גאולוגיה - מאגר שאלות 1

The mechanical behavior of rocks depends on various factors such as the loading rate, the confining pressure, the temperature, and the depth of the rock. All of these factors can influence the strength, deformation, and failure mechanisms of rocks. Therefore, it is correct to say that all of the given options (loading rate, confining pressure, temperature, and depth of the rock) can affect the mechanical behavior of rocks.

The correct answer is "התחילה לפני מיליוני שנים ועדיין לא הסתיימה". This answer states that the spread of continents began millions of years ago and is still ongoing. It implies that the process is a continuous and ongoing phenomenon rather than a specific event that occurred at a certain point in time.

The given answer states that wave P (גל פי) is always faster than wave S (גל אס). This is supported by the information provided in the question, where it is mentioned that wave S precedes wave P, wave S is faster in a fluid, and wave P does not pass through a fluid. Therefore, the given answer is a valid conclusion based on the provided information.

The correct answer is that all the options listed are correct for sorting clastic rocks. Sorting refers to the uniformity of grain size in a sediment or sedimentary rock. The size, mineral composition, shape of the grains, and how they are packed together can all provide valuable information about the depositional environment and the processes that formed the rock. Therefore, all of these factors are considered when sorting clastic rocks.

The correct answer is "רעידות אדמה, פעילות וולקנית, מבני קימוט ושבירה." This answer is correct because it includes common phenomena that occur during the meeting of tectonic plates. Earthquakes are a common occurrence when tectonic plates meet and collide, and volcanic activity can also be present in these areas. Additionally, the movement and collision of tectonic plates can cause changes in the Earth's crust, leading to the formation of faults and fractures.

The correct answer is "נוצרה לאחר אי ההתאמה C שכבה" because the diagram shows that C occurred before both A and B, and B occurred before A. Therefore, the layer that was created after the mismatch C is the correct answer.

In a symmetric kite, one wing is always longer than the other. This means that one wing is always slanted more than the other. Therefore, the statement "אגף אחד תלול יותר מהשני" (one wing is slanted more than the other) is the correct answer.

The correct answer states that "התנזלות" can occur during earthquakes in sandy, water-saturated ground. This explanation aligns with the information provided in the question, which mentions "רעידות אדמה בקרקע חולית רוויה במים" (earthquakes in sandy ground saturated with water) as a possible occurrence of "התנזלות".

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As we move away from the center of the basin, we will encounter younger rock layers. This is because the deposition of sedimentary rocks typically occurs in layers over time, with the oldest layers at the bottom and the youngest layers at the top. Therefore, the further we move from the center, the more likely we are to encounter younger rock layers.

The given correct answer states that the SPT (Standard Penetration Test) provides an indication of the soil density. This means that the test can be used to determine how compact or dense the soil is. This information is valuable in various engineering and construction applications, as the density of the soil affects its load-bearing capacity, stability, and permeability. By knowing the soil density, engineers can make informed decisions about the design and construction of foundations, retaining walls, and other structures.

The correct answer is "בדיקת מכנף גזירה, בדיקת SPT ,בדיקת CPT." This answer correctly lists three tests for soil strength: plate load test, standard penetration test (SPT), and cone penetration test (CPT). These tests are commonly used in geotechnical engineering to assess the strength and properties of soil.

The correct answer is "דייק" because in the diagram on the left, the bodies marked with the numbers 2 and 4 are pointing towards the "דייק" option.

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The correct answer suggests that "the present is the key to the past" (ההווה הוא המפתח לעבר). This statement aligns with the principle of uniformitarianism in geology, which states that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the present have also operated in the past. In other words, by studying present-day geological processes and phenomena, scientists can gain insights into the Earth's past and understand how it has evolved over time.

The correct answer is 2.7. This is because the question is asking for the density of dry crumb, and out of the given options, 2.7 is the only value that represents density. The other options are not applicable to the question.

The correct answer is "הרי געש, רעידות אדמה, צונמי, תעלות אוקיניות" because these are all natural phenomena associated with the Earth's crust and tectonic activity. Volcanoes (הרי געש) are formed when molten rock erupts onto the Earth's surface. Earthquakes (רעידות אדמה) occur when there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in shaking and trembling. Tsunamis (צונמי) are large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. And uplifts (תעלות אוקיניות) are the result of tectonic forces pushing up the Earth's crust, creating elevated landforms.

The given answer states that it is possible to determine the thickness of the layers in the rock. This can be inferred from the statement "אפשר לקבוע את עובי השכבות" which translates to "It is possible to determine the thickness of the layers". The other statements in the question do not mention anything about determining the thickness of the layers, therefore the correct answer is the one that includes this information.

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The correct answer is "פצילות" (cleavage). Cleavage is a property of minerals that refers to their tendency to break along specific planes or directions, producing flat, smooth surfaces. This property is a result of the arrangement of atoms or ions within the mineral's crystal structure. Cleavage is often described using terms like perfect, good, poor, or none, depending on the ease and quality of the break.

The correct answer is "מקדם החלחול גבוה יותר מבקרקע חרסית" (The permeability coefficient is higher in sandy soil). This means that water can penetrate and move through sandy soil more easily compared to clay soil. Sandy soil has larger particles with more space between them, allowing water to flow through more quickly. In contrast, clay soil has smaller particles that are tightly packed together, resulting in lower permeability and slower water movement.

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The correct answer is "הקירטון שקע לפני חדירת המחדר מגמטי" because it is the only statement that is consistent with the given information. The diagram shows a sequence of events, and this statement indicates that the carton sinks before the entry of the magnetic chamber, which aligns with the order of events in the diagram.

The correct answer is "קמר לא סימטרי" (asymmetric dome). The question is asking about the structure that contains the Great Makhtesh in the Negev. The term "קמר לא סימטרי" refers to an asymmetric dome, which accurately describes the shape of the Great Makhtesh.

The correct answer is "נמצא בתוך מבנה אנטיקלינה א סימטרית" (located within a symmetrical anticline structure). This answer suggests that the "המכתש הגדול בנגב" (The Great Makhtesh in the Negev) is located within a geological formation known as an anticline, which is a fold in the Earth's crust that has a convex shape. The term "סימטרית" (symmetrical) further emphasizes that the anticline is evenly balanced on both sides.

The given answer states that the permeability factor (מקדם החלחול) is lower in clay soil (בקרקע חרסית) compared to sandy soil (בקרקע חול). Permeability refers to the ability of water to flow through the soil. Clay soil has smaller particles and is more compact, which reduces the space for water to flow through, resulting in lower permeability. Sandy soil, on the other hand, has larger particles and is more porous, allowing water to flow more easily, leading to higher permeability.

The correct answer is "חיו בתקופת הקרטיקון" (They lived during the Cretaceous period). This is the correct answer because the other options mentioned different time periods such as the Permian, before the extinction of dinosaurs, and the Ice Age, which do not align with the known timeline of dinosaurs. The Cretaceous period is well-known as the time when dinosaurs thrived and diversified.

As we move away from the axis of the fold, we encounter younger layers. This suggests that the layers closer to the axis of the fold are older, while the layers farther away are younger.

Both the reverse break and the wrinkle fold can produce the same layer twice.

The correct answer is approximately 35 km.

The correct answer is SiO2. This is because quartz is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) molecules. Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, forming a tetrahedral structure. Therefore, SiO2 is the correct chemical formula for quartz.

The given answer "העתקים נורמליים" (normal copies) is the correct answer because in the diagram, it is the only option that appears on the right side. The other options appear on the left side of the diagram, so they cannot be the correct answer.

The correct answer is "סלע מגמתי" because the passage states that "לקוליט" is always found in rocks with a metamorphic trend. This means that the rock has undergone significant changes in its structure and composition due to high pressure and temperature, resulting in the formation of minerals characteristic of metamorphic rocks. Therefore, the presence of "סלע מגמתי" is consistent with the given information.

The correct answer is 42%. This is the value of the RQD (Rock Quality Designation) for the given rock sample. RQD is a measure used in geotechnical engineering to assess the quality of rock mass. It represents the percentage of intact and sound rock material within a specific length of a core sample. In this case, the RQD value is 42%, indicating that 42% of the rock sample is deemed to be of good quality and suitable for engineering purposes.

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The phrase "בשבר הפוך" translates to "in an inverse fraction" in English. The given options mention different layers or events and state that one of them is always more difficult. The correct answer states that there was an event of "לחיצה" which means "compression" in English. Since the question is about an inverse fraction, it can be inferred that the compression event made the situation more difficult.

None of the answers provided in the given options are correct.

The statement "הקלציט נחרצת במסמר" means that calcite can be scratched by a nail. This suggests that calcite is a relatively soft mineral, as nails have a lower hardness than most minerals. Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistance to scratching, with higher numbers indicating greater hardness. Therefore, the fact that calcite can be scratched by a nail implies that it has a lower hardness compared to other minerals.

The correct answer is "מכיל חלקיקים בטווח מצומצם של גודלי גרגר" (Contains particles in a narrow range of grain sizes). This answer suggests that the sandstone has a well-sorted texture, meaning that the particles are similar in size and evenly distributed. This can indicate that the sandstone was formed in an environment with consistent energy levels, such as a beach or a river with moderate currents.

The correct answer is "שבר נורמלי המתאר מתיחה" (normal fraction representing tension). This means that the fraction in the diagram represents a situation of tension, where the numerator represents the force causing the tension and the denominator represents the area over which the force is applied.

There are many sources of heat in the Central Atlantic Ridge, which leads to the phenomenon of hydrothermal vents. These vents are formed when seawater seeps into the cracks and fissures of the ridge and comes into contact with the hot magma beneath the Earth's crust. The heat from the magma heats up the water, causing it to rise back up to the surface, carrying with it dissolved minerals and gases. These hydrothermal vents are known for their unique ecosystems and are often teeming with life.

The correct answer is "יכול להיות מורכב מאבן חול" (can be composed of sandstone). This is because the given statement describes אקויפר פריאטי (private aquifer) as being "פורה מאוד ועשיר בזרחן" (very fertile and rich in minerals), and it can be composed of various types of rocks, including sandstone.

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The given answer, 30/N45E, represents a location on the Earth's surface using latitude and longitude coordinates. The latitude is 30 degrees north, and the longitude is 45 degrees east. This means the location is 30 degrees north of the equator and 45 degrees east of the prime meridian.

The correct answer is "כינוי לגודל גרגר קטן מ-16/1 מ"מ בסלעי משקע קלסטים" which translates to "a term for a small grain size of 16/1 mm in clastic sedimentary rocks." This answer explains that "טין" is a term used to describe a specific size of grains in sedimentary rocks, specifically clastic sedimentary rocks.

The correct answer is "granite." The question provides a list of different types of rocks, and the answer is the one that represents an example of a foundational rock. Granite is a type of igneous rock that is commonly found as a foundational rock in many areas. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and it is known for its durability and strength.

The correct answer is "אטום לחלחול נפט, מים וכדומה". This is because the given statement describes the composition of אקויקלוד (aquiclude) as being composed of impermeable layers that consist of petroleum, water, and similar substances.

The correct answer is "אזור פתיחה" (opening zone). The reason for this is that the phrase "הרכס המרכז אטלנטי" (the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) refers to a geological feature in the Atlantic Ocean where new oceanic crust is formed. This process creates a gap or opening in the Earth's crust, hence the term "אזור פתיחה" (opening zone).

The correct answer is that the age of the Earth can be determined using the Uranium-238 dating method. This method relies on the radioactive decay of Uranium-238 into Lead-206, which occurs at a known rate. By measuring the ratio of Uranium-238 to Lead-206 in a sample of rocks or minerals, scientists can calculate the age of the Earth. This dating method is based on the principle that the Earth's rocks and minerals formed at the same time as the Earth itself.