Enteric Viruses Bac 2100

Polio is the correct answer because it is the only enteric virus mentioned that has a vaccine. Coxsackie and ECHO are also enteric viruses, but there are currently no vaccines available for them.

Coxsackievirus is the correct answer because it is a virus that has two types, A and B, and it exhibits seasonal variation between summer and fall. Polio and echovirus do not have the same characteristics mentioned in the question.

Poliovirus is the correct answer because it is known to spread through the faecal-oral route. This means that the virus is transmitted when a person ingests food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected individual. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to the spread of poliovirus, making it a significant public health concern. ECHOvirus and Coxsackie virus are also enteroviruses, but they are primarily transmitted through respiratory secretions and direct contact rather than the faecal-oral route.

Enteric viruses are called so because they primarily inhabit and reproduce in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, contrary to expectations, they do not typically cause gastroenteritis, which is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Instead, these viruses can spread to other organs through viremia, which refers to the presence of the virus in the blood. This ability to infect other organs beyond the GI tract distinguishes enteric viruses from other types of viruses that solely target the gastrointestinal system.

The cases of this illness can be categorized into three groups based on their severity. The majority, 95%, are inapparent cases, meaning they do not show any symptoms and can last for several weeks in the intestine without causing any issues. Around 4-5% of cases are classified as mild illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever and pharyngitis. Less than 1% of cases result in more severe complications such as paralysis, aseptic meningitis, and myocarditis.

The correct answer states that there are two methods to diagnose Poliovirus. The first method is isolation, where isolated samples are taken from stool, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and pericardial fluid. These samples can last for 5-6 weeks. The second method is serology, which involves obtaining an acute specimen immediately and a convalescent specimen 2-3 weeks later. These methods help in diagnosing Poliovirus by detecting the presence of the virus in the samples or by detecting the antibodies produced in response to the virus.

The ECHO virus stands for Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan virus. It was named so because when it was first isolated, there was no apparent connection to disease. The term "Enteric" refers to the virus being found in the intestines, "Cytopathogenic" indicates its ability to cause damage to cells, "Human" signifies that it infects humans, and "Orphan" suggests that it was initially an unknown virus with no associated disease.

The Coxsackie virus can cause various complications. Minor respiratory illness is mainly associated with Coxsackie B. Aseptic meningitis can be caused by both Coxsackie A and B. Herpangia and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are associated with Coxsackie A. Pleurodynia, pericarditis, and myocarditis are complications that are primarily associated with Coxsackie B.

Echovirus is known to cause aseptic meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can also lead to minor respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold. These complications are commonly associated with Echovirus infections.

The two vaccines for Poliovirus are the killed vaccine (salk) and the live attenuated vaccine (sabrin). The killed vaccine produces only local IgA immunity in the GI tract, providing protection to the individual but not stopping the spread of the virus to the community. It is only given to immunocompromised individuals and adults who have never been immunized before. On the other hand, the live attenuated vaccine produces both local IgA and IgG immunity. However, it is not given to immunocompromised individuals or those who have never been immunized due to the small risk of the virus mutating. Additionally, it is not allowed to be administered to polio-free communities.