Kingdom Plantae (intro To Plants)-(unit 4)

1. What are the general characteristics of plants in terms of cells, description, habitat, and methods of obtaining nutrients?

Unicellular prokaryotes without any specific form, mostly found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, obtaining nutrients through chemosynthesis as chemoautotrophs.

Unicellular eukaryotes with intricate structures but lack cell specialization, mostly found in caves, obtaining nutrients by trapping and ingesting small organisms as predators.

Multicellular prokaryotes with simple structures and limited cell specialization, mostly found in Arctic regions, obtaining nutrients by absorbing organic matter from the environment as heterotrophs.

Multicellular eukaryotesComplex bodies with extensive specialization of cellsMostly terrestrialPhotoautotrophs (almost all)Exception: Monotropa Uniflora

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with complex bodies and extensive specialization of cells that are mostly terrestrial and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis as photoautotrophs. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the general characteristics of plants.

Explanation

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with complex bodies and extensive specialization of cells that are mostly terrestrial and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis as photoautotrophs. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the general characteristics of plants.

2. When does the oldest evidence of plants date back to?

~700 MYA

~300 MYA

~600 MYA

~470 MYA

The correct answer is ~470 MYA, which stands for million years ago. This timeframe aligns with the earliest signs of plant life on Earth based on fossil records.

Explanation

The correct answer is ~470 MYA, which stands for million years ago. This timeframe aligns with the earliest signs of plant life on Earth based on fossil records.

3. What group are plants most closely related to? What is the evidence of this close relationship?

Fungi - formation of chitin-rich cell walls and absence of phragmoplast during cytokinesis

Bacteria - lack of cellulose-rich cell walls and DNA sequence similarities

Animals - lack of plasmodesmata intercellular connections and presence of different DNA sequences

Green Algae (Charophycean algae) Formation of a "phragmoplast" during cytokinesisPlasmodesmata (distinctive intercellular connections)Cellulose-rich cell wallsDNA sequence similarities

4. Without looking at the picture, go through the concept map naming all of the phylums in the following: Non-vascular plants, Seedless plants, Seed plants?

Mammalia, Avialae, Arthropoda

Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia

Hopefully you only looked here to check your work..

Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes

The question specifically asks for phylums within the plant kingdom, so options mentioning animal classes or plant divisions that are not phylums are incorrect.

Explanation

The question specifically asks for phylums within the plant kingdom, so options mentioning animal classes or plant divisions that are not phylums are incorrect.

5. When did the first land plants emerge?

~200 MYA

~750 MYA

~470 MYA

~1.2 BYA

Land plants are believed to have first emerged around 470 million years ago, marking a significant milestone in the history of life on Earth. The other options provided do not align with the generally accepted timeline of the first land plants.

Explanation

Land plants are believed to have first emerged around 470 million years ago, marking a significant milestone in the history of life on Earth. The other options provided do not align with the generally accepted timeline of the first land plants.

6. When did the first vascular plants appear?

~100 MYA

~400 MYA

~700 MYA

~2000 MYA

Vascular plants first appeared approximately 400 million years ago during the Silurian Period. This marked a significant evolutionary milestone as they were the first plants to have specialized vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.

Explanation

Vascular plants first appeared approximately 400 million years ago during the Silurian Period. This marked a significant evolutionary milestone as they were the first plants to have specialized vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients.

7. When did the first seed plants appear?

~200 MYA

~1000 MYA

~500 MYA

~360 MYA

The correct answer is ~360 MYA. Seed plants first appeared approximately 360 million years ago during the late Devonian period.

Explanation

The correct answer is ~360 MYA. Seed plants first appeared approximately 360 million years ago during the late Devonian period.

8. When did the first flowering plants appear on Earth?

500 MYA

65 MYA

1 billion years ago

~120 MYA

Flowering plants first appeared around 120 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, not 500 million years ago or 1 billion years ago. Additionally, 65 million years ago marks the mass extinction that led to the demise of the dinosaurs, which is not when the first flowering plants appeared.

Explanation

Flowering plants first appeared around 120 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, not 500 million years ago or 1 billion years ago. Additionally, 65 million years ago marks the mass extinction that led to the demise of the dinosaurs, which is not when the first flowering plants appeared.

9. What are some challenges with living on land?

Desiccation-loss of waterExposure to elevated UV radiation levelsAerial parts not in direct contact with water/nutrientsSupport for body

Unlimited access to water and nutrients

Complete protection from UV radiation

No need for external support

Living on land presents several challenges for organisms due to the lack of constant access to water and nutrients, exposure to harmful UV radiation, and the need for structural support to maintain their body shape.

Explanation

Living on land presents several challenges for organisms due to the lack of constant access to water and nutrients, exposure to harmful UV radiation, and the need for structural support to maintain their body shape.

10. What are three adaptations for living on land?

Ability to perform photosynthesis underwater

Presence of gills for respiration

Dependence on external water for reproduction

Alternation of generations with multicellular embryoProduction of sporopollenin-walled spores inside of sporangiaProduction of gametes inside a multiceulluar

Living on land poses unique challenges that organisms must adapt to. Adaptations such as alternation of generations, production of spores, and internal gamete production are essential for survival in a terrestrial environment, unlike having gills, photosynthesizing underwater, or relying on external water for reproduction.

Explanation

Living on land poses unique challenges that organisms must adapt to. Adaptations such as alternation of generations, production of spores, and internal gamete production are essential for survival in a terrestrial environment, unlike having gills, photosynthesizing underwater, or relying on external water for reproduction.

11. There are 13 Phyla in the Kingdom Plantae. Organize and name what groups they break up into (4), and how many are in each group:

Non-vascular plants (3)Seedless vascular plants (4)Seed-producing vascular plants (5)seed-and-fruit-producing flowering plants (1)

Non-vascular plants (2)Seedless vascular plants (5)Seed-producing vascular plants (4)seed-and-fruit-producing flowering plants (2)

Non-vascular plants (5)Seedless vascular plants (3)Seed-producing vascular plants (3)seed-and-fruit-producing flowering plants (2)

Non-vascular plants (4)Seedless vascular plants (3)Seed-producing vascular plants (2)seed-and-fruit-producing flowering plants (4)

The correct classification of the 13 Phyla in the Kingdom Plantae is based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and the method of reproduction, leading to the four groups mentioned in the correct answer.

Explanation

The correct classification of the 13 Phyla in the Kingdom Plantae is based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and the method of reproduction, leading to the four groups mentioned in the correct answer.

12. Which of the following are examples of non-vascular plants?

Algae, Seaweed, Seagrasses

BryophytesExamples:MossesLiverwortsHornworts

Cacti, Succulents, Orchids

Ferns, Conifers, Flowering plants

Non-vascular plants do not have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients, unlike vascular plants which do. Examples of non-vascular plants include bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Explanation

Non-vascular plants do not have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients, unlike vascular plants which do. Examples of non-vascular plants include bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

13. Which plant is believed to be the first to land on Earth?

Algae

Mosses

Liverworts

Ferns

Liverworts are non-vascular plants that are considered to be one of the earliest land plants to have evolved. They belong to the group of bryophytes along with mosses, but liverworts are believed to have appeared on land first.

Explanation

Liverworts are non-vascular plants that are considered to be one of the earliest land plants to have evolved. They belong to the group of bryophytes along with mosses, but liverworts are believed to have appeared on land first.

14. Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants:

LycophytesFernsHorntailsWhisk Ferns

Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, Gymnosperms

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are examples of non-vascular plants, while Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants with naked seeds.

Explanation

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are examples of non-vascular plants, while Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants with naked seeds.

15. Examples of Seed Plants:

"Gymnosperms"ConifersCyadsRedwoodsGinkoGnetophytesAngiospermsHave flowers and fruit

Algae

Mosses

Ferns

Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms, which are known for producing seeds. Ferns, mosses, and algae are examples of non-seed producing plants.

Explanation

Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms, which are known for producing seeds. Ferns, mosses, and algae are examples of non-seed producing plants.

16. What do sporophytes produce?

Spores

Leaves

Seeds

Fruits

Sporophytes are plants that produce spores through meiosis, which are reproductive cells that can develop into new plants.

Explanation

Sporophytes are plants that produce spores through meiosis, which are reproductive cells that can develop into new plants.

17. What do gametophytes produce?

Gametes

Seeds

Pollen

Spores

Gametophytes are the phase in the life cycle of plants where gametes are produced for sexual reproduction. Spores are produced by sporophytes, seeds are produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms, and pollen is responsible for the transfer of male gametes in seed plants.

Explanation

Gametophytes are the phase in the life cycle of plants where gametes are produced for sexual reproduction. Spores are produced by sporophytes, seeds are produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms, and pollen is responsible for the transfer of male gametes in seed plants.

18. Which phase is dominant in bryophyta?

Sporophyte phase (Short-lived and consists of fewer cells)

Gametophyte phase (Consists of many cells and is long-lived)

Rhizoid phase (Root-like structure for anchorage)

Zygote phase (Transitional phase between gametophyte and sporophyte)

In bryophyta, the gametophyte phase is the dominant phase as it is long-lived and consists of many cells. This phase is responsible for producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

Explanation

In bryophyta, the gametophyte phase is the dominant phase as it is long-lived and consists of many cells. This phase is responsible for producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

19. Which phase is dominant in flowering plants?

Rhizome phase (underground stem structure)

Gametophyte phase (dominant phase in mosses and ferns)

Xylem phase (responsible for water transport in plants)

Sporophyte phase (Gametophyte stage only consists of 3-7 cells and is short-lived)

In flowering plants, the sporophyte phase is dominant as it represents the main multicellular stage of the plant life cycle, producing spores through meiosis for reproduction. The gametophyte stage is relatively small and short-lived in comparison.

Explanation

In flowering plants, the sporophyte phase is dominant as it represents the main multicellular stage of the plant life cycle, producing spores through meiosis for reproduction. The gametophyte stage is relatively small and short-lived in comparison.

20. What method of reproduction produces gametes in plants?

Mitosis

Binary Fission

Budding

Meiosis is the process by which gametes, such as pollen and eggs, are produced in plants. It involves two rounds of cell division to create haploid cells.

Explanation

Meiosis is the process by which gametes, such as pollen and eggs, are produced in plants. It involves two rounds of cell division to create haploid cells.

21. Plants are 'oogamous'. What does that mean?

They have a large non-motile egg and a smaller motile sperm

They have two motile gametes.

They have a large motile egg and a smaller non-motile sperm.

They have only one type of gamete.

In oogamy, plants have a large non-motile egg and a smaller motile sperm for fertilization, which is different from the other options provided.

Explanation

In oogamy, plants have a large non-motile egg and a smaller motile sperm for fertilization, which is different from the other options provided.

22. What are the five steps in the alteration of generations of land plants, starting at sporophyte and going clockwise?

Sporophyte produces spores by mitosis, spores are diploid, spores germinate and divide by meiosis, develops into unicellular, diploid gametophytes, gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis.

Sporophyte produces spores by meiosisSpores are haploidSpores germinate and divide by mitosisDevelops into multicellular, haploid gametophytesGametophytes produce gametes by mitosisGametophyte= haploid; multicellularGametes= haploid; unicellularTwo gametes unite during fertilizationForms a diploid zygoteZygote divides through mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte

Sporophyte produces gametes by mitosis, gametes are diploid, gametes unite during fertilization, forms a triploid zygote, zygote divides through meiosis.

Sporophyte produces seeds by mitosis, seeds are diploid, seeds germinate and divide by meiosis, develops into multicellular, diploid spores, spores produce gametes by meiosis.

23. Seeds are ________ cellular structures that develop into ________.

MulticellularSporophytes

Photosynthetic Plantlets

Fungal Mycorrhizae

Single-celled Gametophytes

Seeds are actually multicellular structures that develop into sporophytes, which are the diploid phase in the life cycle of plants. Single-celled gametophytes and photosynthetic plantlets are not accurate descriptions of seeds. Fungal mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, unrelated to seed development.

Explanation

Seeds are actually multicellular structures that develop into sporophytes, which are the diploid phase in the life cycle of plants. Single-celled gametophytes and photosynthetic plantlets are not accurate descriptions of seeds. Fungal mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, unrelated to seed development.