Final Exam Bio 111

All of the mentioned facts contribute to the process of soil formation. Decomposition of organic matter adds nutrients to the soil, weathering or transport of bedrock breaks down rocks into smaller particles which become part of the soil, and the activity of animals such as earthworms helps in mixing and aerating the soil. Therefore, all three factors play a role in the formation of soil.

The transpiration rate in plants is increased by wind, elevated temperature, and increased sunlight intensity. Wind increases transpiration by increasing the movement of air around the leaves, which in turn increases the rate of water evaporation. Elevated temperature also increases transpiration as it causes the stomata on the leaves to open wider, allowing for more water loss. Similarly, increased sunlight intensity leads to higher transpiration rates by stimulating the opening of stomata and promoting water evaporation. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors contribute to the increase in transpiration rate in plants.

Both B & C are correct. Ferns have vascular tissue, which allows them to transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies. Mosses, on the other hand, lack vascular tissue and rely on diffusion to obtain water and nutrients. In the fern life cycle, both the mature gametophyte (which produces gametes) and the mature sporophyte (which produces spores) are independent and can live separately. In contrast, mosses have a dominant gametophyte stage and a dependent sporophyte stage.

Flowering plants have evolved various adaptations to survive and thrive on land. The production of an embryo sac helps protect the embryo from drying out, ensuring its survival. The presence of a waxy cuticle on leaves acts as a barrier, preventing excessive water loss through evaporation. The production of stomata and guard cells allows the plant to regulate gas exchange with the atmosphere, enabling it to obtain carbon dioxide for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. Finally, the presence of a vascular system helps transport water internally, ensuring that the plant receives an adequate supply for survival. Therefore, all of the given options are adaptations of flowering plants to life on land.

All of the above options are found in seed plants. Seed plants possess complex vascular tissue, which helps in the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. They also have pollen grains that are not flagellated, meaning they do not require water for fertilization. The female gametophyte is retained within the ovule, which protects and nourishes the developing embryo. Additionally, seed plants have roots, stems, and leaves, which are essential for their growth, nutrient absorption, and photosynthesis.

The correct answer is "All of the above". This means that all three statements provided in the question are correct descriptions of the layers of soil. The C horizon is indeed the newly weathered bedrock, the B horizon does contain the soluble chemicals leached from the A horizon, and the A horizon is the rich topsoil that contains humus and litter.

Xylem tissue is composed of hollow nonliving tracheids and vessel elements that transport water from the roots to the leaves. On the other hand, phloem tissue is composed of sieve-tube cells and companion cells, and transports organic nutrients made in the leaves.

Loam is the best soil for agricultural plants because it is a mixture of all size soil particles. This allows it to have a balance of water retention and porosity. Loam can hold onto water, which is essential for plant growth, while also allowing for proper drainage and oxygen flow to the roots. This combination of properties makes loam an ideal soil type for agricultural plants.

The root endodermis forms a boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder of the root. It contains bands of impenetrable lignin and suberin called a Casparian strip that controls water and nutrient movement. It is a single layer of rectangular cells. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct.

The correct answer is Thallus. In the context of liverworts (Hepaticophyta), the term "thallus" refers to the leafy primary body of the plant. It is a flattened, lobed structure that lacks true roots, stems, or leaves. The thallus of liverworts like Marchantia is the main vegetative part of the plant, responsible for photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. The other options listed, such as rhizoid, protonema, archegonium, and antheridium, are structures or organs found in liverworts, but they do not specifically refer to the leafy body of the plant like the term "thallus" does.

In the fern life cycle, the dominant generation is the diploid sporophyte, which produces spores through meiosis. These spores develop into haploid gametophytes, which produce gametes through mitosis. In contrast, in the moss life cycle, the dominant generation is the haploid gametophyte, which produces gametes through mitosis. These gametes fuse to form a diploid sporophyte, which produces spores through meiosis.

Annual rings in a woody stem represent the number of layers of secondary xylem, which is responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the tree. These rings can be counted to determine the age of a tree, as each ring typically represents one year of growth. Therefore, both statement B (represents the number of layers of secondary xylem) and statement C (can be used to determine the age of a tree) are correct.

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The given answer is correct because carpel does not produce pollen. Instead, the carpel is the female reproductive organ of a flower and it produces ovules, which eventually become seeds. Pollen is produced by the anther, which is the male reproductive organ of a flower.

In fern plants, fertilization occurs through the union of an egg and a sperm. The egg is produced in an archegonium, while the sperm is produced in an antheridium. Unlike the statement, flagellated sperm are not primarily carried by wind to the egg. Instead, they require water for their movement and are typically transported through water to reach the egg. The eggs and sperm are produced on the prothallus, which is the gametophyte generation in ferns.

A rhizome is an underground horizontal stem that grows horizontally underground and can produce clones of the parental plant. On the other hand, a stolon is an above ground horizontal stem that grows horizontally above the ground and can also produce clones of the parental plant. Both structures are specialized stems that allow plants to reproduce asexually by producing new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant.

Sieve-tube members are cells in the vascular tissue that transport sugars. They are alive but lack a nucleus, relying on companion cells for metabolic instructions. Tracheids are also cells in the vascular tissue but are responsible for water transport. Vessel elements are another type of cell in the vascular tissue that aid in water and nutrient transport. Guard cells are found in the epidermis of leaves and regulate the opening and closing of stomata. Fibers are long, slender cells that provide support in the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is sieve-tube member.

Plant root tips are the regions where active cell division occurs. The root cap is located at the tip of the root and protects the growing root as it pushes through the soil. The tissues directly above the root cap, known as the meristematic region, are where mitosis takes place. Therefore, this is the most likely location to find examples of cell division in a plant root. The other options, such as the tissues of the root cap, the upper vascular cylinder, or a root hair, are not as likely to show active cell division as the tissues directly above the root cap.

The photosynthetic mesophyll is typically made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer. This statement is incorrect because the photosynthetic mesophyll is typically made up of an upper palisade layer and a lower spongy layer. The palisade layer contains tightly packed cells that are responsible for most of the photosynthesis, while the spongy layer contains loosely arranged cells that allow for gas exchange and storage of water and nutrients.

In conifers, microspores develop into mature male gametophytes. This is because microspores are produced by the male cones of conifers and they undergo mitosis to develop into mature male gametophytes, which produce sperm cells. These sperm cells are then transferred to the female cones for fertilization, leading to the formation of seeds. Therefore, the correct answer is mature male gametophytes.

In a typical terrestrial herbaceous eudicot stem, the epidermal tissue forms the outer protective covering of the plant, while the ground tissues form the internal structures of the plant. The epidermal tissue is responsible for protecting the plant from water loss and external damage, while the ground tissues, such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, provide support and storage functions. The vascular tissues, which include xylem and phloem, are responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is "epidermal; ground."

Primary growth refers to the increase in length of a plant. It occurs in all plants, not just woody plants. The ground meristem is a primary meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue system, and the procambium is a primary meristem that produces the primary vascular tissue system. The periderm, on the other hand, is involved in secondary growth, not primary growth. Therefore, the statement "Only woody plants show primary growth" is not true.

Woody stems do contain secondary growth, secondary xylem, and cork cambium that produces waterproof cork cells that become bark. The vascular cambium is also located between the xylem and phloem in a woody stem. However, secondary phloem does not accumulate to form wood. Instead, secondary phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant.

The pressure-flow model of phloem transport explains how sugars are transported in plants. According to this model, sugar produced by photosynthesis is actively transported into phloem cells, and pressure is created in the phloem by the buildup of water and sugar. Sugar sinks, which are areas where sugars are utilized or stored, can later become sugar sources for growing plant structures. Additionally, sugar is actively transported out of the phloem at sink areas such as the root. However, the statement that water is actively transported into the phloem is not true. In the pressure-flow model, water moves passively through the phloem due to osmosis, driven by the high concentration of sugars in the phloem.

Marcello Malpighi deduced the role of phloem by observing the effects of girdling a tree below the level of the majority of leaves. Girdling involves removing a strip of bark around the circumference of a tree trunk, which disrupts the flow of nutrients and sugars through the phloem. By observing the effects of this process, Malpighi was able to infer that the phloem plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant. This observation provided evidence for the existence and function of the phloem before the chemistry behind it was known.

Sclerenchyma tissue is typically composed of cells with thick secondary cell walls, and is made up of fibers and sclereids. On the other hand, collenchyma tissue is typically composed of cells with primary walls thickened at the corners that provide support of growing plant organs body. Therefore, the correct answer is sclerenchyma; collenchyma.

In eudicots, the pericycle retains its capacity to divide and gives rise to lateral roots. The pericycle is a layer of cells located just inside the endodermis in the roots of plants. It is responsible for the formation of lateral roots, which branch off from the main root and help in the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. The pericycle cells have the ability to divide and differentiate, allowing for the continuous growth and development of lateral roots.

Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange in plants. Guard cells surround each stomata and control their opening and closing. When guard cells become turgid, they open the stomata. This is because they take up potassium ions and water, which causes them to swell and create an opening. However, unlike other epidermal cells, guard cells lack chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. This is because their main function is to regulate gas exchange, not to produce food through photosynthesis. Therefore, the statement "guard cells surrounding stomata lack chloroplasts that other epidermal cells contain" is true.

The primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to epidermal tissue is called protoderm. The protoderm is responsible for the formation of the outermost layer of cells in plants, known as the epidermis. This tissue provides protection to the plant and helps in regulating water loss through the presence of specialized structures such as stomata. The other options, procambium, ground meristem, and periderm, are involved in the formation of other tissues in plants such as vascular tissue, ground tissue, and cork tissue respectively.

Monocots are characterized by having one cotyledon, herbaceous plants, and vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem. Therefore, the characteristics that are NOT typical of monocots are leaves with netted veins and flower parts in fours and fives or whorls of fours or fives.