Can You Describe Various Forensic Experiments Quiz

Reddish color lividity typically indicates exposure to cold, carbon monoxide, or cyanide poisoning as the correct answer. Dehydration, sunburn, and allergic reactions do not generally cause reddish color lividity.

Lividity refers to the discolouration of the skin due to the pooling of blood in the body after death. Brown lividity specifically indicates nitrate or other poisoning, as the chemicals in the body react with the hemoglobin and cause it to turn brown. It is important to identify the cause of lividity to determine the possible cause of death.

Bluish color lividity indicates that red blood cells in the body have given up their oxygen, causing the discoloration.

Rigor mortis is affected by a variety of factors such as internal and external temperatures, and the condition of the body like diseases or advanced cancer. Time of death, blood alcohol level, and clothing at time of death do not directly affect rigor mortis.

Rigor mortis is a postmortem process that causes stiffness in the muscles of the body. The correct way to overcome rigor mortis is by forcefully bending or breaking the extremity, as it helps relax the muscles.

When a body is found in water, one of the common processes that occurs is the transformation of fat beneath the skin into a waxy material called adipocere. This process is known as saponification and is a result of certain bacteria breaking down the fat in anaerobic conditions.

Insects are attracted to the moisture and warmth found in the nose, mouth, vagina, and anus of a decomposing body for egg laying.

Genotype refers to the specific set of genes an organism carries, whereas phenotype is the physical expression of those genes. Allele refers to different forms of a gene. Chromosome is a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

The correct substance found in a pattern injury caused by a bite mark to confirm saliva presence is Amylase, an enzyme present in saliva. DNA, Hemoglobin, and Lipase are not directly linked to confirming saliva presence in such cases.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was the first DNA test discovered by Sir Alec Jefferys in 1984, allowing for DNA fingerprints to be created by comparing the lengths of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Gel Electrophoresis, and Western Blot are other common DNA analysis techniques but were not the first ones invented by Sir Alec Jefferys in 1984.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a single or a few copies of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

The correct answer highlights the importance of finding an enzyme that can withstand the necessary heat for DNA replication in the PCR technique.

PCR utilizes a thermal-stable enzyme from the thermophillic bacteria Thermus aquaticus because it can withstand the high temperatures needed for DNA amplification without becoming denatured.

The main limiting factor in PCR is often contamination when amplifying tiny samples, as even a small amount of external DNA can skew the results.

The correct answer is Amelogenin, as it is the specific gene used in Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis to determine the gender of an individual. PCR and Electrophoresis are techniques used in genetic testing but not specific to gender determination. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells and is unrelated to gender testing.

The STR test is known for being automated, color coded, rapid, and computerized, allowing for efficient and accurate analysis.

Fluorescent dyes are used in STR testing to distinguish alleles with similar sizes by labeling each fragment with a different dye color, enabling their differentiation during the analysis process.

Forensic toxicology mainly focuses on analyzing substances in the human body or in other materials to determine their potential harm or involvement in a crime. The three areas covered by forensic toxicology include postmortem drug testing to identify substances in the body after death, workplace drug testing to ensure safety and compliance, and evaluation of contraband materials to determine illegal or harmful substances present.

Forensic toxicology commonly tests for substances in blood, breath, urine, gastric contents, viterous humor, and bile/liver contents. Hair, saliva, and sweat are also sometimes tested, but they are not as common as the six mentioned in the correct answer.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse focuses on the accuracy of laboratory findings and screenings for specific drugs like amphetamines, opiates, phencyclidine, cocaine, and cannabinoids. Heroin, LSD, and methamphetamine are not included in the list of drugs monitored by NIDA.

Certain groups of drugs, such as sedative hypnotics, cardioactive agents, antipsychotic agents, antiepileptic drugs, and antidepressants have been associated with higher rates of fatalities due to various reasons such as overdose or adverse reactions.

Gas chromatography uses retention time for drug comparisons, while gas chromatography with mass spectrometer relies on bombarding the substance with electrons to generate unique mass spectrums.

The correct methods of metal analysis are Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and Neutron Activation Analyis (NAA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) are not commonly used for metal analysis.