Materials 2

The correct answer is "all of the above". When sampling asphalt, it is important to use new clean containers to avoid contamination, as any impurities can affect the quality of the sample. Additionally, sealing the filled containers with clean, dry tight-fitting lids helps to maintain the integrity of the sample and prevent any external factors from affecting it. Lastly, labeling the containers clearly and properly ensures that the samples can be easily identified and tracked. Therefore, all of these observations should be followed when sampling asphalt.

Plain round bars are commonly used as dowel bars for concrete pavement. Dowel bars are used to transfer the load and prevent the formation of cracks in concrete pavements. Plain round bars are preferred due to their simplicity and ease of installation. They have a smooth surface, which allows for easy movement and rotation within the concrete. This helps to accommodate any expansion or contraction of the pavement without causing cracks. Deformed bars, square bars, and octagonal bars are not typically used as dowel bars for concrete pavement.

The criteria of flood-prone section is not appropriate to recommend when identifying a project location for asphalt pavement. This is because a flood-prone area is not suitable for constructing asphalt pavement as it can lead to damage and deterioration of the pavement due to water infiltration and erosion. Therefore, it is important to avoid flood-prone sections when selecting a project location for asphalt pavement.

The correct answer is "a core shall be taken for every 100 linear meters". This means that for every 100 linear meters of the project, a core sample should be taken. This is a standard practice in construction projects to ensure the quality and integrity of the materials used. By taking core samples, engineers can assess the properties of the materials and make any necessary adjustments or repairs if needed.

The correct answer is "at least one, but not more than 3 core" because it specifies the minimum and maximum number of cores required for each full day's operations. This means that a minimum of one core must be taken, but no more than three cores can be taken. This allows for sufficient sampling to ensure the quality and consistency of the compacted asphalt concrete mix, without excessive testing that may be unnecessary or time-consuming.

Blue smoke rising from the mix in the truck or spreader hopper may indicate an overheated batch. When asphalt mix is overheated, it can release volatile compounds that produce blue smoke. This can occur if the mix is heated at a temperature higher than recommended, causing the asphalt to break down and release fumes. Overheating can negatively impact the quality and performance of the asphalt mix, leading to potential issues with the pavement surface. Therefore, it is important to monitor and control the temperature during the asphalt production process to prevent overheating.

The correct answer states that the concrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered if the average strength of the cores is at least 85% of the specified strength fc' and no single core is less than 75% of fc'. This means that the overall strength of the concrete should be relatively high, with the average strength being close to or exceeding 85% of the specified strength. Additionally, no individual core should have a strength less than 75% of fc', ensuring that there are no weak spots or inconsistencies in the concrete's strength.

A job-mix formula is a set of specifications and proportions that determine the asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and temperature of asphalt, aggregate, and mix in a construction project. By including all of these factors in the formula, it allows for close control over the quality and performance of the asphalt mix. This ensures that the mix meets the required specifications and provides the desired durability and performance for the specific project.

The service performance of an asphalt pavement is greatly influenced by the grade and quantity of asphalt. The grade of asphalt refers to its quality and characteristics, such as viscosity and resistance to temperature changes. The quantity of asphalt used in the pavement construction also plays a crucial role in determining its performance. Both factors, grade, and quantity of asphalt, have a direct impact on the durability, strength, and ability of the pavement to withstand traffic loads and environmental conditions. Therefore, a and b are correct answers as both factors are important in determining the service performance of an asphalt pavement.

Joint filler asphalt is the best recommended bituminous material for sealing weakened places and construction joints of the PCCP (Portland Cement Concrete Pavement). Joint filler asphalt is specifically designed for filling and sealing joints in concrete pavements. It provides excellent adhesion, flexibility, and durability, ensuring long-lasting protection against water infiltration, cracking, and joint deterioration. Additionally, joint filler asphalt has the ability to accommodate movement and thermal expansion/contraction of the concrete, making it an ideal choice for sealing joints in PCCP.

A penetrometer is the apparatus used in determining the grade of asphalt cement. A penetrometer is a device that measures the penetration resistance of a material, in this case, asphalt cement. By measuring the depth to which a penetrometer needle can penetrate the asphalt, the grade or consistency of the asphalt can be determined. This information is important in determining the suitability of the asphalt for various construction applications.

In asphalt pavement construction, the compaction process involves rolling the bituminous mix. The rolling starts at the sides of the road and moves longitudinally parallel towards the road centerline. Each trip of the roller overlaps a certain width of the roller itself. Gradually, the compaction progresses towards the crown of the road. The correct answer of 1/2 indicates that each trip of the roller overlaps half of its width. This ensures that the entire surface is evenly compacted and achieves the desired density and strength.

The correct answer is 2000 bags. This means that a 10kg sample of cement represents 2000 bags.

The question mentions that the bituminous surface course requires a minimum of 70% IRS. The IRS is a measure of the retained strength of the material. The dry stability is given as 900 psi. Since wet stability is expected to be lower than dry stability, the wet stability should be at least 70% of 900 psi, which is 630 psi. Therefore, the correct answer is 630 psi.

In bituminous mixture, aggregates make up the majority of the weight, ranging from 92% to 95%. The remaining portion is occupied by asphalt, which acts as the binder for the aggregates. The correct answer, 5-8%, falls within this range and represents the proportion of asphalt in the bituminous mixture.

The minimum required temperature when asphalt mix is placed at the site is 107 degrees Celsius. This temperature is necessary to ensure proper compaction and bonding of the asphalt mix. At this temperature, the asphalt mix becomes more workable and easier to spread and compact. Placing the mix at a lower temperature may result in poor compaction and reduced durability of the pavement. Conversely, placing the mix at a higher temperature may cause excessive cooling and premature hardening, leading to inadequate compaction and potential pavement failure. Therefore, 107 degrees Celsius is the correct minimum temperature for placing asphalt mix at the site.

The maximum required LL for the subbase course is 35. This is because the subbase course is typically designed to have a higher load-bearing capacity compared to the base course. Therefore, a higher maximum required LL is needed to ensure that the subbase course can withstand heavier loads without experiencing failures or deformations.

Extraction is a process used to separate one or more components from a mixture by selectively dissolving them in a suitable solvent. In the context of determining the amount of asphalt present in a bituminous mix, extraction would involve dissolving the asphalt in a solvent and separating it from the other components of the mixture. This method allows for the quantification of the asphalt content, making it the correct answer for the given question.

The rate of application of emulsified asphalt used as tack coat should be within the range of 0.2-0.7 liters per square meter. This range allows for enough asphalt to be applied to ensure proper bonding between the layers of asphalt, but not so much that it causes excess runoff or pooling. It is important to apply the correct amount of tack coat to ensure the longevity and durability of the asphalt pavement.

According to the minimum testing requirements for Item 309, bituminous plant mix, general, one quality test for asphaltic material is required for every 40 tonnes or fraction thereof. This means that for every 40 tonnes of asphaltic material, a quality test needs to be conducted to ensure its quality and compliance with standards.

Liquid asphalt is the type of asphaltic material that is usually classified by its viscosity. Viscosity refers to the thickness or resistance to flow of a substance. Liquid asphalt has a relatively low viscosity, meaning it is less thick and flows more easily compared to other types of asphalt such as blown asphalt, rock asphalt, or lake asphalt. This classification based on viscosity helps in determining the appropriate use and application of different types of asphalt in construction and paving projects.

The sample for CBR determination should be soaked for 4 days. Soaking the sample allows it to reach its maximum swelling potential, which is important for accurately determining its California Bearing Ratio (CBR). A longer soaking period may lead to over-swelling, while a shorter period may result in an underestimation of the CBR value. Therefore, soaking the sample for 4 days ensures that it is adequately saturated and ready for testing.

The bitumen content percent by mass of aggregate can be calculated by subtracting the weight after extraction (802 g) from the weight of the original sample (850 g), which gives us the weight of the bitumen (48 g). Then, we divide the weight of the bitumen by the weight of the original sample and multiply by 100 to get the percentage. Therefore, the bitumen content percent by mass of aggregate is 5.65 percent.

A compacted bituminous pavement should have a minimum density of 95% or greater. This means that the pavement should have at least 95% of the maximum possible density when it is compacted. Achieving a high density is important for the durability and longevity of the pavement, as it helps to ensure that the pavement is strong and resistant to damage from traffic and environmental factors. A higher density also helps to reduce the permeability of the pavement, preventing water from seeping into the layers below and causing damage.

The correct answer is 1:2. In stone masonry, the mortar ratio refers to the proportion of cement to sand used in the mixture. A ratio of 1:2 means that for every part of cement, two parts of sand are used. This ratio is commonly used in stone masonry as it provides a good balance between strength and workability. It ensures that the mortar has enough cement content to bond the stones together effectively while also allowing for easy application and manipulation during construction.

The correct answer is 1:3. This ratio means that for every part of cement (1), there should be three parts of sand (3) in the mortar mixture. This ratio is commonly used for riprap, which is a layer of large stones or concrete blocks used to protect shorelines or slopes from erosion. The 1:3 ratio ensures a strong and durable mortar that can withstand the forces of water and weathering.

Blown asphalt is another name for joint filler. This substance is commonly used to fill gaps and joints in construction projects. Blown asphalt is a type of asphalt cement that has been modified by a process called blowing, which increases its viscosity and makes it suitable for filling joints and gaps. It is a durable and flexible material that helps to prevent water infiltration and maintain the structural integrity of the construction.

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Emulsified asphalt that has a positive charge particle is usually classified as cationic. This classification is based on the type of emulsifying agent used, which is typically a cationic surfactant. The positive charge of the emulsifying agent allows it to effectively stabilize the asphalt particles in water, resulting in a stable emulsion. Cationic emulsified asphalt is commonly used in road construction and maintenance due to its superior adhesion and durability.

Bitumen is the correct answer because it is the actual cementing power in asphalt. Bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It acts as a binder, holding the asphalt mixture together and providing its adhesive properties. Bitumen is responsible for the strength and durability of asphalt pavement, allowing it to withstand heavy traffic and harsh weather conditions.

Penetration test is used to determine the softness and hardness of asphaltic materials. It measures the depth to which a standard needle penetrates the asphalt sample under specific conditions of time, temperature, and applied force. The penetration value obtained from the test indicates the consistency and stiffness of the asphalt, with higher penetration values indicating softer materials and lower values indicating harder materials. Therefore, penetration test is the appropriate method for evaluating the softness and hardness of asphaltic materials.

RA 1080 is the correct answer because it is the law that governs the civil service in the Philippines. It establishes the qualifications and standards for entrance and promotion in the civil service, as well as the rules and regulations for disciplinary actions and removal from office. RA 1080 ensures that the civil service operates in a fair and efficient manner, promoting professionalism, integrity, and meritocracy in public service. The other options, RA 554, RA 544, and RA 344, are not relevant to the civil service law and do not pertain to the regulation of the civil service.

The minimum required flexural strength for a concrete beam sample for a concrete pavement is 3.8 Mpa. This means that the concrete beam must be able to withstand a minimum bending stress of 3.8 Mpa without breaking or failing. This is an important requirement for concrete pavements as they need to be able to support heavy loads and resist cracking or breaking under traffic.

Penetration grade refers to the measure of hardness or consistency of asphalt. It is determined by the depth in tenths of a millimeter that a standard needle will penetrate vertically into an asphalt sample under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature. Asphalt cement is the correct answer because it is the base material used in the production of asphalt concrete. It is a semi-solid form of petroleum that is heated and mixed with aggregates to create asphalt pavement. Emulsified asphalt, cutback asphalt, and mastic asphalt are different forms of asphalt that have undergone additional processing or have additives mixed in.

The correct answer is "in 4 measurement". This means that the thickness determination of compacted asphalt concrete cores should be done by taking measurements at four different points. This is likely the most accurate and reliable method to determine the thickness of the asphalt concrete cores.

The initial compaction of asphalt mix is done by a pneumatic tired roller not less than 10 tons. This type of roller is specifically designed for compacting asphalt surfaces. It uses a combination of weight and pneumatic tires to effectively compact the asphalt mix, ensuring proper density and smoothness. The use of a roller with a minimum weight of 10 tons is important to achieve the required compaction levels and ensure the durability and longevity of the asphalt pavement.

The required speed of the roller in compacting asphalt concrete mix is 5 kph. This speed is determined based on the optimal compaction and smoothness of the asphalt surface. A speed of 5 kph allows the roller to apply the right amount of pressure and vibration to effectively compact the asphalt mix, ensuring proper density and durability of the pavement. Higher speeds may lead to inadequate compaction, while lower speeds may result in over-compaction or uneven surfaces.

A prime coat is a bituminous material that is applied to the aggregate base course before an asphalt mix overlay. It serves as a bonding agent between the base course and the asphalt mix, improving the adhesion and preventing water infiltration. The prime coat also helps to seal the surface of the base course, reducing dust and providing a smooth and uniform surface for the overlay. Therefore, the prime coat is the correct answer for the given question.

Colloids are substances that have particles smaller than 0.001mm in size. They are larger than molecules but smaller than particles found in clay, silt, and sand. Colloids have the ability to remain suspended in a solution without settling due to their small size and the repulsion between their particles. This property makes colloids useful in various industries such as medicine, food, and cosmetics.

Controlling the temperature during the mixing and compaction process is crucial because it directly affects the strength, skid resistance, and flexibility of the resulting pavement. Temperature control ensures that the pavement achieves the desired strength, which is essential for withstanding heavy loads and traffic. It also helps in maintaining the appropriate skid resistance, which is necessary for vehicles to have proper traction on the road surface. Additionally, temperature control plays a role in ensuring the flexibility of the pavement, allowing it to withstand thermal expansion and contraction without cracking or deteriorating. Thus, all of the mentioned factors are influenced by temperature control during the mixing and compaction process.

The materials engineer is responsible for various tasks related to materials testing and quality control. They are responsible for witness testing of materials, which involves observing and verifying the testing process to ensure accurate results. They also supervise sampling to ensure that proper procedures are followed and representative samples are collected. Additionally, they are responsible for preparing or checking concrete design mix to ensure that it meets the required specifications. However, checking and inspecting materials logbook is not typically a responsibility of a materials engineer. This task is usually assigned to a materials technician or a quality control inspector.

The minimum cement content per cubic meter for class P concrete is 11. This means that for every cubic meter of class P concrete, a minimum of 11 kilograms of cement should be used. This requirement ensures that the concrete has sufficient strength and durability for its intended use. Using a lower cement content could result in weaker and less durable concrete.

To determine the strength, moisture, and absorption of the hollow blocks, it is necessary to take samples. The correct answer is 6 units because taking multiple samples ensures a more accurate representation of the overall quality of the entire batch of 5,000 units. By taking 6 units as samples, a sufficient number of blocks are tested to provide reliable data on the strength, moisture, and absorption levels.

The plasticity index is a measure of the range of moisture content over which a soil can exhibit plastic behavior. For a base course, which is the layer of material beneath the pavement, a plasticity index of 6 is required. This indicates that the soil should have a moderate range of moisture content where it can be easily compacted and provide sufficient stability for the pavement above. A plasticity index of 6 suggests that the soil is neither too plastic nor too non-plastic, making it suitable for the base course application.

The correct answer is immersion-compression. Immersion-compression test is used to compare the compressive strength of dry and wet specimens of bituminous mix. This test involves immersing the specimen in water for a specific period of time and then subjecting it to compressive loading. By comparing the compressive strength of the dry and wet specimens, the effect of moisture on the stability of the bituminous mix can be determined. This test helps in evaluating the durability and performance of the bituminous mix under wet conditions.

The correct answer is 80%. In the context of aggregate base course, CBR (California Bearing Ratio) is a measure of the strength of the material. A higher CBR indicates a stronger material. Therefore, a minimum soaked CBR of 80% is required for the aggregate base course, meaning that the material needs to have a high strength and stability when subjected to moisture.

The minimum dry compressive strength for asphalt mix is 1.4 Mpa. This means that the asphalt mix must have a compressive strength of at least 1.4 Mpa when it is dry. This requirement ensures that the asphalt mix is strong enough to withstand the weight and pressure of vehicles and other loads without experiencing significant deformation or damage. A compressive strength of 1.4 Mpa is considered to be the minimum acceptable level for asphalt mix in terms of its ability to provide a durable and long-lasting pavement surface.

MC-30 is the correct answer because it refers to the thinnest and most fluid grade of medium curing cutback asphalt. The "MC" in the answer options stands for medium curing, and the number following it indicates the viscosity of the asphalt. Since MC-30 has the lowest number, it indicates the thinnest and most fluid grade among the options provided.

Cement mixing is the correct answer because it refers to the test in emulsified asphalt that determines the resistance of the emulsion to break when mixed with mineral aggregates. This test involves mixing the emulsion with cement and observing whether it breaks or remains stable. The result of this test helps determine the quality and effectiveness of the emulsion in binding the mineral aggregates together.

An asphalt cement can be a good bituminous binder material for Item 310.