Psychology: Chapter 2 Brain And Behavior

1. What are two different parts of the neurons and what are their primary functions?

Neurotransmitters- Chemical messengers between neurons. Axon terminal- Releases neurotransmitters into synapses.

Axon- Sends signals to other neurons. Myelin sheath- Provides insulation for the axon.

Synapse- Where neurotransmitters are released. Nucleus- Contains genetic material for the neuron.

Dendrites- Recieve signals from other neurons then send them to cell bodyCell body (aka soma)- Cells life support. Recieves info from dendrites/ other neurons and integrates it

Neurons consist of various parts with distinct functions. Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body, also known as soma, which is responsible for integrating information. The incorrect answers provided either misrepresent the functions of the neuron components or introduce unrelated terms.

Explanation

Neurons consist of various parts with distinct functions. Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body, also known as soma, which is responsible for integrating information. The incorrect answers provided either misrepresent the functions of the neuron components or introduce unrelated terms.

2. What is a neuron?

Base building block of the nervous system that convey info to different parts of the NS and activiate muscles and glands

A type of bone marrow cell responsible for producing red blood cells.

A type of plant found in tropical rainforests.

A type of virus that attacks the immune system.

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system, not related to bone marrow cells, viruses, or plants.

Explanation

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system, not related to bone marrow cells, viruses, or plants.

3. What are two different parts of the neurons and their primary functions?

Axon- Info flows down axon in form of electricalAxon terminals- contains neuro transmitters that carry messages to muscles, glands and other neurons

Cell body - houses the nucleus and regulates cell functions. Myelin sheath - protects the neuron and speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses.

Soma - functions as the powerhouse of the neuron by generating energy. Nucleus - maintains the structure and function of the neuron by coordinating cellular activities.

Dendrites - store information gathered from other neurons. Synapse - protects the neuron from external damage.

Neurons are composed of various distinct parts, each serving specific functions in the communication and transmission of signals within the nervous system. The axon and axon terminals play crucial roles in transmitting information between neurons and other cells, while dendrites, synapses, cell bodies, myelin sheaths, somas, and nuclei contribute to other essential functions within the structure and functioning of neurons.

Explanation

Neurons are composed of various distinct parts, each serving specific functions in the communication and transmission of signals within the nervous system. The axon and axon terminals play crucial roles in transmitting information between neurons and other cells, while dendrites, synapses, cell bodies, myelin sheaths, somas, and nuclei contribute to other essential functions within the structure and functioning of neurons.

4. What are glial cells and what are their functions?

Produce neurotransmitters

Provide neurons nourshimentHold neurons in placeIsolate brain from toxinsForm Myelin sheath

Control muscle movement

Release hormones

Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that perform various functions to support the proper functioning of neurons. The correct functions of glial cells include providing nourishment to neurons, holding neurons in place, isolating the brain from toxins, and forming the myelin sheath to insulate neurons.

Explanation

Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that perform various functions to support the proper functioning of neurons. The correct functions of glial cells include providing nourishment to neurons, holding neurons in place, isolating the brain from toxins, and forming the myelin sheath to insulate neurons.

5. What roles do the resting potential, action potential, and negative after potential play in the nerve impulse?

Resting potential= The highest electrical charge a neuron can reach. Messages from other neurons will increase resting potential. Action potential= A decrease in electrical current within a neuron. Negative after potential= When a cell is primed for rapid firing.

Resting potential= The absence of electrical charge in a neuron. Messages from other neurons will not impact resting potential. Action potential= The momentary pause in electrical activity in a neuron. Negative after potential= When a cell is at its maximum firing potential.

Resting potential= The electrical charge of an inactive neuron. Messages from other neurons will raise or lower resting potentialAction potential= Electrical current that is sent down an axonNegative after potential- When a cell drops below resting potential and is less likely to fire

Resting potential= The electrical charge of an active neuron. Messages from other neurons will have no effect on resting potential. Action potential= Absence of electrical current in the neuron Negative after potential= When a cell is more likely to fire.

The resting potential is the electrical charge of an inactive neuron and can be raised or lowered by messages from other neurons. The action potential is the electrical current sent down an axon, while the negative after potential occurs when a cell drops below resting potential and is less likely to fire.

Explanation

The resting potential is the electrical charge of an inactive neuron and can be raised or lowered by messages from other neurons. The action potential is the electrical current sent down an axon, while the negative after potential occurs when a cell drops below resting potential and is less likely to fire.

6. What is a synapse?

A protein found in cell membranes that helps maintain cell structure.

A type of neurotransmitter that helps transmit signals within a neuron.

Gap between neurons and muscles in which one in which one neuron realses a chemical that excites or inhibits the next neuron

A type of brain surgery commonly used to treat epilepsy.

A synapse is the gap between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell where chemical signals are transmitted from one cell to the next to facilitate communication in the nervous system.

Explanation

A synapse is the gap between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell where chemical signals are transmitted from one cell to the next to facilitate communication in the nervous system.

7. What are neurotransmitters and how do they affect the postsynaptic neuron?

Hormones released by muscles that affect the presynaptic neuron.

Neurotransmitters are enzymes that break down neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron.

Electrical signals released by glial cells that affect neighboring neurons.

Chemical realeased by neuron that affects other neuronspostsynaptic neuron???

Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by neurons that play a crucial role in communication between neurons. They travel across the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, either exciting or inhibiting it. This process is essential for transmitting signals throughout the nervous system.

Explanation

Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by neurons that play a crucial role in communication between neurons. They travel across the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, either exciting or inhibiting it. This process is essential for transmitting signals throughout the nervous system.

8. What are endorphins and how do they affect the body?

Endorphins are produced by the pancreas and spleen, helping regulate blood sugar levels.

Produced by piutary gland and hypothalanks. they are the bodies nautral opitates that are realeased in response to pain and excerise

Endorphins are synthetic hormones that are injected into the body to reduce stress and anxiety.

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that are only released during sleep to promote relaxation and restorative functions.

Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and act as the body's natural opiates, being released in response to pain and exercise to help alleviate discomfort and promote a sense of well-being.

Explanation

Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus and act as the body's natural opiates, being released in response to pain and exercise to help alleviate discomfort and promote a sense of well-being.

9. How do drugs alter Neurotransmitters?

They have no impact on Neurotransmitters.

They degrade the Neurotransmitters.

Agonists- Work by miciming the effects of NTAntagonists- Work by blocking the NTs

They increase the production of Neurotransmitters.

Drugs can either mimic the effects of neurotransmitters (agonists) or block the actions of neurotransmitters (antagonists) to alter their function.

Explanation

Drugs can either mimic the effects of neurotransmitters (agonists) or block the actions of neurotransmitters (antagonists) to alter their function.

10. What are the major divisions of the nervous system and what are their functions?

Central nervous system- Brain and spinal cordsPeripheral nervous system- can be divided into two major partsSomatic- Carries messages to and fro the sense organ, controls voluntary behaviorAutonimac- controls internal organs and glands Sympathetic- emergency Parashypathetic- quiets the body and returns it to lower arsoul

Central nervous system- Heart and lungs, Peripheral nervous system- Eyes and ears

Central nervous system- Stomach and intestines, Peripheral nervous system- Legs and arms

Central nervous system- Liver and kidneys, Peripheral nervous system- Automobile and motorcycle

The correct answer outlines the accurate major divisions of the nervous system, their components, and functions. The incorrect answers provide absurd or entirely unrelated divisions and functions, making them clearly incorrect choices.

Explanation

The correct answer outlines the accurate major divisions of the nervous system, their components, and functions. The incorrect answers provide absurd or entirely unrelated divisions and functions, making them clearly incorrect choices.

11. What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Parasympathetic system activates body resources during emergencies while the sympathetic system calms us down after an emergency.

Sympathetic system controls normal body functions while the parasympathetic system responds to emergencies.

Sympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest functions while parasympathetic system is responsible for fight or flight response.

Sympathetic system- Responds to emergencies by activiating body resources (aka fight or flight response)Parasympathetic- Controls the normal operations of the body, calms us down after an emergency

12. What four structures make up the hindbrain and what are their functions?

Hippocampus- Responsible for memory formation and emotion regulation

Frontal lobe- Responsible for decision making and personality

Thalamus- Relay station for sensory information

Medulla- Controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, coughing and swallowingPons- Important for muscle controlReticualr formation- Plays important role in arousal and attention, screens messages entering brainCerebellum- Imporant in motor control. Contributes to motor cordinanation and timing, posture involved in basic learning

The hindbrain consists of the medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum, each with their specific functions related to vital bodily functions and motor control.

Explanation

The hindbrain consists of the medulla, pons, reticular formation, and cerebellum, each with their specific functions related to vital bodily functions and motor control.

13. Function of the midbrain?

Responsible for forming memories and emotions

Controls motor functions and movement

Involved in some sensory reflexes and helps regulate brain arousal

Regulates heartbeat and breathing

The midbrain is primarily involved in sensory reflexes and regulating brain arousal, other functions mentioned in incorrect answers are often associated with other parts of the brain such as the hippocampus for forming memories and emotions, the cerebellum for motor functions, and the brainstem for regulating heartbeat and breathing.

Explanation

The midbrain is primarily involved in sensory reflexes and regulating brain arousal, other functions mentioned in incorrect answers are often associated with other parts of the brain such as the hippocampus for forming memories and emotions, the cerebellum for motor functions, and the brainstem for regulating heartbeat and breathing.

14. What are the subcortical structures of the forebrain, their functions, and the consequences of damage? hint: there are five.

Frontal lobe- responsible for decision making and problem-solving, damage can result in personality changes and impaired judgment.

Cerebellum- responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, if damaged can lead to loss of motor coordination.

Thalmus- a final switching station for sensory messages on their way to the cortex. Vison hearing taste and touch all pass through. (if damaged you can lose every sense expect smell)Hypothalalmus- Master control center of emotion. crossroads that connects many areas of the brain. (regulates emotions, body temp, sensations of pleasure)Limbic system- Regulates emotionamygadala- influences rage, agression and fearHippocampus- Involved in memory formation

Brainstem- controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, damage can lead to coma or death.

The correct answer includes the functions and consequences of damage to the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus within the forebrain. The incorrect answers provide details about other brain structures and their functions, illustrating the importance of understanding the specific roles of subcortical structures in brain function.

Explanation

The correct answer includes the functions and consequences of damage to the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus within the forebrain. The incorrect answers provide details about other brain structures and their functions, illustrating the importance of understanding the specific roles of subcortical structures in brain function.

15. What are the four principles of cortical organization?

Functioal specialization- Different areas of the cortex serve different functionsTopograhpic organization- Sensory and motor areas are organized so that adjacent neurons recieve inputContraleral connections- Each hemisphere is respnonsible for the sensory motor control for the opposite side of the bodyAssysmetry of higher function- 2 hemisphers have slightly different functions

Lateralization of functions, Hemispheric dominance, Bilateral organization

The four principles of cortical organization are Functional specialization, Topographic organization, Contralateral connections, and Asymmetry of higher function. Lateralization of functions, Hemispheric dominance, and Bilateral organization are not the correct principles of cortical organization.

Explanation

The four principles of cortical organization are Functional specialization, Topographic organization, Contralateral connections, and Asymmetry of higher function. Lateralization of functions, Hemispheric dominance, and Bilateral organization are not the correct principles of cortical organization.

16. What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Frontal Lobe- working memoryPartetal lobe- Processes info about body's safe touchOccipital lobe- Processes visual infoTemporal lobe- Procceses auiditory info

2. Frontal Lobe - Processes auditory info, Parietal lobe - working memory, Occipital lobe - Processes visual info, Temporal lobe - Processes info about body's safe touch.

3. Frontal Lobe - Processes auditory info, Parietal lobe - Processes info about body's safe touch, Occipital lobe - working memory, Temporal lobe - Processes visual info.

1. Frontal Lobe - Processes visual info, Parietal lobe - Processes auditory info, Occipital lobe - Processes info about body's safe touch, Temporal lobe - working memory.

The correct answer outlines the specific functions of each lobe of the cerebral cortex, showing how they are associated with working memory, processing tactile information, visual information, and auditory information respectively. The incorrect answers provided mix up these functions in a way that does not accurately represent the roles of each lobe.

Explanation

The correct answer outlines the specific functions of each lobe of the cerebral cortex, showing how they are associated with working memory, processing tactile information, visual information, and auditory information respectively. The incorrect answers provided mix up these functions in a way that does not accurately represent the roles of each lobe.

17. What are two specific things that can happen when different areas of the cortex are damaged?

Memory loss - Inability to recall past events

Visual agnosias- Set of disorders where patients cant interpret visual infoProsopagnosia- Inability to recognize faces

Motor skill impairment - Loss of ability to coordinate muscle movements

Auditory hallucinations - Hearing voices that aren't there

Damage to different areas of the cortex can lead to various neurological disorders affecting cognition, perception, and other functions. The correct answer discusses specific impairments related to visual recognition and face perception.

Explanation

Damage to different areas of the cortex can lead to various neurological disorders affecting cognition, perception, and other functions. The correct answer discusses specific impairments related to visual recognition and face perception.