National Counselor Exam Prep: Key Theories in Counseling

1. What is the focus of Kohlberg's theory?

Kohlberg - Physical development.

Kohlberg - Social and moral development

Kohlberg - Cognitive development.

Kohlberg - Emotional development.

Kohlberg's theory specifically addresses the stages of social and moral development in individuals, not cognitive, emotional, or physical development.

Explanation

Kohlberg's theory specifically addresses the stages of social and moral development in individuals, not cognitive, emotional, or physical development.

2. What concept did Piaget primarily study in his theories of cognitive development?

Defense Mechanisms

Learning Styles

Operant Conditioning

Socialization

Piaget is most famous for his work on cognitive development, specifically his stages of development and the ways in which children learn and understand the world. Defense Mechanisms are more closely associated with Freudian psychology than Piaget's work.

Explanation

Piaget is most famous for his work on cognitive development, specifically his stages of development and the ways in which children learn and understand the world. Defense Mechanisms are more closely associated with Freudian psychology than Piaget's work.

3. Which psychologist is best known for the Psychoanalytic Theories that involve Biological factors drive development, individual striving to channel and control these drives, personality characteristics appearing in childhood, and characteristics being stable over time?

Alfred Adler

Sigmund Freud Unconscious/Conscious/Preconscious;Psychosexual Stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital;Id/Ego/Superego;Defense Mechanisms

Carl Jung

Karen Horney

Sigmund Freud is best known for his contributions to psychoanalytic theories, including concepts such as Unconscious/Conscious/Preconscious, Psychosexual Stages, Id/Ego/Superego, and Defense Mechanisms.

Explanation

Sigmund Freud is best known for his contributions to psychoanalytic theories, including concepts such as Unconscious/Conscious/Preconscious, Psychosexual Stages, Id/Ego/Superego, and Defense Mechanisms.

4. Compare and contrast of Carl Jung's Analytical psychology and Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development and Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory

Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity and Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion

Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis and B.F. Skinner's Behaviorism

5. Who stressed Dynamism (power of self) affected by outside expectations and provided a path to overcome a sense of helplessness?

Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Erik Erikson

Harry Stack Sullivan focused on interpersonal relationships and the power of self in overcoming helplessness, which aligns with the concepts mentioned in the question.

Explanation

Harry Stack Sullivan focused on interpersonal relationships and the power of self in overcoming helplessness, which aligns with the concepts mentioned in the question.

6. Which psychologist is known for his theory on Ego Identity, Identity Crisis, and the 8 Psychosocial Stages?

Albert Bandura

Carl Jung

Sigmund Freud

Erik Erikson is known for his work on Ego Identity, which involves the balance of what 'one feels one is and what others take one to be'. He also introduced the concept of 'Identity Crisis' which occurs when an individual is unable to integrate all previous roles into a single self-concept, along with the 8 Psychosocial Stages.

Explanation

Erik Erikson is known for his work on Ego Identity, which involves the balance of what 'one feels one is and what others take one to be'. He also introduced the concept of 'Identity Crisis' which occurs when an individual is unable to integrate all previous roles into a single self-concept, along with the 8 Psychosocial Stages.

7. Arthur Chickering observed college students and established 7 dimensions (vectors) that they go through during Erikson's identity stage. Which theory is associated with these 7 vectors?

Erikson's stages

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Piaget's stages

Arthur Chickering's theory of the 7 vectors aligns with the stages of development proposed by Erikson, not with the other listed theories.

Explanation

Arthur Chickering's theory of the 7 vectors aligns with the stages of development proposed by Erikson, not with the other listed theories.

8. What is the definition of MODE in statistics?

Variance - a measure of how spread out a set of data points is around the mean.

Range - the difference between the highest and lowest values in a given data set.

The correct answer defines the concept of Median, which is the center value in a dataset. The incorrect answers describe Mean, Range, and Variance, which are different statistical measures than the mode.

Explanation

The correct answer defines the concept of Median, which is the center value in a dataset. The incorrect answers describe Mean, Range, and Variance, which are different statistical measures than the mode.

9. What is variance?

Standard Deviation - a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

Median - the middle value when a data set is ordered from least to greatest.

The correct answer defines variance as the measure of how spread out a distribution is, computed using squared deviations from the mean. The incorrect answers include definitions of mean, standard deviation, and median for comparison.

Explanation

The correct answer defines variance as the measure of how spread out a distribution is, computed using squared deviations from the mean. The incorrect answers include definitions of mean, standard deviation, and median for comparison.

10. Which statistical test is used to compare observed frequencies to expected frequencies, such as distribution of sex and voting behavior?

ANOVA

ANCOVA

T-Test

Chi Square is the correct answer as it is specifically designed to compare observed frequencies to expected frequencies, making it suitable for questions about group differences in categorical data.

Explanation

Chi Square is the correct answer as it is specifically designed to compare observed frequencies to expected frequencies, making it suitable for questions about group differences in categorical data.

11. What are parametric tests?

Parametric tests are only applicable when dealing with qualitative data, not quantitative data.

Parametric tests are used to determine causality in relationships between variables.

Parametric tests are statistical tests that make certain assumptions about the population distribution, such as normality, and are typically used with quantitative data. Non-parametric tests, on the other hand, do not make such distributional assumptions and are used when the data is not normally distributed.

Explanation

Parametric tests are statistical tests that make certain assumptions about the population distribution, such as normality, and are typically used with quantitative data. Non-parametric tests, on the other hand, do not make such distributional assumptions and are used when the data is not normally distributed.