.
Enthalpy
Entropy
H-TS
Q/T
Delta G
Bacteria, eukarya, and vertebrate
Archaea and eukarya
Bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
Eukarya and bacteria
None of the rest
Enthalpy
Entropy
Force
Enthalpy and force
All of the rest
Both contain DNA in a nucleus
Both contain certain of the same membrane bound cell organelles (like mitochondria, Golgi complexes etc)
Both have a cytoskeleton
All of the rest are similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
None of the rest are similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes are made up of two major groupings: the eubacteria and the archaea, which are as different from each other as from the eukaryotes
Prokaryotes are generally much smaller than the eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are one branch of the newer, more accurate phylogenic tree made up of prokarya, archaea and eukarya
Prokaryotes do not have organelles
None of the rest
Occurs without the addition of free energy
Has a delta G < 0
Is exergonic
All of the rest
None of the rest
Is found in every exergonic process
Is characteristic of a system increasing in enthalpy
Is required for a process to be spontaneous
Results in a decrease in entropy
Results in the factor T delta S being positive
H3PO4
H2PO4(1-)
HPO4(2-)
PO4(3-)
None of the rest
Acid versus base
Base versus acid
PO4(3-)
HPO4(2-) and PO4(3-)
None of the rest
HPO4(2-)
H2PO4(1-)
H3PO4
Disordered
Tetrahedral
Are attractions between the protons of the oxygen nuclei
Are dipole-dipole attraction
Are ion-induced dipole attractions
Are attractions between two hydrogen atoms
Are attractions between the H(+) and OH(-) ions of the liquid
A hydrogen ion on the water molecule forms an ionic bond with a hydride ion on the other molecule
The partial charge on a hydrogen of the water interacts with the partial charge on a hydrogen of the other molecule
The hydrogen bond will typically form between a hydrogen atom and either a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom
A hydrogen on the water molecule forms a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom on the other molecule
The hydrogen atom is located between an oxygen atom of the water and a carbon atom of the other molecule
Result from the tendency to maximize waterÕs contact with nonpolar molecules
Require the presence of surrounding water molecules
Are the result of strong attractions between nonpolar regions
Are the result of strong repulsion between water and nonpolar regions
Depend on strong permanent dipoles in the nonpolar molecules
5 millimoles of HCL
20 millimoles of K+
25 millimoles of HCL
15 millimoles of KOH
You can't make a buffer by adding HCL or KOH
0.1 moles of HCL
0.025 moles of HCL
You can't make a buffer by adding HCL or NaOH
0.1 moles of NaOH
0.2 moles of HCL
Have both oxidizing and reducing groups
Have chromophores in two different wavelength regions
Have both acidic and basic groups
Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
Are micelles
7.0 (there would be no significant change)
4.3
5.0
2.7
9.7
10:11
1:11
10:1
1:1
1:10
Water is an excellent solvent for polar molecules.
Pure water has a concentration of approximately 55.5 M.
Non-polar molecules do not dissolve in water, but form a separate phase.
Cations (e.g. Na+) are solvated by shells of water molecules oriented with their hydrogen atoms pointed toward the ions.
Amphiphilic detergents often form micelles with the polar groups on the outside exposed to the water (solvent) and the non-polar groups sequestered in the interior.
Van der Waal forces
London dispersion forces
Hydrogen bonds
Dipole-dipole interaction
Ionic interactions
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Potassium
Carbon
Nitrogen
PH and pK
Base and OH-
Log pH and log pOH
H+ and pK
Log [A-] and pH
6.82
6.52
7.12
5.82
7.3
-7.4 kJ.mol-1
7.4 kJ.mol-1
-3.7 kJ.mol-1
3.7 kJ.mol-1
None of the rest
Delta G > 0
Delta S > 0
Delta H < 0
Delta T > 0
Delta H < Delta S
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