education and the importance of intellectual pursuits, leading to the creation of institutions dedicated to learning and scholarship.

The polytextual medieval motet with its two or three-part voices presented the challenge of conflicting text. This means that different texts were sung simultaneously by different voices, creating a complex and layered musical composition. The challenge arose from the need to ensure that the different texts were intelligible and did not clash or create confusion when performed together. Composers had to carefully coordinate the timing and placement of each text to maintain clarity and coherence in the overall musical piece.

Perotin and other 13th Century composers often used a musical technique called "discant" which involves having one voice sing one note against another voice singing a different note. This technique creates a rich and complex texture in the music, with each voice moving independently. It was a common practice during this time period and helped to create the distinct sound of medieval music.

The medieval era falls into the period of time between 600 and 1450. This era is characterized by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism, as well as significant cultural, political, and economic changes. It encompasses events such as the Crusades, the Black Death, and the Renaissance. This time period is often referred to as the Middle Ages and is known for its feudal social structure, the dominance of the Catholic Church, and the development of chivalry and knighthood.

The style of the medieval chant can be characterized by octave doubling. This means that the chant is sung in unison, with two voices singing the same melody but an octave apart. This technique adds richness and depth to the sound, creating a sense of resonance and harmony. It was commonly used in medieval chant to enhance the musical texture and create a more powerful and reverberating effect.

The Kanon, with its nine canticles each containing an ode of several stanzas, is a significant element in the discussion of medieval music. The answer "Eastern influence" suggests that the Kanon's structure and content may have been influenced by Eastern musical traditions or styles. This implies that the Kanon may have incorporated elements or techniques that originated from Eastern cultures or regions.

Troping is the correct answer because it refers to the practice of adding new text or music to an existing liturgical composition. This technique allowed for the elaboration of the liturgy by incorporating additional elements such as dramatic elements or musical ornamentation. Troping played a significant role in expanding and enriching the liturgical experience by adding layers of complexity and artistic expression to the music, text, and drama of the liturgy.

Plato valued music as educating and promoting virtue. In his work "The Republic," Plato argues that music has a powerful influence on the soul and can shape one's character. He believed that certain types of music could instill moral values and cultivate a harmonious and virtuous society. Plato's view on music as a tool for moral education highlights his belief in the transformative power of art and its ability to shape individuals' ethical behavior.

Mensuration in music refers to the practice of giving importance to the grouping and division of duration signs, specifically duple and triple groupings. It involves organizing rhythms and beats in a systematic and structured manner. Isorhythm, on the other hand, refers to a technique where a repeating rhythmic pattern is used in a composition. Melisma is a vocal technique where multiple notes are sung on a single syllable. Therefore, the correct answer is mensuration as it specifically relates to the given description.

The Doctrine of Ethos is a theory that suggests that music has the ability to influence and shape human character and behavior. This belief is rooted in the idea that different musical modes or scales can evoke specific emotions and moods in individuals. The Doctrine of Ethos was prevalent in ancient Greece and played a significant role in the development of music theory and composition during that time.

In the rhythmic modal system of Notre Dame polyphony, one of the features was the creation of phrases separated by rests. These rests were called "Ordo".

St. Augustine, a prominent figure in the medieval era, was concerned about the distracting nature of music during worship and its potential to motivate individuals. He believed that music had the power to influence emotions and distract worshipers from focusing on their spiritual connection with God. St. Augustine's concerns about the impact of music on worshipers highlight his belief in the importance of maintaining a focused and reverent atmosphere during religious practices.

Guido of Arezzo developed the use of syllables to describe 6 notes - ut, re, me, fa, so, la. "Ut" was later replaced by "do."

During the medieval era, the practice of call and response was commonly used as a form of Antiphony. This involved one group or individual making a musical statement (the call) and another group or individual responding with a contrasting musical phrase (the response). This technique created a dynamic and interactive musical dialogue between performers, allowing for a lively and engaging performance. Soloist vs. congregation and unison performance do not involve the same back-and-forth exchange of musical phrases, making call and response the correct answer.

Goliards were renegade cleric dropouts who wrote and preserved some secular music. They were known for their unconventional lifestyle and rebellious nature, often challenging the authority of the Church. They composed and performed songs that were humorous, satirical, and sometimes even vulgar, in contrast to the religious music of the time. Goliards played an important role in the development of secular music and their works provide valuable insights into medieval society and culture.

In medieval polyphony, the new direction of music was represented by vertical music. This refers to the practice of composing multiple melodic lines that are performed simultaneously, creating harmonies and chords. Unlike horizontal music, where the focus is on a single melodic line, vertical music emphasizes the interaction and interplay between different voices or instruments. This development in polyphony allowed for more complex and intricate musical compositions, laying the foundation for the harmonies and counterpoint that would become characteristic of Western classical music.

The correct answer is Frons: ab ab; Cauda: x. The trouveres made a significant contribution by experimenting with musical form through the use of frons and cauda. The frons is represented by the pattern "ab ab" which indicates a repeated musical phrase, while the cauda is represented by the letter "x" which suggests a contrasting section. This experimentation with form allowed the trouveres to create more complex and structured compositions, adding depth and variety to their music.

Medieval polyphony refers to the style of music during the medieval period that involved multiple voices singing different melodies simultaneously. This style of music led to a change in the way rhythm was approached. In earlier forms of music, rhythm closely followed the natural rhythms of spoken language. However, with the development of polyphony, the focus shifted towards creating intricate and complex harmonies, resulting in rhythm no longer reflecting the details of oral language. Instead, the rhythm became more abstract and independent from the spoken word.

The greater perfect system developed by the Greeks is represented by two tetrachords. The tetrachord is a musical scale consisting of four notes, and the Greeks used two of these tetrachords to create their system. This system was an important foundation for Western music theory and influenced the development of scales and harmonies.