Chapter 8: Joints

A diarthrosis is also known as a freely movable joint, allowing for a wide range of motion.

Collagen is the main structural protein found in various connective tissues including the fibrous tissue that connects bones in fibrous joints.

Suture, gomphosis, and syndesmoses all belong to the fibrous joints category, characterized by dense connective tissue holding the bones together with minimal movement.

The human skull has three main types of joints: SUTURE, GOMPHOSIS, and SYNCHONDROSIS. Synovial joints are found in other parts of the body, allowing movement between bones.

Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint that connects two bones with cartilage. This type of joint allows for slight movement between the two bones.

Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage, and cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity.

Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by ligaments, which connect bone to bone and provide stability to the joint structure.

Synovial fluid is a clear, viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. Phagocytes, specifically macrophages, are present in synovial fluid and play a role in the immune response and removal of debris. While lymphocytes are also part of the immune system, they are not typically found in synovial fluid. Platelets are involved in blood clotting and not a component of synovial fluid. Fibroblasts are cells that produce collagen and connective tissue but are not typically found in synovial fluid.

The ACL is classified as an intracapsular ligament because it is located inside the joint capsule of the knee, while the meniscus is considered as an extracapsular structure, being located outside the joint capsule.

The correct term for the fluid found in bursae is synovial fluid, which helps to reduce friction between adjacent structures.

The range of motion (ROM) of a joint is influenced by the bone surface shape, muscle tone, and ligaments surrounding the joint. None of the other options mentioned directly impact joint ROM.

Flexion refers to the movement of bending a joint to decrease the angle between the bones. Extension, abduction, and adduction are different types of movements that are not related to bending a joint.

Hyperextension is the excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, often resulting in injury.

Circumduction is a specific type of joint movement involving all the primary movements of a joint in a circular manner.

Inversion refers to turning something inside out or upside down, while eversion refers to turning something outward. Diversion, conversion, and subversion do not have opposite meanings to inversion.

The opposite of elevation, which refers to the height above a point of reference, is depression, which refers to a lower or sunken area.

In this context, 'Opposition' refers to the act of resistance or disagreement towards a particular idea or action.

The correct answer is MCL, which stands for Medial Collateral Ligament. ACL stands for Anterior Cruciate Ligament, PCL stands for Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and LCL stands for Lateral Collateral Ligament, which are also ligaments in the knee.

The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor. The deltoid and latissimus dorsi are not part of the rotator cuff.

The correct term for the socket in the shoulder joint is glenoid cavity, not acetabular, patellar, or sinusoidal, which are associated with other joints in the body.

The correct answer is 'HIP' because joints that have a labrum in the shoulder include the hip joint as hip labral tears are a common injury in the hip joint that can cause pain and limited range of motion.

A sprained ankle does not always result in articular cartilage damage. While it is possible for a sprained ankle to lead to cartilage damage, it does not happen in all cases.

A subluxation is a partial dislocation where the bones come out of alignment but not completely separated. It is different from a fracture, sprain, and tendonitis.