Ecology Exam 1 Study Guide

The subalpine life zone in Colorado is characterized by being above the grasslands life zone and having greater precipitation than the foothills life zone.

Deciduous plants shed their leaves annually as a response to seasonal changes, making them more suitable for the moderate climates found in temperate forests, rather than the extreme conditions of deserts, tropical rainforests, or grasslands.

Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships that living organisms have with each other and their nonliving environment. It focuses on understanding the interactions between organisms and their physical surroundings.

The correct sequence from largest to smallest is Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Landscape, Population, as Biome is the largest ecological area, followed by Ecosystem, then Community, Landscape, and finally Population.

The correct answer includes all three options - Biomes, Ecosystems, and Habitat because precipitation and temperature play a crucial role in determining the characteristics of these larger ecological units.

Soil horizon B is known as the subsoil layer, which primarily contains mineral soil with little organic matter. Horizons A, C, and E contain different compositions and characteristics compared to horizon B.

Desertification is worsened by poor agricultural practices like unsustainable irrigation methods and use of chemicals, overgrazing which removes vegetation cover, and challenging economic conditions that limit effective land management practices.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of individuals in a species that can be supported by an ecosystem without negative impacts on the environment. It is a key concept in ecology and conservation biology.

Exponential growth is a rapid increase in population size over time, exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment and unsustainable in the long term. It does not represent carrying capacity or populations approaching sustainability, as those concepts are related to limits and stability rather than rapid growth.

The concept of the tragedy of the commons refers to the idea that when a commonly owned resource is available to all individuals, each individual has an incentive to exploit the resource as much as possible, leading to its degradation or depletion. This is due to the lack of individual responsibility or ownership over the resource.

El Nino is a climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean, characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures. This leads to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, resulting in impacts on weather around the world. The correct answer is A because El Nino affects weather in Colorado by reversing current flow in the South Pacific, which can lead to changes in precipitation patterns and temperatures in the region.

Ecosystems function through the interaction of producers (plants that convert sunlight into energy), consumers (animals that consume producers or other consumers), and abiotic elements (non-living components like sunlight, water, air, and soil). The incorrect answers provided do not fully capture the essential components that drive ecosystem function.

While both Alpine Tundra and Arctic Tundra are cold ecosystems, the main difference lies in their soil composition. Alpine Tundra typically has shallow soils due to the rocky terrain and high elevation, while Arctic Tundra tends to have deeper permafrost soils. The limited daylight in winter is a common characteristic of both tundras.

Sand is composed of larger particles compared to clay and loam, allowing water and air to move more freely through the soil. Clay has smaller particles, leading to poor drainage and permeability. Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay, which can vary in permeability depending on the ratios of each component.

Deserts are usually found near the tropic of Cancer or the tropic of Capricorn due to the high-pressure zones in these areas which result in dry climates.

Higher elevations are cooler, causing water vapor to condense more readily into precipitation. Additionally, warm air rises, contributing to more precipitation at higher elevations.

Salinization occurs due to the combination of evaporation leading to salt accumulation and closed basins preventing the salts from being flushed out.

In a soil profile, the layer labeled C would typically indicate the topsoil layer where most root systems are found, making it the layer that contains root systems.

In the soil formation and generalized soil profile figure, option B represents the soil that is porous and contains humus, making it the correct answer.

The C Horizon in soil formation is commonly referred to as the 'parent material' layer, which is the unconsolidated material from which the soil is formed. In the diagram, this layer is represented by letter A.

They are different species so they cannot be part of the same population.

Soil textures with moderate physical and chemical properties typically consist of a combination of silt and loam, which provides a balance of various properties necessary for healthy plant growth.

Leaching specifically refers to the process of soluble materials being dissolved and carried downward through the soil by water. Percolation, weathering, and accumulation are related processes but do not specifically involve the movement of materials from upper layers to lower horizons.

Topsoil consists of plant roots, humus, inorganic minerals, bacteria, but not freshly fallen leaves which are more commonly found in the leaf litter layer.

Biomes are primarily determined by climate, which includes factors such as temperature and precipitation. Soil type, topography, and longitude play a role in shaping ecosystems within biomes, but they are not the most important factor in determining which biome is found in a particular area.

The false statement is c because about one-third of the solar energy that reaches Earth is reflected back to space. This statement misrepresents how solar energy interacts with Earth's atmosphere and surface.

An ecosystem encompasses all living organisms in a specific area and the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they interact, different from a species, population, or lithosphere.