7th Grade Astronomy

Rotation refers to the circular movement of an object around its axis, while Translation refers to movement from one place to another, Revolution refers to an object's movement around another object, and Oscillation refers to repetitive back-and-forth movement.

The movement of an object around another object is known as revolution, as in the Earth's revolution around the Sun.

The Winter and Summer solstices are pivotal points in the Earth's orbit around the sun, marking the longest and shortest days of the year.

Spring and Fall equinoxes are the two days of the year when the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the sun, resulting in equal length day and night. This astronomical event marks the beginning of spring and fall respectively.

The correct answer is gravity because it is the force that attracts two objects towards each other based on their mass and the distance between them. Magnetism, friction, and electricity are different types of forces with their own characteristics, but they are not specifically determined by mass and distance as gravity is.

Newton's 1st Law states that objects will continue their current state of motion (whether at rest or in motion) unless acted upon by an external force. This is also known as the law of inertia.

The Universal Law of Gravitation is a fundamental principle in physics discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. It states that every object in space, regardless of size, mass, or distance, exerts a gravitational pull on every other object.

Neap tides occur when the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon are perpendicular to each other, resulting in less extreme tides. This typically happens twice a month during the quarter moon phases.

Spring tides occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun align with the gravitational force of the Earth, resulting in higher high tides and lower low tides. The alignment in a straight line is crucial for this phenomenon to happen.

The dark, flat areas on the Moon's surface are known as maria, which is the plural form of mare. They are composed mainly of basalt and were formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.

Mountains on the Moon's surface that look lighter are known as highlands due to their higher elevation compared to the surrounding areas. Valleys are low-lying areas, craters are circular depressions, and maria are dark, flat plains on the Moon's surface.

The Moon takes approximately 29 1/2 days to go through all its phases, which is known as a lunar month. This cycle involves the changing appearance of the Moon as it orbits the Earth.

An umbra refers specifically to the darkest part of a shadow, commonly seen during eclipses.

The correct answer defines 'penumbra' as the edge around the darkest part of the Earth's or Moon's shadow.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the sun and the moon, creating a shadow that blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon.

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, blocking sunlight and casting a shadow on the Earth.

The seasons on Earth are primarily caused by the combination of the tilt of the Earth's axis and its orbit around the sun. This tilt causes different parts of the Earth to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year, leading to the changes in seasons.

Craters are formed by impacts from meteoroids on the Moon's surface, creating pits of various sizes.

The Sun's gravity is the dominant force that keeps the Earth in orbit around it, due to the Sun's massive size and gravitational pull.

Neap tides occur when the gravitational forces of the moon and sun are perpendicular to each other, resulting in the least difference between high and low tides.

Spring tides occur when the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned, causing the gravitational pull to be the strongest leading to the greatest difference between high and low tides. Neap tides have the least difference in height between high and low tides, tidal waves are unrelated to tides and are caused by seismic activity, and storm surges are abnormal rises in water levels due to weather events.

The Moon goes through 8 phases in a complete cycle, starting with the New Moon and ending with the Waning Crescent. Blue Moon, Pink Moon, Harvest Moon, and Blood Moon refer to specific occurrences or names given to some full moons, but they are not phases of the Moon in a general sense.