Gender Development Exam Questions And Answers

The statement is true because a non-shared environment refers to the unique experiences and influences that individuals have outside of their shared family environment. It includes factors such as different friends, teachers, hobbies, and life events that shape an individual's development and personality. These experiences can vary greatly between siblings or individuals within the same family, leading to differences in behavior, attitudes, and outcomes.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that homogeneity refers to the degree of similarity among the members of a group, indicating that they share common characteristics or traits. On the other hand, heterogeneity refers to the degree of dissimilarity among the members of a group, suggesting that they possess different characteristics or traits. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately defines homogeneity and heterogeneity in relation to group members.

DES stands for diethylstilbestrol, which is indeed a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen. It was first synthesized in the 1930s and was widely used as a medication to prevent miscarriages and treat menopausal symptoms in women. However, it was later discovered that DES had harmful effects, including an increased risk of certain cancers in the daughters of women who took the medication during pregnancy. Despite its risks, DES is still considered an important milestone in the history of endocrinology and reproductive medicine.

Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgen is referred to as CAH, which stands for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. CAH is a condition that affects the adrenal glands and results in an overproduction of androgens, which are male sex hormones. This excess of androgens can lead to various physical and hormonal abnormalities in affected individuals. Therefore, CAH and congenital adrenal hyperplasia are interchangeable terms used to describe the same condition.

If someone is high on masculine traits and low on feminine ones, they can be described as masculine. Masculine traits typically include qualities such as assertiveness, aggression, and independence, which are traditionally associated with men. On the other hand, feminine traits are often characterized by qualities such as empathy, nurturing, and sensitivity, which are traditionally associated with women. Therefore, being high on masculine traits and low on feminine ones would indicate a more masculine disposition.

Jenny's exposure to high levels of androgen prenatally suggests that she has most likely developed congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH is a genetic disorder that affects the adrenal glands and causes an overproduction of androgens. This can result in various symptoms such as abnormal genitalia development, early onset of puberty, and fertility issues. Therefore, based on the given information, it is reasonable to conclude that Jenny has developed CAH.

Validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure. In this context, it means that the test accurately measures the trait of interest. The answer suggests that the test is reliable and provides valid results in measuring the item or trait being assessed.

CAH is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands present from birth. It is a congenital disorder that affects the production of certain hormones in the adrenal glands. This condition can lead to various symptoms such as abnormal genital development, early puberty, and hormonal imbalances. Treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia usually involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the normal hormone levels in the body.

The given statement is incorrect. Dizygotic actually means 'different phenotype' while monozygotic means 'same phenotype'.

Development is the process of growth, progress, or advancement that occurs over a period of time. It involves a series of changes and improvements that result in the overall improvement or evolution of something. Development can occur in various aspects such as personal, societal, economic, or technological, and it is characterized by continuous transformation and adaptation to new circumstances or needs.

Isaac's observation of the apple falling on his head leads him to conclude that gravity is responsible for pulling it down. This conclusion is based on his observation and reasoning, and can be considered a theory. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence and has been repeatedly tested and confirmed. In this case, Isaac's conclusion about gravity is a theory because it is a plausible explanation supported by observation and logical reasoning.

Peacocks with large tail feathers attract more mates because they have undergone sex selection or sexual selection. This means that over time, females have preferred males with larger tails, leading to the evolution of this trait. The peacocks with larger tails are more successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes, resulting in the prevalence of this characteristic in the population.

DES is the acronym for diethylstilbestrol, which is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen. It was commonly prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s to the 1970s to prevent miscarriages, but later it was discovered to have harmful effects on both the mothers and their children. DES has been linked to various health issues, including reproductive problems and an increased risk of certain cancers. Therefore, DES is the correct answer for the given question.

Masculinization is the process that leads to the development of masculine phenotypic traits. This can occur due to various factors such as hormonal imbalances, exposure to certain hormones or chemicals, or genetic mutations. During masculinization, the body undergoes changes that result in the development of characteristics typically associated with males, such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and increased muscle mass.

The correct answer is "organization effects" and "organizational effects". These terms refer to differences that are present at birth and are believed to be a result of variations in the way the brain is structured or organized. The use of both "organization" and "organizational" in the answer options suggests that either term can be used interchangeably to describe these effects.

Structuralism is the belief that variance is due to differences in brain structure. This perspective focuses on understanding the basic elements of consciousness and how they combine to form complex mental experiences. Structuralists believe that by studying the underlying structures of the mind, they can gain insight into human behavior and cognition. This aligns with the given statement, making structuralism the correct answer.

The correct answer for this question is "sexual selection". Sexual selection refers to the evolutionary pressures that differ between the sexes due to differences in reproductive functions. It involves competition among individuals of the same sex for access to mates and the preference of certain traits by the opposite sex. This process leads to the evolution of characteristics that increase an individual's reproductive success.

Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender, whether they identify as male, female, or another gender. It is a deeply personal and subjective experience that may or may not align with the sex assigned to them at birth. Gender identity encompasses a person's understanding and perception of themselves in relation to societal expectations and norms associated with gender. It is an important aspect of a person's identity and can have a significant impact on their self-esteem, mental health, and overall well-being.

The passive feminization model refers to a process in which feminization occurs without the need for ovarian hormones and does not contribute to masculinization. This suggests that there is another mechanism or factor at play that is responsible for feminization, independent of ovarian hormones.

The correct answer suggests that Haraldsen's investigation focused on examining whether the cognitive performance of individuals with Gender Identity Disorders (GIDs) was similar to that of their biological sex or their gender identity. In other words, the study aimed to determine if individuals with GIDs performed cognitively in a manner consistent with their assigned sex at birth or their gender identity.

Carlie and Sandra, being sisters, share the same household and spend their evenings together. This indicates that they are exposed to the same physical and social environment at home, which is known as the shared environment. Despite attending different schools, their common experiences and interactions within the shared environment contribute to their overall development and shape their similarities and differences.

If you are feminine, you are low on masculine traits and high on feminine traits. This means that you exhibit characteristics traditionally associated with femininity, such as being nurturing, empathetic, and sensitive. Being feminine does not imply any negative connotations or limitations, but rather reflects a range of qualities and behaviors that are typically associated with women.

The participants in the Haraldsen 2003 study were individuals with Gender Identity Disorders (GIDs).

Progestins are a group of hormones that are produced mainly by the ovaries and placenta. One of the main progestins is progesterone. Progesterone plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, particularly in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. It helps to regulate the menstrual cycle, supports the development of the uterine lining, and prevents the uterus from contracting. Therefore, the correct answer is progesterone.

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency of individuals to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while disregarding or downplaying contradictory evidence. It is a cognitive bias that can lead to the reinforcement of existing beliefs and hinder the objective evaluation of information. The plural form "confirmation biases" is also correct as it acknowledges that this bias can manifest in various ways and affect different aspects of thinking and decision-making.

Estradiol is a form of estrogen, which is a hormone primarily produced by the ovaries and placenta. Estrogen plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. It is responsible for the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of pregnancy. Estradiol, being a type of estrogen, exhibits similar functions and is essential for the overall reproductive health of women.

The given correct answer is "gender dysphoria intersexual". This refers to a condition where an individual's gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. In this case, Sally has ovaries (indicating a female sex) but identifies as male. This misalignment between gender identity and biological sex is known as gender dysphoria. The term "intersexual" is used to describe individuals who possess biological characteristics that are not exclusively male or female.

The correct answer is "wolffian ducts". The wolffian ducts are embryonic structures that form in the early stages of development and have the potential to develop into male internal reproductive organs, such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. These ducts are present in both male and female embryos, but in males, they are maintained and further develop into the male reproductive system, while in females, they degenerate. Therefore, the wolffian ducts have the potential to become male internal organs.

Matt's score of 28 is significantly lower than the scores of everyone else who received a 90 or above. This makes his score an outlier, as it falls outside the normal range or pattern of scores in the experiment. An outlier is an observation that is unusually different from the rest of the data.

Hines 2003 suggests that mental rotation ability is influenced by androgen exposure during the first 6 months after birth. This means that the level of exposure to androgens (male sex hormones) during this critical period can impact an individual's ability to mentally rotate objects or images in their mind. This finding highlights the importance of early hormonal influences on cognitive abilities and supports the idea that biological factors, such as hormone levels, play a role in shaping certain aspects of cognitive function.

The given correct answer for this question is "gender role, gender roles." This is because the options provided, such as housewife, businessman, caregiver, and breadwinner, are all examples of roles that are traditionally associated with specific genders. The term "gender role" refers to the societal expectations and norms regarding behaviors, attitudes, and responsibilities that are considered appropriate for individuals based on their gender. The plural form "gender roles" is used to emphasize that these expectations can vary across different cultures and societies.

The Passive Feminization Model is a process that does not require ovarian hormones for feminization and does not contribute to masculinization. This implies that feminization, which refers to the development of female characteristics, can occur without the influence of ovarian hormones. On the other hand, masculinization, which involves the development of male characteristics, is not influenced by the Passive Feminization Model. Therefore, this model suggests that feminization can happen independently of ovarian hormones, while masculinization is not affected by this process.

The participants in the Servin 2003 study were CAH girls.

A theory is a set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behaviors. Theories are developed through research and observation, and they provide a framework for understanding and interpreting various phenomena. They help to organize and make sense of complex information, and they guide further research and exploration in a particular field. Theories are an essential part of scientific inquiry and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in various disciplines.

If an individual possesses high levels of both masculine and feminine traits, they are considered to be androgynous. Androgyny refers to a state of having a combination of traditionally male and female characteristics or qualities. This term is often used to describe individuals who exhibit a balance between stereotypical masculine and feminine behaviors, attitudes, and appearances.

The experiences gained by the brother and sister in their respective karate and ballet lessons are referred to as the "nonshared environment" or "non-shared environment." This term implies that each individual has unique experiences and influences that are not shared with others, even within the same family or household. These individual experiences contribute to the development and growth of each person in their own distinct way.

This scenario demonstrates confirmation bias, which refers to the tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms one's existing beliefs or biases. Greg's belief that he is unattractive leads him to selectively focus on evidence that supports this belief, such as the lack of attention from the girls he likes. He ignores or dismisses contradictory evidence, such as Nicole's compliments, because it doesn't align with his preconceived notion of being unattractive. This bias reinforces and perpetuates his belief, despite the presence of conflicting information.

When two different individuals have similar experiences, it suggests that they have been exposed to the same environment or circumstances. This shared environment could include factors such as their upbringing, education, social interactions, or workplace. These common experiences can shape their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviors, leading to similarities in their experiences.

The correct answer is "Gender Roles" or "gender role." This refers to the societal traits and roles that are associated with a specific sex in a particular society. It encompasses the expectations, behaviors, and responsibilities that are deemed appropriate for individuals based on their gender. Gender roles can vary across cultures and time periods, and they often shape the way individuals are expected to behave, perform certain tasks, and interact with others within their society.

The participants in the Schneider 2006 study were MFTs (male-to-female transsexuals) and FMTs (female-to-male transsexuals).

The scientist is adopting a structuralist view because they are attributing homosexuality to a specific structural difference in the brain (the size of the cingulate gyrus). This perspective focuses on the importance of the structure and organization of the brain in determining behavior and characteristics.

When a test is conducted multiple times and consistently produces the same response, it indicates that the test has good reliability. This means that the test is dependable and yields consistent results, regardless of when it is administered. Reliability is an important characteristic of a test as it ensures that the results are accurate and can be trusted.

Differences that only become present later in life are referred to as activational effects. This term is used to describe changes or variations that occur in an individual's characteristics, behavior, or traits as a result of certain external factors or events that happen later in life. The plural form "activational effects" is used to emphasize that these differences can occur in multiple aspects of an individual's life.

The statement suggests that there are only moderate differences in aggression and cognitive abilities between males and females. This aligns with the Gender Similarities Hypothesis, which argues that there are more similarities than differences between genders in various psychological traits and abilities. The hypothesis suggests that the differences observed are not significant enough to conclude that one gender is superior or inferior to the other in these areas.

The active feminization model suggests that the process of feminization requires the presence of ovarian hormones. This means that the development and expression of female characteristics and behaviors depend on the action of hormones produced by the ovaries. Without these hormones, the feminization process would not occur.

Heritability refers to the extent to which the variation in a trait or characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors. It represents the percentage of variation in a trait that is influenced by heredity. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is "heritability".

This scenario illustrates a sex-role preference, where William's choice of the toy gun over the doll house goes against societal expectations of his gender. It suggests that he may feel pressured to conform to traditional gender roles and preferences. The term "sex-role preference" refers to the tendency to prefer certain activities, toys, or roles based on societal expectations associated with one's gender.

The correct answer is the relationship between disease severity and toy play in CAH girls. This is because CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) is a condition that affects the production of hormones, including androgens, in the adrenal glands. This can result in atypical development of the reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Toy play is often used as a measure of gender-typical behavior, and studying the relationship between disease severity and toy play in CAH girls can provide insights into the influence of prenatal androgen exposure on gender development.

The term "sexual orientation" refers to a person's natural inclination or preference for being attracted to either the same sex or the opposite sex. It is a fundamental aspect of a person's identity and encompasses their emotional, romantic, and sexual attractions. Sexual orientation is an important aspect of human diversity and can vary from person to person.

Gender refers to the societal traits and roles that are associated with a given sex. It encompasses the expectations, behaviors, and characteristics that society deems appropriate for individuals based on their sex. Gender is a social construct that varies across cultures and can influence various aspects of a person's life, including their opportunities, rights, and expectations.