Exploring Cognitive Disorders and Brain Functions in Neuroscience

1. Patients with visual object agnosia have no problem _____ing images. Their impairment comes in _____ing images.

Seeing, copying, and rememberingRecognizing, naming, and identifying

Recognizing, copying, and identifying

Perceiving, naming, and reproducing

Visualizing, imitating, and recalling

Patients with visual object agnosia have difficulties in the process of recognizing, naming, and identifying images, which highlights their impairment in visual object perception and processing.

Explanation

Patients with visual object agnosia have difficulties in the process of recognizing, naming, and identifying images, which highlights their impairment in visual object perception and processing.

2. Which brain region is associated with face recognition?

Fusiform gyrus/fusiform face area (FFA)

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Amygdala

The fusiform gyrus or fusiform face area (FFA) is the brain region specifically associated with face recognition. The amygdala is primarily involved in the processing of emotions, the cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination, and the occipital lobe is mainly responsible for visual processing.

Explanation

The fusiform gyrus or fusiform face area (FFA) is the brain region specifically associated with face recognition. The amygdala is primarily involved in the processing of emotions, the cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination, and the occipital lobe is mainly responsible for visual processing.

3. What is the difference between visual object agnosia being a disorder of "associative" functioning but not "apperceptive" functions?

Visual object agnosia primarily impairs motor functions related to object manipulation, not associative functions.

Visual object agnosia affects the ability to perceive objects visually, not their semantic associations.

Visual object agnosia is characterized by a lack of basic visual perception skills, rather than associative deficits.

Visual object agnosia involves a specific deficit in associating visual stimuli with their semantic meanings, rather than a problem with basic visual perception or motor functions.

Explanation

Visual object agnosia involves a specific deficit in associating visual stimuli with their semantic meanings, rather than a problem with basic visual perception or motor functions.

4. What are the three theories of what the fusiform face area (FFA) actually specializes in?

Increase in body temperature regulation

Coordination of muscular movement

Processing of taste sensations

The fusiform face area (FFA) is specifically dedicated to processing facial stimuli and plays a crucial role in face recognition, global attribute recognition, and mediation of visual expertise. The incorrect answers provided are not related to the functions of the FFA.

Explanation

The fusiform face area (FFA) is specifically dedicated to processing facial stimuli and plays a crucial role in face recognition, global attribute recognition, and mediation of visual expertise. The incorrect answers provided are not related to the functions of the FFA.

5. Pure Alexia (difficulty reading words, exclusively) appears to result from lesions in the _________.

Temporal Cortex

Occipital Lobe

Visual Word Form Area

Prefrontal Cortex

Pure Alexia, also known as alexia without agraphia, is a condition where individuals have difficulty reading words while other aspects of language processing remain intact. It is believed to result from lesions in the Visual Word Form Area in the brain. Lesions in other areas such as the Occipital Lobe, Temporal Cortex, or Prefrontal Cortex do not typically cause Pure Alexia.

Explanation

Pure Alexia, also known as alexia without agraphia, is a condition where individuals have difficulty reading words while other aspects of language processing remain intact. It is believed to result from lesions in the Visual Word Form Area in the brain. Lesions in other areas such as the Occipital Lobe, Temporal Cortex, or Prefrontal Cortex do not typically cause Pure Alexia.

6. Topographic amnesia involves an inability to __________ and results from lesions in the ____________.

Form new memories, hippocampus

Pictures of scenesparahippocampal place area (ppa)

Understand language, Broca's area

Recognize faces, occipital lobe

Topographic amnesia specifically relates to difficulties in recognizing and navigating through familiar environments, not other cognitive processes like recognizing faces or understanding language. It is associated with damage to the parahippocampal place area (ppa), which plays a crucial role in processing spatial information.

Explanation

Topographic amnesia specifically relates to difficulties in recognizing and navigating through familiar environments, not other cognitive processes like recognizing faces or understanding language. It is associated with damage to the parahippocampal place area (ppa), which plays a crucial role in processing spatial information.

7. Object agnosia is thought to result from lesions in the _________.

Bilateral lingual-fusiform gyrus

Hippocampus

Cerebellum

Occipital lobe

Object agnosia is a neurological condition where individuals have difficulty recognizing or identifying objects, typically as a result of brain lesions. In this case, lesions in the bilateral lingual-fusiform gyrus are implicated in causing object agnosia, making it the correct answer. The occipital lobe, hippocampus, and cerebellum are not typically associated with object agnosia.

Explanation

Object agnosia is a neurological condition where individuals have difficulty recognizing or identifying objects, typically as a result of brain lesions. In this case, lesions in the bilateral lingual-fusiform gyrus are implicated in causing object agnosia, making it the correct answer. The occipital lobe, hippocampus, and cerebellum are not typically associated with object agnosia.

8. In an early fMRI study by Malach, et al., what differentiated activity in the lateral occipital area (LO) from primary visual cortex (V1)?

LO was more active during auditory stimuli, while V1 was more active during visual stimuli.

LO was more active when subjects viewed pictures of objects, while V1 was more active during viewing of textures.

LO was more active when subjects viewed textures, while V1 was more active during viewing of objects.

LO was more active during rest periods, while V1 was more active during cognitive tasks.

The correct answer describes the specific activities that differentiated LO from V1 based on the type of visual stimuli presented in the study. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the findings of the fMRI study.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the specific activities that differentiated LO from V1 based on the type of visual stimuli presented in the study. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the findings of the fMRI study.

9. What did (Holmes &) Gross demonstrate with visual object agnosia lesions of inferior temporal cortex (IT) in monkeys?

All groups of monkeys demonstrated visual object agnosia with lesions of inferior temporal cortex (IT) after surgery.

Monkeys with IT lesions showed improved visual object discrimination skills after surgery compared to unoperated controls and striatal/foveal lesion monkeys.

Monkeys with IT lesions were able to discriminate between sideways letters after surgery, unlike the other two groups.

The correct answer highlights the specific outcome of the monkeys with IT lesions in comparison to the unoperated controls and striatal/foveal lesion monkeys.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the specific outcome of the monkeys with IT lesions in comparison to the unoperated controls and striatal/foveal lesion monkeys.

10. Desimone, et al. (Gross's lab) demonstrated neuronal selectivity for visual patterns in the monkey IT cortex. How?

By conducting surveys with monkeys to understand their visual preferences in the IT cortex.

By analyzing electrical activity in the monkey IT cortex after feeding the monkeys different types of food.

Through fMRI imaging of the monkey IT cortex during rest periods.

Desimone, et al. demonstrated neuronal selectivity by conducting single-unit recordings of neurons in the IT cortex while presenting specific objects and abstract shapes, not through fMRI imaging, analyzing electrical activity after feeding, or conducting surveys.

Explanation

Desimone, et al. demonstrated neuronal selectivity by conducting single-unit recordings of neurons in the IT cortex while presenting specific objects and abstract shapes, not through fMRI imaging, analyzing electrical activity after feeding, or conducting surveys.

11. Desimone, et al. (Gross's lab) demonstrated that monkey IT cortex cells are sensitive to ________, but not to ________ or _______.

Patternsmotion, orientation

Taste, smell, sound

Brightness, darkness, temperature

Color, texture, shape

The correct answer refers to the study where monkey IT cortex cells were found to be sensitive to patterns but not to motion or orientation. The incorrect answers provide other sensory stimuli that were not part of the demonstrated sensitivity.

Explanation

The correct answer refers to the study where monkey IT cortex cells were found to be sensitive to patterns but not to motion or orientation. The incorrect answers provide other sensory stimuli that were not part of the demonstrated sensitivity.

12. True or false? IT neurons respond more strongly to objects that are familiar to the monkey.

True. Familiarity enhances the neuronal activity in IT neurons.

False. Familiarity is irrelevant.

True. IT neurons show increased response to familiar objects.

False. IT neurons are more sensitive to unfamiliar objects.

IT neurons in the brain respond more to specific features of objects rather than their familiarity. The response is driven by the attributes of the object rather than how familiar it is to the monkey.

Explanation

IT neurons in the brain respond more to specific features of objects rather than their familiarity. The response is driven by the attributes of the object rather than how familiar it is to the monkey.

13. What was the objective of Tanaka's study in which they presented 3D objects, then 2D objects, then simpler versions of images?

They were aiming to determine the impact of object orientation on visual perception.

They were trying to determine the minimal combination of features required to activate an IT neuron. ("subtractive analysis")

They were attempting to quantify the differences in reaction times between 3D and 2D objects.

They were testing the correlation between object complexity and neural firing rates.

14. Describe the experiment conducted by Kobatake & Tanaka, where they showed pictures of objects while recording from V2, V4, posterior IT, and anterior IT.

They did not analyze the data collected from the experiment

They only showed pictures of simple shapes without any stimuli

They used random objects and recorded from unrelated brain areas

The correct answer describes the comparison of neuron response to simple versus complex stimuli and the decrease in Smax/Max ratio from V2 to anterior IT.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the comparison of neuron response to simple versus complex stimuli and the decrease in Smax/Max ratio from V2 to anterior IT.

15. Using a very subjective and arbitrary approach of just shoving a whole bunch of random objects in front of monkeys, Tanaka, et al (1991), found that, although responses of anterior IT cells were selective to particular complex features, _____________.

The monkeys showed no response to the objects presented in front of them.

The features coded by individual cells were not complex enough to indicate a concept of particular real objects.

The monkeys exhibited a clear preference for specific types of objects.

The features coded by individual cells were consistent across different monkeys.

The correct answer highlights that although responses of anterior IT cells were selective, they were not complex enough to represent specific real objects, thus indicating a limitation in the monkeys' perception of complex features.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights that although responses of anterior IT cells were selective, they were not complex enough to represent specific real objects, thus indicating a limitation in the monkeys' perception of complex features.

16. Friewald, et al, used 'cartoon tuning' to systematically determine which features anterior IT neurons coded for. Describe this experiment in more detail.

The tuning curve was not analyzed; instead, the overall spiking rates of neurons were compared.

Only one dimension with five values was tested in the experiment.

The experiment involved randomly changing cartoon stimuli without any specific parameters.

The correct answer provides a detailed description of how Friewald, et al, systematically determined which features anterior IT neurons coded for using 'cartoon tuning.' The incorrect answers either misrepresent the method used in the experiment or provide inaccurate information that does not align with the study's findings.

Explanation

The correct answer provides a detailed description of how Friewald, et al, systematically determined which features anterior IT neurons coded for using 'cartoon tuning.' The incorrect answers either misrepresent the method used in the experiment or provide inaccurate information that does not align with the study's findings.

17. Ito et al (1995) demonstrated _________-invariance in the pattern selectivity of a neuron in monkey IT cortex. Sato, et al (1980) demonstrated ________-invariance. However, Tanaka et al (them again?!) used tuning curves to demonstrate a lack of __________-invariance.

Color-invariance: color of the object

Speed-invariance: speed of movement of the object

Pattern-invariance: specific pattern of the object

1. Location-invariance: location of the object representation inthe visual field2. Scale-invariance: size of object3. Orientation-invariance

The correct answers for the question regarding invariance in the context of the studies mentioned are location-invariance, scale-invariance, and orientation-invariance. The incorrect answers do not align with the findings of the studies and are therefore not the correct options.

Explanation

The correct answers for the question regarding invariance in the context of the studies mentioned are location-invariance, scale-invariance, and orientation-invariance. The incorrect answers do not align with the findings of the studies and are therefore not the correct options.

18. Sripati and Olson's experiment in monkey IT used a large array of symbols that were all identical except for one. Some 'oddballs' were easier to find, while others were more difficult. What were they trying to demonstrate?

C

B

A

H

The experiment by Sripati and Olson aimed to demonstrate the cognitive process of visual search and attention in monkeys.

Explanation

The experiment by Sripati and Olson aimed to demonstrate the cognitive process of visual search and attention in monkeys.

19. What is the 8th letter of the alphabet?

H

M

F

P

The correct answer is H because it is the 8th letter of the alphabet in the standard English alphabet.

Explanation

The correct answer is H because it is the 8th letter of the alphabet in the standard English alphabet.