Enteric Viruses BAC 2100

1.

Why are these viruses called Enteric Viruses?

Explanation
Enteric viruses are called so because they primarily inhabit and reproduce in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, contrary to expectations, they do not typically cause gastroenteritis, which is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Instead, these viruses can spread to other organs through viremia, which refers to the presence of the virus in the blood. This ability to infect other organs beyond the GI tract distinguishes enteric viruses from other types of viruses that solely target the gastrointestinal system.

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2.

Name ( percentages ) of cases that are inapparent, mild illness and major illness.

Explanation
The cases of this illness can be categorized into three groups based on their severity. The majority, 95%, are inapparent cases, meaning they do not show any symptoms and can last for several weeks in the intestine without causing any issues. Around 4-5% of cases are classified as mild illness, characterized by symptoms such as fever and pharyngitis. Less than 1% of cases result in more severe complications such as paralysis, aseptic meningitis, and myocarditis.

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3.

Which Virus spreads faecal-orally?
- A.
  
  Poliovirus
- B.
  
  ECHOvirus
- C.
  
  Coxsackie virus
Correct Answer
A. Poliovirus

Explanation
Poliovirus is the correct answer because it is known to spread through the faecal-oral route. This means that the virus is transmitted when a person ingests food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected individual. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to the spread of poliovirus, making it a significant public health concern. ECHOvirus and Coxsackie virus are also enteroviruses, but they are primarily transmitted through respiratory secretions and direct contact rather than the faecal-oral route.

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4.

Which virus has two types (A, B) and has seasonal variation between summer and fall?
- A.
  
  Polio
- B.
  
  Coxsackievirus
- C.
  
  Echovirus
Correct Answer
B. Coxsackievirus

Explanation
Coxsackievirus is the correct answer because it is a virus that has two types, A and B, and it exhibits seasonal variation between summer and fall. Polio and echovirus do not have the same characteristics mentioned in the question.

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5.

How can you diagnoise Poliovirus? ( 2 methods)

Correct Answer
1- Isolation - you take isolated samples from stool ( can last 5-6weeks) , from CSF, pericardial fluid. 2- Serology -actue specimen - must be obtained immeaditly and covalescant specimen - can be taken 2-3 weeks after.

Explanation
The correct answer states that there are two methods to diagnose Poliovirus. The first method is isolation, where isolated samples are taken from stool, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and pericardial fluid. These samples can last for 5-6 weeks. The second method is serology, which involves obtaining an acute specimen immediately and a convalescent specimen 2-3 weeks later. These methods help in diagnosing Poliovirus by detecting the presence of the virus in the samples or by detecting the antibodies produced in response to the virus.

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6.

What does ECHO virus stand for? Why was it named so?

Correct Answer
Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan virus. It was named as such because when it was first isolated there was no apparent connection to disease.

Explanation
The ECHO virus stands for Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan virus. It was named so because when it was first isolated, there was no apparent connection to disease. The term "Enteric" refers to the virus being found in the intestines, "Cytopathogenic" indicates its ability to cause damage to cells, "Human" signifies that it infects humans, and "Orphan" suggests that it was initially an unknown virus with no associated disease.

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7.

For Coxsackie virus ,name the 4 complications and which type of coxsackie they are associated with ( A/ B)

Correct Answer
Minor respiratory illness ( mainly B) Aspetic meningitis (A and B) Herpangia and hand-foot-and mouth disease ( A) pleurodynia , pericarditis and myocarditis ( B)

Explanation
The Coxsackie virus can cause various complications. Minor respiratory illness is mainly associated with Coxsackie B. Aseptic meningitis can be caused by both Coxsackie A and B. Herpangia and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are associated with Coxsackie A. Pleurodynia, pericarditis, and myocarditis are complications that are primarily associated with Coxsackie B.

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8.

Which complications are associated with Echovirus?

Correct Answer
Asptic mengigitis and minor respiratory illness

Explanation
Echovirus is known to cause aseptic meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can also lead to minor respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold. These complications are commonly associated with Echovirus infections.

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9.

Name and describe the two Vaccines for Poliovirus

Correct Answer
1. killed vaccine ( salk) ( trivalent) that produces only local IgA immunity in the GI tract so it does protect the indiviual but it doesnt stop the virus from being spread to the rest of the community. Only given to immunocompromised and adults who have never been immunized before. 2. Live attenuated Vaccine ( sabrin) ( trivalent) : produces both local IgA and IgG immunity. Never given to immunocompromised or people who have never been immunized. This is because it has a small percentage of mutating the virus. Not allowed to be adminstered to polio-free communities.

Explanation
The two vaccines for Poliovirus are the killed vaccine (salk) and the live attenuated vaccine (sabrin). The killed vaccine produces only local IgA immunity in the GI tract, providing protection to the individual but not stopping the spread of the virus to the community. It is only given to immunocompromised individuals and adults who have never been immunized before. On the other hand, the live attenuated vaccine produces both local IgA and IgG immunity. However, it is not given to immunocompromised individuals or those who have never been immunized due to the small risk of the virus mutating. Additionally, it is not allowed to be administered to polio-free communities.

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10.

Which enteric viruses have vaccines?
- A.
  
  Polio
- B.
  
  Coxsackie
- C.
  
  ECHO
Correct Answer
A. Polio

Explanation
Polio is the correct answer because it is the only enteric virus mentioned that has a vaccine. Coxsackie and ECHO are also enteric viruses, but there are currently no vaccines available for them.

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Enteric Viruses Bac 2100

Why are these viruses called Enteric Viruses?

Name ( percentages ) of cases that are inapparent, mild illness and major illness.

Which Virus spreads faecal-orally?

Which virus has two types (A, B) and has seasonal variation between summer and fall?

How can you diagnoise Poliovirus? ( 2 methods)

What does ECHO virus stand for? Why was it named so?

For Coxsackie virus ,name the 4 complications and which type of coxsackie they are associated with ( A/ B)

Which complications are associated with Echovirus?

Name and describe the two Vaccines for Poliovirus

Which enteric viruses have vaccines?