Ecg Made Easy (post Test 1)

The right coronary artery is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the right side of the heart, including the right atrium and right ventricle. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions, so its stimulation would typically result in actions that slow down physiological processes.

The term for the contribution of blood that is added to the ventricles and results from atrial contraction is known as the atrial kick.

Semilunar valves are named as such due to their half-moon shape and include the aortic and pulmonic valves. The tricuspid and mitral valves are classified as atrioventricular valves, while the bicuspid valve is another term for the mitral valve. Therefore, options 'tricuspid and mitral', 'bicuspid and tricuspid', and 'aortic and mitral' are incorrect.

The left main coronary artery typically divides into the anterior descending and circumflex branches, supplying different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood.

Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and regulate the heartbeat by generating electrical impulses.

The QT interval specifically refers to the time between the initial depolarization of the ventricles to the end of ventricular repolarization, not involving atrial activity. It is a crucial aspect of the heart's electrical activity.

The correct way to determine if the atrial rhythm is regular or irregular is by comparing the P to P intervals, as irregular intervals may indicate atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmias.

In a standard 12-lead ECG, Leads I, II, and III each use two distinct electrodes, one serving as the positive and the other as the negative electrode. This configuration helps in creating a specific electrical view of the heart's activity from different angles.

During expiration, the heart rate typically decreases in sinus arrhythmia due to changes in vagal tone. Inspiration, coughing, and standing do not typically result in a gradual decrease in heart rate in this condition.

Sinus Bradycardia is characterized by a slow heart rate originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node. In this case, the heart rate is slow (46 bpm), has a regular rhythm, and normal PR interval and QRS duration. Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, and AV Nodal Block present with different ECG patterns and symptoms.

Sinoatrial block refers to a delay or failure in conduction of the impulse generated in the sinoatrial node, while sinus arrest refers to the absence of impulse formation in the sinoatrial node.

During a tachy-dysrhythmia, the heart beats too quickly, resulting in decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume. This can lead to various signs and symptoms related to decreased blood flow and cardiac output.

Ectopic (latent) pacemakers are alternative sites in the heart that can generate electrical impulses when the primary pacemaker fails. The SA Node is the primary pacemaker located in the right atrium, while the AV Junction and ventricles are examples of ectopic pacemakers that can take over when the SA Node fails.

A wandering atrial pacemaker rhythm is characterized by the presence of multiple P-wave morphologies, thus leading to the term 'Multiformed Atrial rhythm'. It is not synonymous with Sinus Tachycardia, Atrial Fibrillation, or Ventricular Tachycardia, which have distinct characteristics and diagnostic criteria.

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) encompasses several types of arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles. AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia is the most common type of SVT, characterized by a re-entry circuit within the atrioventricular (AV) node. Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome are also types of SVT but are not as common as AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia.

In uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, the overall ventricular rate is greater than 100 bpm, indicating a rapid and irregular heart rate that may require medical intervention.

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia or paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia refers to tachycardias originating above the ventricles that typically do not show specific ECG patterns for onset/offset. Atrial fibrillation does not have distinct P waves, ventricular origin tachycardias would show QRS changes, and bradycardia denotes a slower than normal heart rate.

Atrial Fibrillation is the most common sustained dysrhythmia in adults due to the irregular and rapid heart rate originating in the atria. Ventricular Tachycardia, Supraventricular Tachycardia, and Sinus Bradycardia are other types of dysrhythmias but are less common than Atrial Fibrillation.

Premature atrial complexes (PACs) and premature junctional complexes (PJCs) can be differentiated based on the presence or absence of a P wave prior to the QRS complex. Understanding this distinction is crucial in electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation.

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is characterized by a short PR interval, a delta wave (which represents early ventricular depolarization), and a wide QRS complex on ECG. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the typical ECG findings seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Atrial flutter is characterized by a distinctive 'saw-tooth' or 'picket-fence' appearance on an ECG due to organized atrial activity.

Non-paroxysmal junctional tachycardia typically presents with a heart rate ranging from 101 to 140 beats per minute.

Premature complex refers to a beat that comes before the next expected sinus beat, while escape beat refers to a beat that comes after the next expected sinus beat. The incorrect answers do not accurately describe the terms or scenarios mentioned in the question.

Therapeutic interventions for slow rhythms depend on the severity of symptoms, with the correct answer being administration of atropine to help increase heart rate.

A run of ventricular tachycardia is characterized by 3 or more PVCs occurring in a row at a rate of more than 100 bpm. It is important to differentiate between various types of cardiac arrhythmias for proper diagnosis and treatment.