Pmkvy- Internal Assessment - I

The address given to a computer connected to a network is called an IP Address. An IP Address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device in a network. It serves as an identifier for the computer, allowing it to communicate and exchange data with other devices on the network.

Resistance is measured in ohms. Ohms is the unit of electrical resistance, which measures how much a material or component opposes the flow of electric current. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who formulated Ohm's law, which states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Therefore, ohms is the correct unit to measure resistance.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented sub protocol. This means that it establishes a reliable and ordered connection between two devices before transmitting data. TCP ensures that all packets are received in the correct order and handles any lost or corrupted packets by retransmitting them. This connection-oriented nature of TCP makes it suitable for applications that require guaranteed delivery and error-free data transmission, such as web browsing, email, and file transfer.

A node with an IP address of 168.34.88.29 belongs to a Class B network. This is because in IPv4 addressing, the first octet of the IP address determines the class of the network. Class B networks have the first octet range from 128 to 191, making 168 fall within this range. Class B networks are typically used for medium-sized organizations or networks that require a moderate number of hosts.

DirectX is a software developed by Microsoft that provides a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially gaming and video. It is specifically designed to drive and enhance the performance of graphic hardware, such as graphics processing units (GPUs). DirectX enables developers to create and optimize visually impressive and immersive graphics and multimedia applications for Windows-based systems. Therefore, the correct answer is "Software that drives Graphic hardware."

Optic Fiber Cable can transmit data at high speeds because it uses light signals to transmit information. Unlike other cables, it does not suffer from electromagnetic interference, allowing for faster and more reliable data transmission. Additionally, optic fiber cables have a higher bandwidth capacity, meaning they can handle larger amounts of data at faster speeds compared to other cables such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or UTP cable.

The default subnet mask for a Class B network is 255.255.0.0. This subnet mask allows for 16 bits to be used for the network portion of the IP address, while the remaining 16 bits are used for the host portion. This means that a Class B network can have up to 65,534 hosts.

In IPv4 addressing, each IP address is a unique 32-bit number. This means that an IPv4 address is made up of 32 binary digits, which are divided into four groups of eight bits each, separated by periods. Each group can have a value ranging from 0 to 255, resulting in a total of approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses. This 32-bit addressing scheme allows for the identification and communication between devices on a network.

The correct answer is ThinkPad. ThinkPad is the name of the series of laptop computers manufactured by IBM. This series is known for its durability, reliability, and performance. ThinkPads are widely used by professionals and businesses due to their high-quality build, ergonomic design, and advanced features.

A browser is the software used to browse through web pages. It allows users to access and view websites by interpreting the HTML code and displaying the content of the web pages. Browsers also support additional features such as bookmarks, history, and tabbed browsing to enhance the user's browsing experience.

ICs (Integrated Circuits) are classified on the basis of the number of transistors they contain. Integrated circuits are made up of multiple transistors, which are electronic devices that amplify or switch electronic signals. The number of transistors in an IC determines its complexity and functionality. ICs with a higher number of transistors can perform more complex tasks and have more advanced features. Therefore, the number of transistors is a crucial factor in classifying ICs. The other options, such as the manufacturing company or type of computer, are not relevant factors in classifying ICs.

A hard disk is divided into tracks, which are circular paths on the disk's surface. These tracks are further subdivided into sectors, which are small units of storage. Sectors are the basic units used for reading and writing data on a hard disk. Each sector typically holds a fixed amount of data, usually 512 bytes or 4 kilobytes. Therefore, the correct answer is sectors.

Computer software includes operating system programs, application programs, and packaged programs. Operating system programs are essential software that manage computer hardware and provide a platform for other software to run. Application programs are designed for specific tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet management, or graphic design. Packaged programs refer to software that is commercially available and can be purchased and installed on a computer. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of these" as it encompasses all the mentioned types of software.

ATX is the correct answer because it is a motherboard form factor that uses one 20 pin connector. AT and BABY AT are older form factors that do not use a 20 pin connector. Therefore, the correct answer is ATX.

The most common logical topologies are bus and ring. In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single communication line, allowing data to be transmitted to all devices simultaneously. This topology is cost-effective and easy to install, but it can be prone to congestion and single point of failure. A ring topology, on the other hand, connects devices in a circular manner, with each device transmitting data to the next device until it reaches the intended recipient. This topology provides better performance and fault tolerance compared to the bus topology.

Secondary memory is also known as auxiliary memory because it provides additional storage capacity to the computer system. Unlike primary memory (such as RAM), which is volatile and temporary, secondary memory retains data even when the power is turned off. Examples of auxiliary memory include hard disk drives, solid-state drives, optical discs, and magnetic tapes. These devices allow for long-term storage of data and are typically slower in terms of access speed compared to primary memory. Therefore, the correct answer is auxiliary memory.

In the latest generation computers, the instructions are executed both sequentially and in parallel. This means that some instructions are executed one after the other in a sequential manner, while other instructions are executed simultaneously in parallel. This combination of sequential and parallel execution allows for faster processing and improved performance in modern computers.

NTP (Network Time Protocol) is a simple Application layer protocol used to synchronize the clocks of computers on a network. It allows computers to accurately maintain the same time by exchanging time information with each other. This is important for various network applications that require synchronized time, such as logging events, coordinating tasks, and ensuring accurate timestamps. NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) is used for distributing news articles, PING is used for network connectivity testing, and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used for mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses.

The correct answer is PCIe. PCIe stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, which is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard. It is the most popular expansion board NIC (Network Interface Card) today because it offers faster data transfer rates compared to other bus types like ISA or ExpressCard. PCIe provides better performance and scalability, making it the preferred choice for modern computers.

A laser printer is commonly used for desktop publishing because it offers high-quality and precise printing. It uses a laser beam to create an image on a drum, which is then transferred onto paper. Laser printers are known for their fast printing speed and ability to handle complex graphics and text. They are also capable of producing professional-looking documents with sharp and clear text. Due to these advantages, laser printers are widely preferred in the field of desktop publishing.

NICs, or Network Interface Cards, are hardware devices that allow computers to connect to a network. They contain a data transceiver, which is responsible for transmitting and receiving data signals. This transceiver enables the NIC to send and receive data packets over the network, allowing the computer to communicate with other devices on the network. Therefore, the correct answer is "data transceiver".

The term 10/100 in relation to a network interface card refers to the maximum speed at which data can be transmitted or received, measured in megabits per second. It indicates that the network interface card is capable of supporting both 10 Mbps (megabits per second) and 100 Mbps speeds. This means that the card can operate at either of these speeds depending on the capabilities of the network it is connected to.

The 1st computer instructions are available on boot up from the ROM BIOS. ROM BIOS stands for Read-Only Memory Basic Input/Output System, which is a firmware chip located on the motherboard. It contains the initial instructions that the computer needs to start up, including the Power-On Self Test (POST) and the initialization of hardware components. The ROM BIOS is responsible for loading the operating system from the boot device and handing over control to it.

The Memory Address Register (MAR) holds the address of the active memory location. It is used to specify the address of the memory location that needs to be accessed or modified. The MAR plays a crucial role in the fetch and store operations of a computer system. It allows the processor to communicate with the memory by providing the address of the data it wants to read or write.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is often used in a typical computer operation. It is a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly, meaning that any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is volatile, which means that its contents are lost when the computer is powered off or restarted. It is used to store data that is actively being used by the computer's operating system, software applications, and processes, providing fast and temporary storage for data that needs to be quickly accessed by the CPU.

Firmware refers to the programs that are permanently stored in ROM (Read-Only Memory). Unlike software, which can be modified or deleted, firmware remains unchanged and is essential for the functioning of hardware devices. It provides the necessary instructions and code for the device to operate correctly. Therefore, the correct answer is firmware.

A hub is a repeater with more than one output port. A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices in a network and broadcasts the data it receives to all connected devices. It does not analyze or filter the data, but simply repeats it to all connected devices. Therefore, a hub can have multiple output ports to accommodate the multiple devices connected to it. In contrast, a bridge, switch, and router are networking devices that perform more advanced functions such as filtering, forwarding, and routing data.

Switches and bridges implement the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to eliminate the possibility of a broadcast storm. STP prevents loops in a network by creating a loop-free logical topology. It does this by electing a root bridge and determining the best path to reach it from each switch or bridge. STP also establishes backup paths that can be activated if the primary path fails, ensuring network resilience and preventing excessive broadcast traffic.

When installing a new IDE hard drive, the first thing to check is the jumpers on the hard drive. Jumpers are small connectors that control various settings on the hard drive, including the master/slave configuration. If the jumpers are not set correctly, the system BIOS may not recognize the new drive. By checking the jumpers and ensuring they are set correctly, the system BIOS should be able to detect the new hard drive.

IEEE 1284 is the correct answer because it is the standard that governs parallel communications. RS232 and RS-232a are standards that govern serial communications, not parallel. CAT 5 is a standard for Ethernet cables, not parallel communications. Therefore, IEEE 1284 is the only option that aligns with the question.

RS-232 is a standard that applies to serial ports. Serial ports are used to connect devices such as modems, printers, and mice to a computer. RS-232 is a communication protocol that defines the electrical and functional characteristics of the serial port, allowing for the transmission of data in a serial manner, one bit at a time. This standard has been widely used in the past for serial communication, but has been largely replaced by newer standards such as USB.

In computers, data is typically stored in the form of files. Files are a collection of data that is organized and stored together under a specific name. They can contain various types of information such as text, images, videos, or any other digital content. Files allow users to access and manipulate the stored data easily. Directories, on the other hand, are used to organize and manage files, while floppies are a type of storage media that was commonly used in the past. The option "Matter" is not a correct answer as data is not physically stored as matter in computers.

Sony is the correct answer because they were one of the major contributors to the development of the floppy disk drive. In the late 1960s, Sony engineer Yoshiro Nakamatsu invented the 3.5-inch floppy disk, which became the standard size for floppy disks. Sony's advancements in magnetic storage technology and their collaboration with IBM in the 1980s played a significant role in popularizing floppy disk drives. While IBM also played a crucial role in the development of floppy disk drives, Sony's specific contributions make them the correct answer in this context.

Incorrect CMOS settings can cause a fixed disk error. The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) settings store important information about the computer's hardware configuration. If these settings are incorrect, it can lead to issues with the fixed disk, which is the computer's hard drive. This can result in errors and the inability to access or use the hard drive properly. Therefore, ensuring that the CMOS settings are correctly configured is crucial to avoid fixed disk errors.

A collision domain is the portion of a network where collisions occur if two nodes transmit data at the same time. This means that if two or more devices try to send data simultaneously, their signals will collide and result in data loss or corruption. In a collision domain, devices share the same network segment and compete for the available bandwidth. This is typically seen in Ethernet networks where devices are connected to a hub or a shared medium, as opposed to a switch where each port has its own collision domain.

Nortel is a company that specializes in manufacturing network equipment. This includes routers, switches, and other devices that are used to create and maintain computer networks. Network equipment is essential for organizations to establish and manage their communication infrastructure. It enables the transfer of data, voice, and video between devices and ensures the smooth functioning of networks. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that Nortel manufactures network equipment based on its expertise and industry reputation.

Traditional switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model. The data link layer is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between adjacent network nodes. Switches at this layer use MAC addresses to forward data packets within a local area network (LAN). They examine the destination MAC address in the incoming packet and forward it to the appropriate port based on the MAC address table. By operating at the data link layer, switches can efficiently manage network traffic and improve network performance.

The 34-pin connection on an I/O card is for a floppy drive. Floppy drives used to be a common storage medium for computers, and the 34-pin connection was specifically designed to connect the floppy drive to the I/O card. This connection allowed the computer to communicate with the floppy drive and access the data stored on floppy disks. However, with the advancement of technology, floppy drives have become obsolete and are rarely used in modern computers.

Gateways are combinations of networking hardware and software that connect two dissimilar kinds of networks. They are responsible for translating data between different network protocols or formats, allowing communication between networks that use different technologies. Gateways are often used to connect local area networks (LANs) to wide area networks (WANs) or to connect networks using different protocols, such as connecting an Ethernet network to an internet-based network.

A physical topology depicts a network in broad scope by showing the physical arrangement of devices, cables, and connections. It provides a high-level overview of how devices are interconnected and the overall structure of the network. This can include the placement of routers, switches, and other network equipment, as well as the physical layout of cables and connections between devices. By visualizing the physical topology, network administrators can better understand the overall design and layout of the network.

When data is entered into a memory location, it will erase the previous content. This means that the new data will replace whatever was previously stored in that memory location.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) hard drives provide the fastest access to large video files. SCSI is a high-performance interface that allows for faster data transfer rates compared to other options like IDE or EIDE hard drives. This makes SCSI drives ideal for handling large video files, which require quick access and retrieval. Additionally, SCSI drives are designed for multitasking and can handle multiple requests simultaneously, further enhancing their performance when dealing with large video files.

Assembly language programs are the software used to drive microprocessor-based systems. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular processor architecture. It uses mnemonic codes and symbols to represent the machine instructions, making it easier for programmers to understand and write code for the microprocessor. Assembly language programs are converted into machine code through an assembler, which can then be executed by the microprocessor. Firmware refers to software that is embedded in hardware devices, BASIC interpreter instructions are used for high-level programming languages, and flowchart instructions are graphical representations of algorithms.

The index hole is a feature found on floppy disks. It is a small hole located near the edge of the disk that is used to detect the start of each track on the disk. When the disk is inserted into a floppy disk drive, a sensor detects the index hole and uses it as a reference point to determine the position of the read/write head. This allows the drive to accurately read and write data to the correct location on the disk. Therefore, the index hole is specifically related to floppy disks.

A router is a multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network. Unlike a switch or bridge, a router operates at the network layer of the OSI model and can make intelligent decisions about where to send data packets based on their destination IP addresses. A router can connect multiple networks together and determine the best path for data to travel, ensuring efficient and reliable communication between nodes. A gateway, on the other hand, is a device that connects different types of networks together, such as a local area network (LAN) and the internet.

A source program is a program that is written in a high-level programming language and is intended to be translated or compiled into machine language. It is the original code that a programmer writes, which is then processed by a compiler or interpreter to generate the machine code that can be executed by a computer.

Acer is a personal computer manufacturer from Taiwan. Sony is a Japanese company, IBM is an American company, and Samsung is a South Korean company. Therefore, Acer is the only option that fits the given criteria.

The correct answer is IP. IP (Internet Protocol) is the sub protocol that enables TCP/IP to internetwork, allowing it to traverse multiple LAN segments and different types of networks through a router. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols used for communication over the internet, and IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data across different networks. It ensures that data is delivered to the correct destination by breaking it into packets and adding IP addresses to each packet.

A microcomputer is formed by the combination of a microprocessor unit, a memory unit, and an input/output unit. The microprocessor unit is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations, while the memory unit stores data and instructions. The input/output unit allows the microcomputer to interact with external devices such as keyboards, printers, and displays. Therefore, a microcomputer is the correct answer as it encompasses all three components working together to form a complete computing system.

The units used to count the speed of a printer are not typically measured in bits (BIT). Instead, printers are usually measured in terms of characters per minute (CPM), dots per inch (DPI), or pages per minute (PPM). Therefore, BIT is not the correct answer.