Medical Gas Therapy IV

The given explanation suggests that in a polarographic analyzer, the silver in the anode is oxidized. This means that the silver loses electrons and forms positive ions. At the same time, the flow of electrons reduces oxygen and water in the electrolyte to hydroxyl ions at the platinum cathode. This process is important in polarography as it allows for the detection and analysis of various substances in a solution based on their reduction or oxidation potentials. Therefore, the correct answer is the polarographic analyzer.

A galvanic analyzer is a type of electrochemical cell used for analyzing the concentration of a particular substance in a solution. In this case, the galvanic analyzer has a gold anode and a lead cathode. The gold anode is the positive electrode where oxidation occurs, while the lead cathode is the negative electrode where reduction occurs. This setup allows for the flow of electrons and the generation of a measurable current, which can be used to determine the concentration of the substance being analyzed.

The Galvanic Analyzer is the correct answer because it is based on the electrochemical principle, specifically the galvanic cell principle. In a galvanic cell, current flow is generated by a spontaneous redox reaction, which occurs within the cell itself. This type of analyzer typically has a slower response time compared to other types of analyzers because the current flow is dependent on the rate of the chemical reaction.

The given statement suggests that when the chemicals in the sensor of a Galvanic Analyzer are used up or depleted, the sensor needs to be replaced. Therefore, the Galvanic Analyzer is the correct answer because it is the only option that is associated with the concept of a sensor requiring replacement when its chemicals are depleted.

Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator, meaning it relaxes and widens blood vessels. This helps to improve blood flow to the ventilated alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. By improving blood flow to these alveoli, nitric oxide reduces intrapulmonary shunting, which is the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the lungs. This ultimately helps to optimize oxygenation and improve respiratory function.

Oximetry is a medical procedure used to measure the oxygen saturation in the blood. Nail polish can interfere with the accuracy of the reading as it can block the light absorption by the sensor. Ambient light and temperature can also affect the accuracy of the reading by interfering with the sensor's ability to detect the light absorption. Perfusion refers to the blood flow to the tissues, and low blood pressure can affect the accuracy of the reading by reducing the blood flow. Movement can also interfere with the reading as it can cause artifacts in the signal.

A pulse oximeter is a medical device used to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood. It does this by shining two different wavelengths of light, typically red and infrared, through a person's finger or earlobe. The device then measures the amount of light that is absorbed by the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, allowing it to calculate the oxygen saturation level. Therefore, the statement "Uses two wavelengths of light" accurately describes how a pulse oximeter works.

Transcutaneous monitoring involves the use of skin sensors to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in neonates. This method allows for increased blood flow and diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin. By monitoring these levels, healthcare professionals can assess the respiratory status of the neonate without the need for invasive procedures. Therefore, the given answer is Transcutaneous Monitoring.

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The correct answer is CO2 Monitoring "Capnometry". This suggests that the results of PETCO2 (partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide) can be obtained through capnometry, which is a method used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaled breath. Capnometry is commonly used in medical settings to monitor a patient's respiratory status and the effectiveness of ventilation.

Colorimetric carbon dioxide analysis is a method used to detect the presence of carbon dioxide in the respiratory system. After intubation, when the easy cap or colorimetric device is placed in the trachea, it should change color from purple/blue to gold, yellow, or tan if carbon dioxide is detected. This change in color indicates that the patient is exhaling carbon dioxide, which is a sign of proper ventilation and lung function. Therefore, the correct answer is colorimetric carbon dioxide analysis.

Nitric Oxide is the correct answer because it is the gas used in neonates as an initial dose of 20ppm. This dose is continued for up to 14 days or until the underlying oxygen desaturation is resolved. Helium and Nitrous Oxide are not mentioned as options for the initial dose in neonates. Therefore, the correct answer is Nitric Oxide.

A non-rebreathing mask is used to treat patients with Heliox. This type of mask allows the patient to receive a high concentration of oxygen by preventing the rebreathing of exhaled gases. It has a one-way valve that allows the patient to inhale a mixture of oxygen and Helium while exhaling the gases out through vents. This ensures that the patient is receiving a fresh supply of oxygen and Helium without any re-breathing of exhaled gases.

The correct answer is Polarographic Analyzer. A polarographic analyzer is used to measure the concentration of gases or dissolved substances in a sample. In this case, the blood or gas sample is separated from the electrode sample by an oxygen permeable membrane, which allows the polarographic analyzer to accurately measure the oxygen levels in the sample. This technology is commonly used for infants in oxygen tents or O2 hoods to monitor their oxygen levels and ensure they are receiving the appropriate amount of oxygen therapy.

Co-oximetry is a method used to distinguish between different forms of hemoglobin, including Hb (normal), HbO2 (oxygenated), HbCO (carboxyhemoglobin), and metHb (methemoglobin). It is a technique that measures the levels of these different forms of hemoglobin in the blood, providing valuable information about a patient's oxygenation status and the presence of any abnormal hemoglobin variants. Therefore, the answer "co-oximetry" is correct as it encompasses the use of this technique to differentiate between the various forms of hemoglobin.

Iloprost (Ventavis) is the correct answer because it is the only medication listed that helps treat both PPH in neonates and PAHI. Sodium Cromolyn (Intal) is used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis, while Beclomethasome (Qvar) is used to treat asthma. Therefore, neither of these medications is indicated for PPH in neonates or PAHI.

Heliox is a gas mixture of helium and oxygen that is used in combination with bronchodilator therapy to treat acute obstructive disorders. It is often used when there is a need for improved gas flow in the airways, as helium is less dense than nitrogen and can facilitate easier breathing. By reducing the resistance in the airways, heliox helps to alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath and wheezing. Therefore, heliox is a suitable option for treating acute obstructive disorders when used in conjunction with bronchodilator therapy.