Hm Book Ch 6: Human Anatomy And Physiology

In each middle ear and located in the auditory ossicles are three small bones named the __________ (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup).  Their function is to transmit and amplify various vibrations to the ear drum and inner ear.

The __________ is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occuring within the cell.

The skeleton is the bony framework of the body.  It is composed of 206 bones and gives shape to the body, protects vital organs, and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. 

• True

• False

Bone consists of a hard outer shell called __________ bone.

Muscles seldom act alone; they usually work in groups held together by sheets of a white fibrous tissue called fascia.  Muscles make up about one-half of the total body weight.  Their main functions are:      - Providing movement including internal fucntions such as peristalsis (rhythmic waves of muscular contraction within the intestines)      - Maintaining body posture through muscle tone, as in the muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders, which keep the head up      - Providing heat through chemical changes that take place during muscle activity, such as exercise that warms the body

• True

• False

The __________ muscles are a broad, trapezium-shaped pair of muscles on the upper back, which raise or lower the shoulders.  They cover approximately one-third of the back.  They originate in a large area which includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the seventh cervical vertebra, and the occipital bone.  They have their insertion in the clavicle and scapula.

The __________ is an internal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the ceiling of the abdominal cavity.  It is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically.  It has three openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

Erythrocytes, also known as __________ blood cells, are small, biconcave, non-nucleated disks, formed in the red bone marrow.

The interior of the heart is divided into two halves by a wall called the __________ __________(2 words).  In each half is an upper chamber called the atrium, which receives blood from the veins, and a lower chamber called the ventricle, which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries.

The interior of the heart is divided into two halves by a wall called the interventricular septum.  In each half is an upper chamber called the __________, which receives blood from the veins, and a lower chamber called the ventricle, which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries.

The interior of the heart is divided into two halves by a wall called the interventricular septum.  In each half is an upper chamber called the atrium, which receives blood from the veins, and a lower chamber called the ventricle, which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries. The openings between the chambers on each side of the heart are separated by flaps of tissue that act as valves to prevent backward flow of blood.  The valve on the right has three cusps and is called the tricuspid valve.  The valve on the left has two cusps and is called the __________ valve, but is sometimes also called the mitral valve.  The outlets of the ventricles are supplied with similar valves.  In the right ventricle, the pulmonary valve is at the origin of the pulmonary artery.  In the left ventricle, the aortic valve is at the origin of the aorta.

The bicuspid valve of the heart is also known as the __________ valve.

Between arteries and veins is a system of minute vessels that vary in structure but which are spoken of collectively as capillaries.  It is from these capillaries that the tissues of the body are fed.  There are approximately 60,000 miles of capillaries in the body.  As the blood passes through, it releases oxygen and nutritious substances to the tissues and takes up various waste products to be carried away by venules.

• True

• False

The tympanic membrane, or eardrum, is an oval sheet of fibrous epithelial tissue that stretches across the inner end of the external auditory canal.  The eardrum separates the outer and middle ear.  Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, and this vibration transfers the sounds from the external environment to the auditory ossicles.

• True

• False

Fertilization of an ovum normally takes place in the __________ __________(2 words).

When the cells of the islets of Langerhans (located in the pancreas) are destroyed or stop functioning, the sugar absorbed from the intestine remains in the blood and excess sugar is excreted by the kidneys into the urine. This condition is called diabetes mellitus, or sugar diabetes. Insulin, a synthetic hormone, is given to patients having this disease as part of their ongoing treatment.

• True

• False

The male gonad is the testis (pl. testes), and the existence of the testes is the primary male sex characteristic. The testes produce and secrete the male hormone testosterone, which influences the development and maintenance of the male accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics

• True

• False

Urination is usually stimulated by the distention of the bladder as it fills with urine.  When the walls of the bladder contract, nerve receptors are stimulated and the urination reflex is triggered. The urination reflex causes the internal urethral sphincter to open and the external urethral sphincter to relax. This relaxation allows the bladder to empty. The bladder can hold up to 600 ml of urine. The desire to urinate may not occur until the bladder contains 250-300 ml.

• True

• False

The sympathetic and __________ nervous systems combined form the autonomic nervous system.

The male sex hormone, testosterone, is produced in the __________.

The __________ position refers to the lying position of the body with the face down.

The cell is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characterisitics of living matter.  A typical cell is made up of the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.  Each cell is surrounded by a membrane called the plasma membrane which is selectively permeable.  It controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means.

• True

• False

Cells are composed largely of a gel-like substance called cytoplasm upon which depend all the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement.  The cytoplasm is a gelatinous substance surrounding the nucleus and is contained by the plasma membrane.  The cytoplasm is made of various organelles and molecules suspended in a watery fluid called cytosol, or intracellular fluid.

• True

• False

Cells are composed largely of a gel-like substance called __________ upon which depend all the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement.

Which of the following is an example of a long bone?

• Femur

• Wrist bones

• Skull

• Vertebrae

The femur and humerus are two examples of long bones.

• True

• False

The femur and humerus are classified as __________ bones.

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Mastication is defined as the process of chewing food in preparaton for swallowing and digestion.

• True

• False

Plasma is the liquid part of blood.  Plasma constitutes 55% of whole blood (plasma and cells).  It is a clear, slightly alkaline, straw-colored liquid consisting of about 92 percent _________.  The remainder is made up mainly of proteins.

The heart is enclosed in a membranous sac known as the pericardium.  The smooth surfaces of the heart and pericardium are lubricated by a serous secretion called pericardial fluid. 

• True

• False

The interior of the heart is divided into two halves by a wall called the interventricular septum.  In each half is an upper chamber called the atrium, which receives blood from the veins, and a lower chamber called the ventricle, which receives blood from the atrium and pumps it out into the arteries. The openings between the chambers on each side of the heart are separated by flaps of tissue that act as valves to prevent backward flow of blood.  The valve on the right has three cusps and is called the __________ valve.  The valve on the left has two cusps and is called the bicuspid valve, but is sometimes also called the mitral valve.  The outlets of the ventricles are supplied with similar valves.  In the right ventricle, the pulmonary valve is at the origin of the pulmonary artery.  In the left ventricle, the aortic valve is at the origin of the aorta.

The __________ atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the__________ ventricle (both blanks are the same word).

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The female gonads are the ovaries, and they produce the female sex hormones estrogen, and progesterone.  Estrogen influences the development and maintenance of the female accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics, and promotes changes in the mucous lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum and maintains the lining during pregnancy.

• True

• False

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac, stained dark green by the bile it contains. It is located in the hollow underside of the liver  Its duct, the cystic duct, joins the hepatic duct from the liver to form the common bile duct, which enters the duodenum.  The gallbladder receives bile from the liver and then concentrates and stores it. It secretes bile when the small intestine is stimulated by the entrance of fats.

• True

• False

The prostate gland, made of smooth muscle and glandular tissue, surrounds the first part of the urethra. It resembles a chestnut in shape and size, and secretes a watery, milky-looking, and slightly acidic fluid to keep the sperm mobile. This substance is discharged into the urethra as part of the ejaculate, or semen, during the sexual act and constitutes about 30% of the fluid. Many older men suffer from an enlarged prostate which can squeeze the urethra to complete closure making it impossible to urinate.

• True

• False

Fertilization of an ovum normally takes place in the __________ __________(2 words).

The blood vessels of the dermis can dilate to contain a significant portion of the body's blood supply.  This ability, along with the actions of the sweat glands, forms the body's primary temperature-regulating mechanism.

• True

• False

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The sternocleidomastoid muscles are located on both sides of the neck.  Acting individually, these muscles rotate the head left or right.  Acting together, they bend the head toward the chest.  The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle and is inserted in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.  When this muscle becomes damaged, the result is a common condition known as "stiff neck."

• True

• False

Blood is fluid tissue composed of formed elements (i.e. cells) suspended in plasma.  It is pumped by the heart through arteries, capillaries, and veins by all parts of the body.  Total blood volume of the average adult is 5 to 6 liters.

• True

• False

The mitral valve of the heart is also known as the __________ valve.

In man, some of the characteristic functions necessary for survival include the following:

• Digestion: Involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest form.
• Metabolism: The process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.
• Homeostasis: The body's self-regulated control of its internal environment.  It allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equilibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment.

• True

• False

In man, some of the characteristic functions necessary for survival include the following:

• Digestion: Involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest form.

• Metabolism: The process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair.

• Homeostasis: The body's self-regulated control of its internal environment.  It allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equilibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment.

• True

• False

The middle ear is a cavity in the temporal bone, lined with epithelium.  It contains three auditory ossicles, the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirup) which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid in the inner ear. The malleus is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum and connects with the incus, which in turn connects with the stapes.  The base of the stapes is attached to the oval window, the membrane-covered opening of the inner ear.  These tiny bones, which span the middle ear, are suspended from bony walls by ligaments.  This arrangement provides the mechanical means for transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear.

• True

• False

The vaginal  vestibule is the area enclosed by the labia minora that includes those vaginal and urethral openings. The vestibule contains a pair of vestibular glands, more commonly known as the Bartholin's glands. The Bartholin's glandslay on each side of the vaginal opening. The ducts of these glands secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule. There are also the Skenes glands that are near the opening of the urinary meatus by way of two small ducts.

• True

• False

The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile produced by the __________. Its duct, known as the cystic duct, joins the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which enters the duodenum. This organ then secretes bile when the small intestine is stimulated by the entance of fats.